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Class 11 Mathematics Notes Chapter 8. Sequences and Series

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Class 11 Mathematics Notes Chapter 8. Sequences and Series

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Best Notes
CBSE CLASS 11 MATHS

100% updated as per 2024-25 curriculum.

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To the point Answers.


MATHEMATICS
Chapter 9: SEQUENCE AND SERIES
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

SEQUENCE AND SERIES

Top Definitions
1. A Sequence is an ordered list of numbers and has the same meaning as
conversational english. Asequence is denoted by <an> n1 = a1, a2, a3, …….an.

2. The various numbers occurring in a sequence are called its terms.

3. A sequence containing finite number of terms is called a finite sequence. A finite


sequence has the last term.

4. A sequence which is not a finite sequence, i.e., containing an infinite number of


terms is called aninfinite sequence. There is no last term in an infinite sequence.

5. A sequence is said to be an arithmetic progression if every term differs from the


preceding term by a constant number. For example, the sequence a1, a2, a3,… an is
called an arithmetic sequence or AP if an+1 = an + d.

For all n  N, where d is a constant called the common difference of AP.

6. A is the arithmetic mean of two numbers a and b if a, A and b forms AP.

7. A sequence is said to be a geometric progression or GP if the ratio of any tem to its


preceding term isthe same throughout. Constant ratio is a common ratio denoted by
r.

8. If three numbers are in GP, then the middle term is called the geometric mean of the
other two.

Top Concepts
1. A sequence has a definite first member, second member, third member and so on.

2. The nth term <an> is called the general term of the sequence

3. Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, .. is generated by a recurrence relation given by


a1 = a2 = 1.
a3 = a1 + a2 ……
an = an-2 + an-1, n > 2.

(1)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

4. A sequence is a function with a domain, the set of natural numbers or any of its subsets
of the type {1, 2, 3, … k}.
5. If the number of terms is three with a common difference ‘d’, then the terms are
a - d, d and a + d

6. If the number of terms is four with common difference ‘2d’, then the terms are
a -3d, a - d, a + d and a + 3d.

7. If the number of terms is five with a common difference ‘d’, then the terms are
a - 2d, a - d, a, a + d and a + 2d.

8. If the number of terms is six with a common difference ‘2d’, then the terms are
a - 5d, a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d and a + 5d.

9. The sum of the series is the number obtained by adding the terms.

10. The general form of AP is a, a + d, a + 2d, ...a + (n - 1) d. The term a is called the first term
of AP and d is called the common difference of AP. The term d can be any real number.

11. If d>0, then AP is increasing, if d < 0 then AP is decreasing, and if d = 0, then AP is


constant.

12. For AP, a, (a + d), (a + 2d), ..., (λ − 2d), (λ − d), λ with the first term a and common
difference d and last term λ and general term is λ − (n − 1)d.

13. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of AP with ‘m’ terms. Then nth
term from theend is the (m - n + 1)th term from the beginning.

14. Properties of AP

i. If a constant is added to each term of AP, then the resulting sequence is also AP.
ii. If a constant is subtracted from each term of AP, then the resulting sequence is also
AP.
iii. If each term of AP is multiplied by a constant, then the resulting sequence is also an
AP.
iv. If each term of AP is divided by a non-zero constant, then the resulting sequence is
also AP.
a+b
15. The arithmetic mean A of any two numbers a and b is given by .
2

16. General form of GP: a, ar, ar2, ar3,..…, where a is the first term and r is the constant ratio.
The term r can take any non-zero real number.

(2)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

17. A sequence in GP will remain in GP if each of its terms is multiplied by a non-zero


constant.

18. A sequence obtained by multiplying the two GPs term by term results in GP with
common ratio theproduct of the common ratio of the two GPs.
1
19. The reciprocals of the terms of a given GP form a GP with common ratio .
r

20. If each term of GP is raised to the same power, then the resulting sequence also forms
GP.

21. The geometric mean (GM) of any two positive numbers a and b is given by √ab.

22. Let A and G be AM and GM of two given positive real numbers a and b, respectively,
then A ≥ G.
a+b
Where A = and G = √ab
2

23. Let A and G be AM and GM of two given positive real numbers a and b, respectively.
Then, the quadratic equation having a and b as its roots is x2 - 2Ax + G = 0.
24. Let A and G be AM and GM of two given positive real numbers a and b, respectively.
Then the given numbers are A ± √A2 − G.
25. If AM and GM are in the ratio m:n, then the given numbers are in the ratio

Top Formulae
1. The nth term or general term of AP is an = a + (n − 1)d, where a is the first term and d is
the commondifference.

2. The general term of AP given its last term is l − (n − 1)d.

3. A sequence is AP if and only if its nth term is a linear expression in n,


An = Xn + Y, where X and Y are constants.

4. Let a, a + d, a + 2d,.., a + (n − 1)d be AP. Then

5. A sequence is AP if and only if the sum of its nth term is an expression of the form Xn2 + Y,
where X and Y are constants.

(3)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

6. If the terms of an AP are selected in regular intervals, then the selected terms
form an AP.
Let an, an+1 and an+2 be the consecutive terms of AP.
Then 2an+1 + = an an+2.

7. Let A1, A2, A3, …An be n numbers between a and b such that a, A1, A2, A3, …An, b is
AP. The n numbers between a and b are as follows

8. General term of GP is arn−1, where a is the first term and r is the common ratio.

9. If the number of terms is 3 with the common ratio r, then the selection of terms
a
should be , and ar.
r

10.If the number of terms is 4 with the common ratio r2 , then the selection of terms
a
should be , a ar and ar2.
r3

11.If the number of terms is 5 with the common ratio r, then the selection of terms
a
should be , a, a, ar and ar2.
r2

12.Sum to the first n terms of GP Sn = a + ar + ar² + … + arn-1

(4)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

13. Let G1, G2, ……, Gn be n numbers between positive numbers a and b such that a, G1,
G2, G3, ……Gn, b is GP.

a
14. The sum of infinite GP with the first term a and common ratio r (-1 < r < 1) is S = .
1−r

Some Special Series


1. The sum of first n natural numbers is

2. Sum of squares of the first n natural numbers

3. Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers

4. Sum of powers of 4 of first n natural numbers

5. Consider the series a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + … + an + ….


If the differences in a2 – a1, a3 – a2, a4 – a3, …. are in AP, then the nth term is given by
an = an2 + bn + c, where a, b and c are constants.
6. Consider the series a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + … + an + ….
If the differences in a2 – a1, a3 – a2, a4 – a3, …. are in GP then the nth term is given by

(5)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

an = arn-1 + b + c, where a, b and c are constants.

(6)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

(7)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

Important Questions

Multiple Choice questions-


Question 1. Let Tr be the rth term of an A.P. whose first term is a and the common
difference is d. If for some positive integers m, n, m ≠ n, T m = 1/n and T n = 1/m
then (a-d) equals to
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 1/mn
(d) 1/m + 1/n
Question 2. The first term of a GP is 1. The sum of the third term and fifth term is 90.
The common ratio of GP is
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Question 3. If a is the first term and r is the common ratio then the nth term of GP is
(a) (ar)n-1
(b) a × rⁿ
(c) a × rn-1
(d) None of these
Question 4. The sum of odd integers from 1 to 2001 is
(a) 10201
(b) 102001
(c) 100201
(d) 1002001
Question 5. If a, b, c are in AP and x, y, z are in GP then the value of xb-c × yc-a × za-b is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) -1
(8)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

(d) None of these


Question 6. An example of geometric series is
(a) 9, 20, 21, 28
(b) 1, 2, 4, 8
(c) 1, 2, 3, 4
(d) 3, 5, 7, 9
Question 7. Three numbers from an increasing GP of the middle number is doubled,
then the new numbers are in AP. The common ratio of the GP is
(a) 2
(b) √3
(c) 2 + √3
(d) 2 – √3
Question 8. An arithmetic sequence has its 5th term equal to 22 and its 15th term
equal to 62. Then its 100th term is equal to
(a) 410
(b) 408
(c) 402
(d) 404
Question 9. Suppose a, b, c are in A.P. and a², b², c² are in G.P. If a < b < c and a + b +
c = 3/2, then the value of a is
(a) 1/2√2
(b) 1/2√3
(c) 1/2 – 1/√3
(d) 1/2 – 1/√2
Question 10. If the positive numbers a, b, c, d are in A.P., then abc, abd, acd, bcd are
(a) not in A.P. / G.P. / H. P.
(b) in A.P.
(c) in G.P.
(d) in H.P.
Short Questions:

(9)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

1. Which term of the sequence 27,24,21,18, …………. is zero?


2. The last term of the series 8,4,0, ……………. is – 24. Find the total number of terms.
3. Seven times the 7th term of a series is equal to eleven times of its 11th term. Find the
18th term of the series.
4. Prove that the sum of (m + n)th term and (m – n)th terms of an A.P. is twice of its mth
term.
5. Insert three Arithmetic means between 3 and 19.
6. If – 8, A1, A2 are in Arithmetic progression (A.P.), then find the value of A1, A2.
7. A person pays first instalment of Rs. 100 towards his loan. If he increases his instalment
every month by Rs. 5, then what will be his 30th instalment
8. Which term of the sequence √3, 3, 3√3 ……. is 729?
9. How many terms are required in GP. 3,32,33 …………, so that their sum would be 120?
10.If A.M. and GM. of roots of a quadratic equation are 8 and 5 respectively, then find the
quadratic equation.
Long Questions:
1. 150 workers were engaged to finish a job in a certain no. of days 4 workers dropped out
on the second day, 4 more workers dropped out on the third day and so on. It took 8
more days to finish the work find the no. of days in which the work was completed.
10
2. Prove that the sum to n terms of the series 11 + 103 +1005 + _ _ _ _ _ _ is (10n - 1) +
9
n2
3. The ratio of A M and G. M of two positive no. a and b is m : n show that
4. Between 1 and 31, m number have been inserted in such a way that the resulting
sequence is an A.P. and the ratio of 7th and (m-1)th no. is 5:9 find the value of m.
5. The Sum of two no. is 6 times their geometric mean, show that no. are in the ratio (3 + 3
√2) : (3 – 2 √2)
Assertion Reason Questions:
1. In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given followed by a
corresponding statement of Reason just below it. Of the statements, mark the
correct answer as.
Assertion (A) : If the sequence of even natural number is 2, 4, 6, 8, ..., then nth term of
the sequence is an given by an = 2n , where n ∈ N .
Reason (R) : If the sequence of odd natural numbers is 1, 3, 5, 7, ..., then nth term of the

(10)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

sequence is given by an = 2n - 1, where n ∈ N .


(i) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(ii) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
(iii) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(iv) Assertion is false but reason is true.
2. In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given followed by a
corresponding statement of Reason just below it. Of the statements, mark the
correct answer as.
Assertion (A) : The fourth term of a GP is the square of its second term and the first
term is −3, then its 7th term is equal to 2187.
Reason (R) : Sum of first 10 terms of the AP 6, 8, 10, ......... is equal to 150.
(i) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of
assertion.
(ii) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
(iii) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(iv) Assertion is false but reason is true.

Answer Key:
MCQ
1. (a) 0
2. (c) 3
3. (c) a × rn-1
4. (d) 1002001
5. (b) 1
6. (b) 1, 2, 4, 8
7. (c) 2 + √3
8. (c) 402
9. (d) 1/2 – 1/√2
10. (d) in H.P.

(11)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

Short Answer:
1. Here a = 27 and d= T2 – T1 = 24 – 27 = – 3.
Let the nth term of series be 0.
∴ Tn = a + (n – 1)d
⇒ 0 = 27 + (n – 1)(- 3)
⇒ 3n – 3 = 27
⇒ 3n = 30
n = 10 or 10th term.
2. Given series 8,4, 0, … (1)
First term = a = 8 Common difference d = 4 – 8 = -4
d=0–4=–4
∵ The common difference is same the series is in A.P.
last term l = – 24,
l = a + (n – 1)d,
= – 24 = 8 + (n – 1)(-4)
⇒ – 24 – 8 = (n – 1)(-4)
⇒ – 32 = (n – 1)(- 4)
32
⇒ (n – 1) =
4
⇒n–1=8
⇒n=8+1
⇒n=9
∴ Number of terms n = 9
3. Let first term = a and common difference = d of A.P.
∴ 7th term = a + 6d and 11th term = a + 10 d.
∴ According to question,
7(a + 6d) = 11 + (a + 10d)
⇒ 7a + 42d = 11a + 110d
⇒ 7a – 11a = 110d – 42d
⇒ – 4a = 68 d

(12)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

⇒ a = – 17d
Hence 18th term = a + 17d
= – 17d + 17d [∵ a = – 17d]
= 0.
4. Let the first term = a and common difference = d.
Tn = a+(n – 1)d
Tm + n = a + (m + n – 1)d … (1)
Tm–n = a + (m – n – 1)d … (2)
Tm = a + (m – 1)d … (3)
Tm+n + Tm-n = a + (m + n – 1)d + a(m – n – 1)d
= 2a + (m + n – 1 + m – n – 1)d
= 2a + (2m – 2)d
= 2a + 2(m – 1)d
= 2[a+(m – 1)d]
Tm+n + Tm-n = 2Tm.
5. Let three Arithmetic mean be A1, A2, A3,
then 3, A1, A2, A3, 19 are in A.P.
∴ 3 = a, 19 = T5, let common difference = d
T5 = a + 4d
T5 = a + 4d
⇒ 19 = 3 + 4d
⇒ 16 = 4d
⇒d=4
Hence A1 = 3 + 4 = 7, A2 = 7 + 4 = 11, A3 = 11 + 4 = 15.
6. – 8, A1, A2, 9 are in A.P.
∴ a = – 8, T4 = 9, let common difference = d
T4 = a + 3d
⇒9=–8+3d
⇒ 3d = 11
17
⇒d=
3
(13)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

7. Given : a = Rs. 100, d= Rs. 5, n = 30,


Tn = a + (n – 1)d
Amount of 30th instalment
J30 = 100 + (30 – 1) x 5
= 100 + 29 × 5 = 100 + 145
= Rs. 245.
Hence the 30th instalment = Rs. 245.
8.

9.
9
Given : a = 3, r = = 3, Sn = 120,
3
𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
𝑛
3(3 − 1)
⇒ = 120
3−1
120 × 2
⇒ 3𝑛 – 1 =
3
⇒ 3n – 1 = 80
⇒ 3n = 81
⇒ 3n = 34
⇒n=4
10.Let the roots of equation be α and β
𝛼+𝛽
A.M. of roots = = 8
2

(14)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

⇒ α + β = 16
G.M. of roots = √𝛼𝛽 = 5
⇒ αβ = 25
If α, β are the roots of equation
then, x2 – (α + β)x + αβ = 0
⇒ x2 -16x + 25 = 0.
Long Answer:
1. a = 150, d = -4

If total works who would have worked all n days 150(n-8)

2.
Sn = 11 + 103 + 1005 + ---- + n terms
Sn = (10+1) + (102 + 3) + (103 + 5) + ----- + 10n+(2n−1)

3.

(15)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

Sq both side

4.

5.

(16)
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
09

Assertion Reason Answer:


1. (ii) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation
of assertion.
2. (iv) Assertion is false but reason is true.

(17)
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