Class 11 Mathematics Notes Chapter 8. Sequences and Series
Class 11 Mathematics Notes Chapter 8. Sequences and Series
Resource Material
For Session 2024-25
Best Notes
CBSE CLASS 11 MATHS
Top Definitions
1. A Sequence is an ordered list of numbers and has the same meaning as
conversational english. Asequence is denoted by <an> n1 = a1, a2, a3, …….an.
8. If three numbers are in GP, then the middle term is called the geometric mean of the
other two.
Top Concepts
1. A sequence has a definite first member, second member, third member and so on.
2. The nth term <an> is called the general term of the sequence
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SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09
4. A sequence is a function with a domain, the set of natural numbers or any of its subsets
of the type {1, 2, 3, … k}.
5. If the number of terms is three with a common difference ‘d’, then the terms are
a - d, d and a + d
6. If the number of terms is four with common difference ‘2d’, then the terms are
a -3d, a - d, a + d and a + 3d.
7. If the number of terms is five with a common difference ‘d’, then the terms are
a - 2d, a - d, a, a + d and a + 2d.
8. If the number of terms is six with a common difference ‘2d’, then the terms are
a - 5d, a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d and a + 5d.
9. The sum of the series is the number obtained by adding the terms.
10. The general form of AP is a, a + d, a + 2d, ...a + (n - 1) d. The term a is called the first term
of AP and d is called the common difference of AP. The term d can be any real number.
12. For AP, a, (a + d), (a + 2d), ..., (λ − 2d), (λ − d), λ with the first term a and common
difference d and last term λ and general term is λ − (n − 1)d.
13. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of AP with ‘m’ terms. Then nth
term from theend is the (m - n + 1)th term from the beginning.
14. Properties of AP
i. If a constant is added to each term of AP, then the resulting sequence is also AP.
ii. If a constant is subtracted from each term of AP, then the resulting sequence is also
AP.
iii. If each term of AP is multiplied by a constant, then the resulting sequence is also an
AP.
iv. If each term of AP is divided by a non-zero constant, then the resulting sequence is
also AP.
a+b
15. The arithmetic mean A of any two numbers a and b is given by .
2
16. General form of GP: a, ar, ar2, ar3,..…, where a is the first term and r is the constant ratio.
The term r can take any non-zero real number.
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18. A sequence obtained by multiplying the two GPs term by term results in GP with
common ratio theproduct of the common ratio of the two GPs.
1
19. The reciprocals of the terms of a given GP form a GP with common ratio .
r
20. If each term of GP is raised to the same power, then the resulting sequence also forms
GP.
21. The geometric mean (GM) of any two positive numbers a and b is given by √ab.
22. Let A and G be AM and GM of two given positive real numbers a and b, respectively,
then A ≥ G.
a+b
Where A = and G = √ab
2
23. Let A and G be AM and GM of two given positive real numbers a and b, respectively.
Then, the quadratic equation having a and b as its roots is x2 - 2Ax + G = 0.
24. Let A and G be AM and GM of two given positive real numbers a and b, respectively.
Then the given numbers are A ± √A2 − G.
25. If AM and GM are in the ratio m:n, then the given numbers are in the ratio
Top Formulae
1. The nth term or general term of AP is an = a + (n − 1)d, where a is the first term and d is
the commondifference.
5. A sequence is AP if and only if the sum of its nth term is an expression of the form Xn2 + Y,
where X and Y are constants.
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6. If the terms of an AP are selected in regular intervals, then the selected terms
form an AP.
Let an, an+1 and an+2 be the consecutive terms of AP.
Then 2an+1 + = an an+2.
7. Let A1, A2, A3, …An be n numbers between a and b such that a, A1, A2, A3, …An, b is
AP. The n numbers between a and b are as follows
8. General term of GP is arn−1, where a is the first term and r is the common ratio.
9. If the number of terms is 3 with the common ratio r, then the selection of terms
a
should be , and ar.
r
10.If the number of terms is 4 with the common ratio r2 , then the selection of terms
a
should be , a ar and ar2.
r3
11.If the number of terms is 5 with the common ratio r, then the selection of terms
a
should be , a, a, ar and ar2.
r2
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13. Let G1, G2, ……, Gn be n numbers between positive numbers a and b such that a, G1,
G2, G3, ……Gn, b is GP.
a
14. The sum of infinite GP with the first term a and common ratio r (-1 < r < 1) is S = .
1−r
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Important Questions
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Answer Key:
MCQ
1. (a) 0
2. (c) 3
3. (c) a × rn-1
4. (d) 1002001
5. (b) 1
6. (b) 1, 2, 4, 8
7. (c) 2 + √3
8. (c) 402
9. (d) 1/2 – 1/√2
10. (d) in H.P.
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Short Answer:
1. Here a = 27 and d= T2 – T1 = 24 – 27 = – 3.
Let the nth term of series be 0.
∴ Tn = a + (n – 1)d
⇒ 0 = 27 + (n – 1)(- 3)
⇒ 3n – 3 = 27
⇒ 3n = 30
n = 10 or 10th term.
2. Given series 8,4, 0, … (1)
First term = a = 8 Common difference d = 4 – 8 = -4
d=0–4=–4
∵ The common difference is same the series is in A.P.
last term l = – 24,
l = a + (n – 1)d,
= – 24 = 8 + (n – 1)(-4)
⇒ – 24 – 8 = (n – 1)(-4)
⇒ – 32 = (n – 1)(- 4)
32
⇒ (n – 1) =
4
⇒n–1=8
⇒n=8+1
⇒n=9
∴ Number of terms n = 9
3. Let first term = a and common difference = d of A.P.
∴ 7th term = a + 6d and 11th term = a + 10 d.
∴ According to question,
7(a + 6d) = 11 + (a + 10d)
⇒ 7a + 42d = 11a + 110d
⇒ 7a – 11a = 110d – 42d
⇒ – 4a = 68 d
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⇒ a = – 17d
Hence 18th term = a + 17d
= – 17d + 17d [∵ a = – 17d]
= 0.
4. Let the first term = a and common difference = d.
Tn = a+(n – 1)d
Tm + n = a + (m + n – 1)d … (1)
Tm–n = a + (m – n – 1)d … (2)
Tm = a + (m – 1)d … (3)
Tm+n + Tm-n = a + (m + n – 1)d + a(m – n – 1)d
= 2a + (m + n – 1 + m – n – 1)d
= 2a + (2m – 2)d
= 2a + 2(m – 1)d
= 2[a+(m – 1)d]
Tm+n + Tm-n = 2Tm.
5. Let three Arithmetic mean be A1, A2, A3,
then 3, A1, A2, A3, 19 are in A.P.
∴ 3 = a, 19 = T5, let common difference = d
T5 = a + 4d
T5 = a + 4d
⇒ 19 = 3 + 4d
⇒ 16 = 4d
⇒d=4
Hence A1 = 3 + 4 = 7, A2 = 7 + 4 = 11, A3 = 11 + 4 = 15.
6. – 8, A1, A2, 9 are in A.P.
∴ a = – 8, T4 = 9, let common difference = d
T4 = a + 3d
⇒9=–8+3d
⇒ 3d = 11
17
⇒d=
3
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9.
9
Given : a = 3, r = = 3, Sn = 120,
3
𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
𝑛
3(3 − 1)
⇒ = 120
3−1
120 × 2
⇒ 3𝑛 – 1 =
3
⇒ 3n – 1 = 80
⇒ 3n = 81
⇒ 3n = 34
⇒n=4
10.Let the roots of equation be α and β
𝛼+𝛽
A.M. of roots = = 8
2
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⇒ α + β = 16
G.M. of roots = √𝛼𝛽 = 5
⇒ αβ = 25
If α, β are the roots of equation
then, x2 – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x2 -16x + 25 = 0.
Long Answer:
1. a = 150, d = -4
2.
Sn = 11 + 103 + 1005 + ---- + n terms
Sn = (10+1) + (102 + 3) + (103 + 5) + ----- + 10n+(2n−1)
3.
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Sq both side
4.
5.
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