DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL

www.dlhschools.org, www.dlhschools.net
deeperlifehighschool@yahoo.com
SECOND TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES

SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
CLASS: SS 3
SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
THEME: EXTERNAL PROCESSES OF LANDFORM DEVELOPMENT
1. Weathering: (a) Major concepts: (i) Rock disintegration (expansion and contraction) (ii) Rock
decomposition (oxidation and carbonation) (iii) Weathered debris or regolith, etc. (b) Types of
Weathering: (i) Physical (mechanical) weathering: Temperature changes, Wetting and drying, Frost
action, etc.
2. Weathering: (ii) Chemical weathering: Solution, Oxidation, Hydrolysis, Hydration and Carbonation.
(iii) Biological weathering: Plants and animals, Burrowing, Human activities.
3. Mass Movements: (a) Meaning of mass movements. (b) Factors that affect mass movement (c) Types
of mass movements: (i) Slow (e.g. soil creep, soil flow) (ii) Rapid mass movements (e.g. landslide,
rock avalanche/rock fall, etc.)
4. Mass Movements:(d) Mass movement processes: (i) Soil creep – Weathered materials, Gentle slope,
Water lubricates, Heating and cooling, Wetting and drying (ii) Soil flow – Rock fragments, Down
slope, Freezing, Thawing. (iii) Landslides – Loose rock, Steep slope, Water lubricates, Earthquakes,
etc. (iv) Rock avalanche – Rock fall, Steep cliff, etc. (e) Effects of mass movements.
THEME: ENVIRONMENT AND ITS RESOURCES
5. Climatic Change: (a) Causes of Climatic Change: (i) Green-house effect (ii) Ozone layer depletion
(iii) Chloro-foro carbon (CFC) gases (iv) Carbon emission (v) Deforestation (vi) Gas flaring, etc.
(b) Consequences of climatic change: (i) Melting of ice caps (ii) Increasing temperatures (iii) High
rainfall. (iv) Submergence of coastal cities (v) Desertification (vi) Cancer and eye cataracts
(vii) Emergence of new diseases (viii) Extinction of some plants and animals, etc.(c) Remedies:
(i) Reforestation (ii) Zero carbon emission (iii) Population reduction (iv) Introduce gas driven cars
(v) Stop use of aerosols (vi) Legislation, etc.
6. ECOWAS: (a) Meaning of ECOWAS (b) Member Countries (c) Purpose and mandate of ECOWAS
(d) Advantages and disadvantages of ECOWAS (e) Solutions to ECOWAS problems.
7. MID – TERM BREAK
8. Trade: (a) Definition of trade (b) Types of trade (i) National trade (ii) International trade (c) Reasons
for trade (d) Importance of trade: (i) Social (ii) Political (iii) Economic, etc.
9. Tourism:(a) Meaning of tourism (b) Tourist centres (c) Justification for tourism: (i) Leisure
(ii) Recreation (iii) Education (d) Importance of tourism (e) Problems of tourism.
THEME: INTRODUCTORY GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
10. Satellite Remote Sensing: (a) Definition of concepts: (i) Remote sensing (ii) Satellite (iii) Satellite
Remote Sensing (b) Application of Satellite remote sensing: forestry, environment, Agriculture,
Telecommunications, Transportation, Emergency response, etc. (c) Relationship between GIS and
remote sensing.
11. GIS Application:(a) Areas of use: Defense, Agriculture, Urban planning and development, Mapping,
Surveying, Transportation, Census, etc. (b) Problems with GIS Implementation in Nigeria – Power,
Personnel, Capital (cost of hardware and software.
12. Revision.
13. Mock WASSCE/NECO SSCE.
WEEK: 1 DATE---------------
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
CLASS: SS 3
TOPIC: WEATHERING
CONTENT: MAJOR CONCEPT
i. Rock disintegration (expansion and decomposition)
ii. Rock decomposition (oxidation and carbonation)
iii. Weathered debris and regolith etc.
TYPES OF WEATHERING
Physical (mechanical) weathering; temperature change, wetting and drying, frost action
SUB-TOPIC 1: MAJOR CONCEPT OF WEATHERING
The major concepts of weathering include:
ROCK DISINTEGRATION (EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION): In desert regions, during the day,
rock surfaces receives heat from the sun. This heat causes expansion to the rock surface. In the night, the rock
surface becomes cool which leads to contraction. This continuous process daily, weekly and yearly leads to
breaking down of the rock ‘disintegration.
ROCK DECOMPOSITION (OXIDATION AND CARBONATION): This is the process whereby
oxidation reactions weaken the stability of rocks. It is the reaction of both oxygen content in water and the
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere on the rock surface. This process leads to quick decomposition of the rock.
EVALUATION:
1. Differentiate between rock disintegration and rock decomposition.
SUB – TOPIC 2: TYPES OF WEATHERING.
There are three types of weathering; i. Physical (Mechanical) weathering. ii. Chemical weathering. iii.
Biological weathering.
PHYSICAL (MECHANICAL) WEATHERING.
This is a type of weathering that takes place in rock which the chemical composition of the rock does not
change. In physical weathering, disintegration of rock boulders, regolith and pebbles take place. This
disintegration takes place in four ways.
1. TEMPERATURE CHANGE: When changes occur in temperature, a rock that is subjected to heat
undergoes physical disintegration. In desert areas, during the day the rock surface is exposed to the direct rays
of the sun. The elements or the minerals in the rock receive the heat and expand. During the night the
temperature falls and the mineral elements that make up the rock contract. The expansion and contraction of
the rock lead to disintegration of rock. In desert region, exfoliation results in which there is an onion peeling
of the surface of the rock.
2. WETTING AND DRYING: During the time of heavy rainfall, rocks absorbs water and when there is hot
sun, the water dries up, this alternate wetting and drying puts some stress on rock which make it to break.
Where a rock sample is made up of Shale materials, this phenomenon is very rampant.
3. FROST ACTION: It is otherwise called Freeze-thaw or congelifraction. This is a process whereby a rock
mass disintegrate due to the widening of its cracks by prolonged alternate freezing and thawing (melting) of
water that are collected in them.
 All rocks contain cracks and joints which may hold water or snow. Whenever the water in the crack freezes,
great force is applied to the sides of the cracks that they widen and deepen. Frost action is common in mid-
latitudes in winter especially on pyramidal peaks and arêtes in mountainous regions of ice cover.
4. RELEASE OF PRESSURE: When a rock is lying under another rock, the top rock may be eroded away.
The removal of this top layer will result into exposing the one under it to the denudation processes most
especially the granite rock. The surface of the rock is been removed gradually.
GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. What is physical weathering?
2. Enumerate FOUR ways disintegration takes place in rocks.
3. Explain the word’ Exfoliation.
OBJECTIVE TEST
1. Frost action and temperature changes are processes of (A) physical weathering. (B) chemical weathering.
(C) biological weathering. (D) mass wasting.
2. The peeling off of the surface layers of rounded boulders during mechanical weathering is called (A) frost
action (B) exfoliation (C) solifluction (D) rock fragmentation.
3. Which of the following is not an important factor in physical weathering? (A) Frost action (B) Alternate
heating and cooling of rocks (C) Accumulation of salt crystals in rock cracks (D) Temperature change.
4. Weathering is best described as the (A) gradual disintegration of rocks by climatic factors such as frost,
rainwater and changes in temperature (B) active wearing away of the Earth's surface by moving agents like
running water, winds, ice and waves (C) gradual removal of rock particles from one part of the Earth's surface
to another (D) gradual but more or less continuous movement of rock particles down hillslopes (E) dumping
of eroded rock debris in an area where it may accumulate to form new rocks.
5. Which of the following types of weathering is common in humid tropical areas? (A) Exfoliation
(B) Granular disintegration (C) Hydrolysis (D) Freeze-thaw.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. Explain three ways of physical weathering
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read about Chemical Weathering.
REFERENCE TEXT:
1. Exam Focus-Geography for WASSCE and SSCE, by o. Areola, et al Comprehensive geography for
senior secondary schools (new edition), by peter oluwafemi s. Ajayi
2. Certificate Physical and Human Geography for Senior Secondary Schools, by Areola K. Ahmed, O.I.
Irueghe, B.O. Adeleke, G.C. Leong.

WEEK 2 DATE……………………
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
CLASS: SS 3
TOPIC: WEATHERING
CONTENT:
1. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
a. Solution
b. Oxidation
c. Hydration
d. Carbonation
2. BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
Plants, animals, burrowing and human activities
 SUB-TOPIC 1: CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Chemical weathering is the gradual disintegration of rocks due to their exposure air and water. The processes
are enhanced by high temperature and abundance of water supply, and are most intense at the base of steep
slope where there is high moisture status due to fluctuating water table. It is common in hot-wet climate or
humid regions with high temperature.
The major processes involved in chemical weathering include:
1. SOLUTION: Rain water attacks and dissolves rock salt to form solution. For instance, rain water
dissolves calcium carbonate (CaCo2) of limestone, thereby widening cracks and joints in the rocks.
2. OXIDATION: This process is the reaction of oxygen in air or water with minerals in rock. Most rocks
contain a certain amount of iron in reduced form. The reduced iron is oxidized when it comes in
contact with oxygen. The oxidized iron is stable because it is only soluble under extreme acid
conditions. The stable iron oxidizes are readily precipitated. This causes the loosening of the overall
structure of the rocks and accounts for the accumulation of oxidized iron and the formation of laterite
in the tropics.
3. HYDRATION: This is the process whereby certain minerals within rocks absorbs water and are
chemically altered. This process leads to the formation of hydroxides. The action weakens the rocks
which may eventually disintegrate.
4. CARBONATION: This process of chemical weathering is often called carbon dioxide in the air and
turns into a weak acid called carbonic acid. As water from rain enters into the ground, the acid reacts
with the rocks that are rich in calcium carbonate like limestone and alters the calcium carbonate to
calcium bicarbonate. The weak acid water dissolves and removes the calcium bicarbonate. This
carbonation is most active in the decomposition of calcareous rocks, especially limestone and dolomite.
5. HYDROLISIS: This is the chemical reaction between rock minerals and water, usually with hydrogen
as catalyst. It occurs frequently in the weathering of feldspars and micas whereby clay minerals are
formed.
6. CHELATION: This is a process of chemical decomposition by organic acids. The decaying of plants
litter on the soil by bacteria produces organic acid. When dissolved in water, the organic acid enhances
chemical weathering as they have a marked effect on the solubility of certain minerals, particularly
iron. The products that are dissolved in the acid solution are later taken up by growing plants.
EVALUATION
1. Evaluate the major processes of chemical weathering.
SUB-TOPIC 2: BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
Plants and animals also help in the process of rock breaking. Root of trees sometimes grows in cracks and the
root penetrates through; as they grow, they act as wedge and cause pieces of rocks to break away from main
mass.
Burrowing by animals like earthworm also helps to loosen the soil. The activities of man in road construction,
mining, and farming also contribute to biological weathering.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WEATHERING AND MASS MOVEMENT
1. Weathering is the breaking down or disintegration of rock insitu while mass movement is the movement of
weathered materials down slope under the force of gravity.
2. Weathering processes are enhanced by the mineral composition, fracture and joint system and the structure
of the rock while mass movement is enhanced by the gradient of slope, force of gravity and weight of
materials.
3. In chemical weathering water aids the alteration of the chemical composition of the rock while in mass
movement water facilitates the movement of materials.
4. Weathering leads to the formation of soil while mass movement leads to the destruction and transportation
of soil.
EVALUATION
Explain how plants, animals and human activities lead to biological weathering.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Differentiate between mechanical and chemical weathering
2. Write short note on the following
a. Hydration
b. Hydrolysis
c. Oxidation
d. Carbonation
OBJECTIVE TEST
1. Chemical weathering can take place most effectively when the conditions are (A) cold and dry. (B) hot and
wet. (C) cold and wet. (D) hot and dry.
2. The gradual breakdown of rocks in situ by either physical or chemical process is called (A) erosion
(B) denudation (C) weathering (D) deposition.
3. The most important active factor in weathering is (A) time. (B) climate. (C) relief. (D) slope.
4. Which of the following is the most important weathering process in Karst regions? (A) Hydrolysis
(B) oxidation (C) Hydration (D) Carbonation.
5. The process by which rocks are broken down and not transported is termed (A) denudation (B) earth
movement (C) weathering (D) erosion.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Differentiate between weathering and mass movement
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read more on weathering in your Geography textbook.
REFERENCES
1. Exam Focus-Geography for WASSCE and SSCE, by O. Areola, M. Mamman, F.A. Onweluzo, O.
Omotoso.
2. Comprehensive Geography for Senior Secondary Schools (New Edition), by Peter Oluwafem S. Ajayi
3. Certificate Physical and Human Geography For Senior Secondary Schools, by Areola, K. Ahmed, O.I.
Irueghe, B.O. Adeleke, G.C. Leong.

WEEK 3 DATE………………..
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
CLASS: SS 3
TOPIC: MASS MOVEMENT
CONTENT:
(1) MEANING OF MASS MOVEMENT
(2) FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MASS MOVEMENT
(3) TYPES OF MASS MOVEMENT
SUB – TOPIC 1: MEANING OF MASS MOVEMENT AND FACTORS INFLUENCING IT
Mass movement can be defined as the movement of weathered materials down slope under the force or
influence of gravity. Such movement may be slow, gradual or sudden depending on the steepness of the slope.
The size or weight of weathered materials determines the speed of the movement. Usually rain water serves as
lubricant to the weathered materials or debris. It is otherwise known as mass wasting.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT MASS MOVEMENT
1. The gradient or steepness of slopes: The rate of movement of materials is naturally faster on steeper
slopes than on gentle slopes. Mass movement is pronounced in areas with steep slopes where the weathered
layer is deep and the weathered materials are loose.
2. The nature and weight of materials: Mass movement is rapid on steep slopes where the weathered layer
is quite deep and the materials are loosely held together. Permeable rocks are more prone to mass movement
than the impermeable rocks. The lighter the weight of materials carried the faster the movement and vice
versa.
3. Vegetation cover: Absence of vegetation encourages mass movement while presence of vegetation
discourages or reduces mass movement.
4. Climatic conditions or the presence of lubricating moisture: The amount and nature of rainfall and snow
fall determine how much moisture would be available to saturate the weathered materials on a given slope.
Heavy rainfall or alternate freeze-thaw condition promotes mass movement.
5. Human activities: These are activities of man such as mining, road construction, over-grazing by animals
and deforestation which may take place on steep slopes and encourage the production of mass movement.
6. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions: Mass movement is encouraged if there are earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions.
EVALUATION
1. Explain mass movement
2. Outline the factors that affect mass movement
SUB – TOPIC 2: TYPES OF MASS MOVEMENT
There are many types of mass movement/ mass wasting and they are classified into two namely; slow mass
movement and rapid mass movement
SLOW MASS MOVEMENT
1. Soil flow - This happen when the soil receives heavy amount of rainfall turning the soil into a semi-
liquid state. During this process the liquid state of the soil allows it to flow downward as soil or mud
flow.
2. Soil creep – This refers to the slow downward movement of weathered materials or soil down a gentle
slope. The most powerful force here is water which acts as the main oil which enables the rock
materials to roll or creep
RAPID MASS MOVEMENT
3. Land slide – This takes place when large quantity of loosened surface rocks and soil suddenly slide a
steep slope such as cliff, valley side or embankment
4. Rock fall – This refers to a mass of rock which falls from a steep cliff. It is the most rapid of all.
EVALUATION
1. Mention different types of mass movement.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Which of the following is a type of mass movement a. Weather b. soil creep c. hydrolysis d. oxidation
e. carbonation
2. Which of the following is not a form of mass movement? a. Landslide b. Earthquake c. Rockslide d. Talus
creep.
3. What takes place when large quantity of loosened surface rocks and soil suddenly fall? a. soil flow b. soil
creed c. land slide d. rock fall
4. The slow downward movement of weathered materials or soil down a gentle slope is known as --------
a. soil creed b. soil flow c. land slide d. rock avalanche
5. A mass of rock which slides from a steep cliff is called --------------------- a. land slide b. rock fall
c. soil creed d. soil flow
ESSAY TEST
1. Briefly describe soil creep and soil flow.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Read about Mass movement processes
REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Comprehensive Geography for Senior Secondary Schools (New Edition) by O. S. Ajayi.
2. Essential Geography for Senior Secondary Schools ( 6th edition ) by O. A. Iwena

WEEK 4 DATE----------
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
CLASS: SS3
TOPIC: MASS MOVEMENT
CONTENT:
(1) PROCESSES OF MASS MOVEMENT
(2) EFFECT OF MASS MOVEMENT
SUB - TOPIC 1: PROCESSES OF MASS MOVEMENT
The movement of weathered materials under the force of gravity is known as mass movement or mass
wasting. Such movement may be slow and gradual or sudden and rapid depending on the gradient of the
slope, the weight of the materials and whether there is any lubricating moisture supplied by rain water.
MAJOR TYPES OF MASS MOVEMENT AND THEIR PROCESSES
Soil flow: Soil flow is formed when the soil receives heavy rainfall. It can be liquid or saturated with water to
be called mud flow. We also have a situation where the flow is more rapid involving rock debris; it is called
avalanche. This is frequent in the humid climatic regions with steep slopes. Mudflow solidification is a type
of soil flow association with the sub- arctic region where the ground is permanently (permafrost).
Soil creep
A creep is an extremely slow movement of soil on moderately steep soil covered slopes particularly those
underlain by materials with high clay content.
The causes of soil creep include shaking by earthquakes, growth of frost needles, heating and cooling of soil,
trampling and borrowing by animals, alternate dry and wetting of the soil, root growth, chemical changes
accompanying weathering (solution) and heavy rainfall.
 Diagram showing the processes of mass movement
Landslide: Landslide refers to the rapid sliding of large masses of material with little or no flowage of
the material in the early stages of the sliding. Slides may be subdivided on the basis of the material involved
into the slides; these include: debris slide, mud slide and complex forms. The sliding plain may be bedding,
joint or fault surface. Deep landslide across arcuate delta slide planes is called rotational slides or slumps.

Diagram showing landslide

Rock falls: These take place on steep bare rock slope (angles greater than 40°) a fall is an extremely
rapid mass movement of rock or soils. It is free movement in which materials will fall and bounce rather than
roll or slide. During rock falls, individual fragments may disintegrate (break) and form what are called talus or
scree slope of about 35°.
The causes of fall include climatic variables (i.e. high rainfall, freeze and thaw) surface weathering and the
enlargement of joints, under cutting by erosion and development of tension crack.
EVALUATION
1. Describe the processes of landslide
2. What are the causes of rock falls
SUB- TOPIC 2: EFFECTS OF MASS MOVEMENT
1. Mass movement can lead to loss of farmlands or even the destruction of crops already farmed there.
2. Settlements which were before the occurrence of mass movement enjoying their habitations could be
forced to relocate.
3. Mass movement can cause accidents, disrupt transport and communication network or even power
flow. Pole can fall and soil creep, soil flow, landslide etc. may block roads and rail lines.
 4. It can lead to the loss of social facilities.
5. It can cause the damming of river.
6. It brings about general lowering of the landscape.
7. It may result in loss of life.
8. It produces a number of landforms such as Talus and scree soil.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EROSION AND MASS MOVEMENT
1. Erosion is the gradual removal of top soil while mass movement is the movement of loose rock
materials down slope.
2. Agents of erosion are running water, wind, waves and glacial while that of mass movement has to do
with force of gravity.
3. Erosion involves scratching, polishing and plucking of loose rock surfaces while mass movement
involves creeping, flowing, slumping, sliding and falling.
EVALUATION
Outline five effects of mass movement
GENERAL EVALUATION
OBJECTIVE TEST
1. One of the following is a process of mass movement a. land slide b. oxidation c. denudation
d. soil fertility e. soil infertility
2. One important requirement for mass movement to take place is a. rubber b. cocoa c. water d crops
e. iron
3. One of the causes of soil creep is------------------ a. large stone b. plantation farm c. Bahamas grass
d. shaking by earth quake e. high building
4. One of the effects of mass movement is that------ a. it brings more rain b. it encourages farming
c. it encourages manufacturing d. it leads to freezing of the soil e. it leads to loss of farm lands
5. Deep landslide across arcuate delta are called a. rational slips b. permafrost c. debris d. hydrolysis
e. denudation
6. Which of the following mass wasting process results in curved tree trunks and leaning telegraph poles?
a. Rock fall b. Earth flow c. Soil creep d. Mud flow.
ESSAY TEST
1. Explain the following
a. Rock fall
b. Landslide
c. Soil creep
2. What are the effects of mass movement on the environment
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read about causes of climate change
REFERENCE TEXT
1. Essential Geography for Senior Secondary Schools (6th Edition), By O. A. Iwena
2. Certificate Physical and Human Geography for Senior Secondary Schools (New Impression), by O.
Areola
3. Comprehensive Geography for Senior Secondary Schools (New Edition), By P.O.S. Ajayi

WEEK: 5 DATE----------------
SUJECT: GEOGRAPHY
CLASS: SS2
TOPIC: CLIMATIC CHANGE
CONTENT:
1. CAUSES OF CLIMATIC CHANGE
2. CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATIC CHANGE
3. REMEDIES TO CLIMATIC CHANGE
SUB TOPIC 1: CAUSES OF CLIMATIC CHANGE
There are many causes of climatic change. They include (i) greenhouse effect (ii) Ozone layer depletion
(iii) cloro-foro carbon (CFC) gases (iv) carbon emission (v) deforestation (vi) gas flaring
1. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Long wave radiation from the sun is being shielded by the activity of carbon monoxide and chloro-foro
carbon (CFC) mixing with dust in the atmosphere. This result in concept called greenhouse effect
where long wave radiation is being shielded beyond expectation, resulting in prolonged heating of the
environment thus changing the climate
2. OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
Smoke from automobile (e.g. vehicles), industries, burning of coal/wood etc move into the atmosphere
as carbon monoxide. Emission from certain types of air conditions and refrigerators also rich the
atmosphere as Chloro-foro carbon (CFC). These gases mix up with dust in the atmosphere and acts as
melting agents to the ozone layer which shields the earth from ultra-violet rays from the sun. This
increases the earth’s temperature, resulting in changes in other climatic elements. This changes the
climate of places in the earth.
3. CHLORO-FORO-CARBON (CFC)
This is simply a kind of gas that is emitted from industrial works, such as air conditioners that are not
c.f.c. free, refrigerators etc. It contacts carbon monoxide and dust and causes a shield that can hinder
the re-radiation of heat back to space; hence resulting in greenhouse effect and also depletion of the
ozone layer.
This results in acid rains and increased temperatures of places thereby changing the climate.
4. CARBON EMISSION
This refers to the released of smoke through vehicles and other automobiles, bush burnings, through
other industrial machines etc. into the atmosphere as carbon monoxide. This mixes with chloro-foro-
carbon and dust to increase atmospheric heat, thereby leading to greenhouse effect, ozone layer
depletion, acid rain etc., hence affecting the climate
5. DEFORESTATION
Deforestation refers to the indiscriminate destruction of forest or felling of trees. This exposes the land
surface to erosion, increases evaporation, decreases transportation and lowers the soil nutrients. Thus it
results in climatic change because it may subtly bring about desert encroachment, loss of our rain
forest, or rain forest becoming savanna grass land, thereby reducing the rate of carbon sink by these
forests.
6. GAS FLARING:
Usually in mining or drilling of petroleum, natural gas is usually in the first layer, followed by
petroleum while water comes last. In the rig where petroleum is drilled, some the miners allow the gas
to simply escape to enable them reach petroleum level. This gas that escaped to the atmosphere or
flared by the miner, combine with aerosols, i.e. dust particles and other gases, results a change of
climatic condition etc. Thereby affecting the entire climate of such regions or even the entire world.
 EVALUATION
1. Enumerate 5 causes of climatic change.
2. Explain how ozone layer depletion and deforestation cause climatic change.
SUB- TOPIC 2: CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATIC CHANGE
Climatic changes have a lot of consequences on the environment. These consequences on the
environments include (i) melting of ice caps (ii) increasing temperatures (iii) high rainfall
(iv) submergence of coastal cities (v) desertification (vi) cancer and eye contacts (vii) emergence of
new diseases (viii) Extinction of some plants and animals etc.
MELTING OF ICE CAPS: The depletion of the ozone layer, deforestation and other problems, caused by
man’s quest to better his condition on earth has caused increased temperature; this temperature increase has
led to the melting of ice in Arctic and Antarctic climatic zones. This in turn has led to the increase in sea or
ocean water volume, thereby causing flooding and sinking of cities. E.g. Lagos is battling hard to stem the
scourging ocean threatening their cities through building embankments and placing sands bags. Already a lake
has been created in the Article ice cap.
INCREASING TEMPERATURES: Temperatures of places have increased due to the increase emissions of
gases and dust particle numerical to the earth’s protective layer.
HIGH RAINFALL: Increased temperature all over the world has resulted in high evaporation and increases
rainfall causing flooding in Pakistan, Nigeria and many countries of Asia etc.
SUBMERGENCE OF COASTAL CITIES: Already some coastal areas in America have experienced some
submergence. This is due to about ½ degree rise in Arctic temperature leading to melting of ice caps and
increase in ocean levels.
DESERTIFICATION/DESERT ENCROACHMENTS: this is the spread of desert to areas which were not
deserts before. We see this is areas like the Sahel regions of Nigeria and other semi-desert areas of the world.
This is majorly caused by deforestation and unusual emissions into the atmosphere. It results in loss of farm
lands, drainage systems etc.
CANCER AND EYE CATARACTS: Due to incessant population of the atmosphere by dangerous gases and
objects, rain water has been said in certain environment to cause cancer, gas flaring is also said to cause
cancer, many ailments and eye cataracts.
EMERGENCE OF NEW DISEASES: Diseases like typhoid fever, bird flu and cow diseases like the mad
cow etc. have surfaced of recent. No thank you to climatic changes.
EXTINCTION OF SOME PLANTS AND ANIMALS: Plants e.g. the coral plants and animals have already
gone extinct. So many others have already been labeled endangered species. It is clear that the present climatic
changes are rendering the earth uninhabitable for many living things.
EVALUATION
1. Outline 4 consequences of climatic change
SUB-TOPIC 3: REMEDIES TO CLIMATIC CHANGES
Remedies to climatic changes include (i) reforestation (ii) zero carbon emission (iii) population reduction
(iv) introduce gas driven cars (v) stop use of aerosols (vi) legislation
REAFFORESTATION: This entails planting of trees. It gives rise to transportation increase in rainfall and
wild life.
ZERO CARBON EMISSION: Efforts of various kinds to reduce the emissions of carbon monoxide sulphur
dioxide and chloro-foro-carbon (CFC) and other particulate matters into the atmosphere should be made
POPULATION REDUCTON: The introduction of various industrial efforts is mainly attempts to care for
the multiplication of population going on in the world. Population explosion needs to be reduced to reduce
increase environmental challenge and destruction.
INTRODUCTION OF GAS DRIVEN CARS: Gas driven cars should be introduced to curtail the number of
smoking automobiles in the earth. Solar energy can also be used in our automobiles and as power in our
various areas of the world
STOPPING OF AEROSOLS USE: Aerosols use should be stopped in all our industrial and house hold
works.
LEGISLATION: There should be serious legislations in all parts of the world towards reducing atmospheric
pollution and ozone depletion. That is to say that, the government of every nation state should be mandated to
implement environmental safety law. This should be followed with serious penalties on all culprits.
EVALUATION
1. Enumerate 3 remedies to climatic changes
2. How will population reduction help in remedying climatic change
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Which of the following is a cause of climatic change? (a) Rain (b) temperature (c) wind
(d) deforestation (e) reforestation
2. Which of the following is not a cause of climate change? (a) green house effect (b) chloro-foro carbon
(CFC) (c) carbon emission (d) ozone layer of climate change (e) Arctic snow
3. Which of the following is a consequence of climatic change? (a) High rainfall (b) Fish ponds
(c) Orange trees (d) live stocks (e) wild animals
4. To remedy climate change, we should. (a) read for the term (b) introduce gas driven cars (c) reduce
fruits consumption (d) engage in exercises
5. Which of the following is a remedy for climate change? (a) reforestation (b) deforestation (c) plastic
burning (d) burning of tyres (e) aerosol use
ESSAY TEST
1. Outline any 4 causes of climate change
2. Enumerate and explain 3 consequences of climate change
3. How does deforestation cause climate change?
4. How does flaring course climate change?
5. Give and explain 4 remedies to climate change?
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Read about ECOWAS
REFERENCE TEXT
Essential Geography for Senior Secondary Schools (6th Edition) by O.A.Iwena
WEEK: 6 DATE……………
CLASS: SS3
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
TOPIC: ECOWAS
CONTENTS:
(a) Meaning of ECOWAS
(b) Member countries
(c) Purpose and mandate of ECOWAS
(d) Advantages and disadvantages of ECOWAS
(e) Solutions to ECOWAS problems

SUB-TOPIC 1: MEANING OF ECOWAS

ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) may be defined as a sub-regional
organization formed to promote co-operation and development in all economic fields and contribute to the
progress and development of the African continents.
On 28th May, 1975, heads of states and governments of 15 independent states of West Africa converged
in Lagos, where they signed the treaty, formally establishing ECOWAS. That day was the finest day in the
post-independence history of West Africa.
EVALUATION
1. Explain the word ‘ECOWAS’.
2. In what year was ECOWAS formed? (a) 1928 (b) 1985 (c) 1975 (d) 1995
3. The first member states to form ECOWAS is _____ (a) 14 (b) 13 (c) 15 (d) 16
4. The ECOWAS treaty was signed at ______ (a) Accra (b) Kano (c) Lagos (d) Abidjan
5. ECOWAS means _____________
(a) Economic countries of West African States
(b) Economic commodity of West African States
(c) Economic commonest of West African States
(d) Economic community of West African States
SUB-TOPIC 2: MEMBER COUNTRIES
The Economic Community of West African States has 16 member-states made up of 11 Francophone and 5
Anglophone countries. They are: Nigeria, The Republic of Benin, Cape Verde, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, The
Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone and
Togo.
EVALUATION
1. Mention 7 (seven) member-states of ECOWAS.
2. Which of the following is NOT a member state of ECOWAS (a) Burkina Faso (b) Senegal (c) Mali
(d) Congo
3. The following are member-states of ECOWAS except _____ (a) Nigeria (b) Benin Republic
(c) Ghana (d) Morocco
4. One of the following is a member-state of ECOWAS. (a) Egypt (b) Cape Verde (c) Sao Tome
(d) None
SUB-TOPIC 3: PURPOSE AND MANDATE OF ECOWAS
The main purpose of ECOWAS is to promote co-operation and development in all economic fields and of
contributing to the African continent. Others include:
1. Elimination of customs duties.
2. Abolition of trade restrictions.
 3. Establishment of common tariff.
4. Harmonization of agricultural policies.
5. Implementation of infrastructural policies.
6. Harmonization of economic and industrial policies.
7. Harmonization of monetary policies.
8. Establishment of common fund.
The treaty signed provided the following organs:
(1) The Authority of Heads of State and government, composed of all the 16 leaders of the member states,
which is the supreme authority.
(2) The council of ministers made up of two ministers or representatives from each member state. It
monitors the functioning and development of the community and makes recommendation to the
authority.
(3) The executive secretariat in Abuja, which performs the functions of administering the community.
(4) The tribunal of the community whose main functions is the interpretation of the treaty and ensuring the
observance of law and justice.
(5) Five Technical and specialized commissions:
(i) The trade customs, immigration, monetary and payment commission.
(ii) The industry, agriculture and nature resources commission.
(iii) The transport, communication and energy commission.
(iv) The Social and Cultural affairs commission.
(v) The Defense commission.
EVALUATION:
1. What are the main purposes of forming ECOWAS?
2. Enumerate the main mandate of ECOWAS.
3. List 6 purposes of ECOWAS.
SUB- TOPIC 4: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ECOWAS.
ADVANTAGES OF ECOWAS
1. Expansion of markets: The demand for the products will increase as there will be wider opportunities
for member nations to sell their products in other member nations.
2. Availability of more goods: Member nations will have the opportunity of getting more goods from
other member nations.
3. Increase in standard of living: This is as a result of the fact that more goods are made available to the
people of West Africa at reduced rates.
4. Free trade: The community will make it possible for traders from one member state to go to other
member nations and trade.
5. Availability of cheap labour: This will be made possible by article 27 of the ECOWAS charter which
permits community citizens to take up jobs in any of the member-states provided they have their visa.
6. Reduction of tariff: This will help to promote trade among the member nations.
7. Easy movement of raw materials: Members who have more will shift some to those that do not have.
This will promote industrial growth.
8. Sub-regional self-reliance: ECOWAS will lead to West Africa self-reliance in the production,
marketing and distribution of goods and services thereby cutting the apron strings tying them to the
imperialist.
9. Execution of joint projects: This will contribute earnestly to the development of these countries.
10. Gains from compensation fund: This is the contributed and owned by all the member states for co-
operation, compensation and development.
11. Harmonization of industrial policies: This will enable industrialists from one member- nation to go to
another and establish industries with little or no hindrance.
12. Unity: All activities of ECOWAS will help to foster friendly atmosphere which will lead to the unity
of the West African sub-region.
 DISADVANTAGES OF ECOWAS
1. Problems posed by immigrants: The Africa 27 of ECOWAS TREATY which granted community
citizens freedom of movement and residence within the community has created and escalated the
problems of illegal alien.
2. Increase in social vices: The presence of these community citizens in some member-states like Nigeria
has escalated the wave of armed robbery, religious bigotry, arson, murder etc.
3. Problem of language: Differences in language has greatly militated against the efficient functioning of
the community.
4. Escalation of smuggling: This problem of smuggling is exacerbated by the free movement of the
community citizens.
5. Currency difference: This problem has warranted as many as ten different currencies in the sub-region
and has made common payment system difficult among the member-states which have contributed to
the near failure of the community.
6. Inadequate contribution of resources: The resources both financial and human contributed by
member-states have always fallen short of the requirement of the community.
SUB-TOPIC 5: SOLUTIONS TO ECOWAS PROBLEMS
1. There is need to adopt a common currency. This will eliminate the barrier of currency.
2. Democracy should be embraced by counties in West Africa to bring about stability within the West
African sub-region.
3. Improved transportation system: There should be good and improved transportation network
connecting West African States so that movement of goods and services can be facilitated.
4. There should be common language.
5. There should be freedom of trade, reduction of tariff and custom duties.
6. There should be an establishment of common institution such as banks and research centers.
7. Greater commitment: Every member of ECOWAS should be committed to the association to bring
about effectiveness.
GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. List and explain five (5) purposes of ECOWAS.
2. Mention five (5) mandates of ECOWAS.
3. Draw the map of West African countries and indicate the nations that are members of ECOWAS.
4. Mention four (4) disadvantages of ECOWAS.
5. In what five (5) ways does ECOWAS attempt to achieve economic development in West African
sub-region?
OBJECTIVE TEST
1. The introduction of ECOWAS Passport among member Countries is to promote (A) economic
co-operation. (B) trade amongst member states. (C) free movement of people in the sub-region. (D) cultural
co-operation.
2. The major threat to the survival of ECOWAS is the (A) different crops grown in the sub-region.
(B) different monetary systems in use in the sub-region. (C) free movement within the sub-region. (D) large
size of the sub-region.
3. Which objective of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is performed by WAFU?
(A) Language integration (B) Common currency (C) Free movement (D) Cultural integration.
4. The financial headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is located at
(A) Lome (B) Banjul (C) Lagos (D) Cotonou.
5. When was the treaty which formally established ECOWAS signed? (A) July 17th 1970 (B) May 18th 1973
(C) April 18th 1974 (D) May 28th 1975.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Read and summarize trade in your notebook
 REFERENCE:
1. A comprehensive Text on Physical Human and Regional Geography for Senior Secondary School, by
M. O. Adegoke.
2. Comprehensive Geography for Senior Secondary Schools, by Peter Oluwafemi Ajayi.
3. Essential Geography for Senior Secondary Schools, by O. A. Iwena.
4. Basic Geography Course for Senior Secondary Schools, by N P Iloeje and Others.

WEEK 7: MID – TERM BREAK

WEEK 8
CLASS: SS 3 DATE----------------------
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
TOPIC: TRADE
CONTENT:
i. Definition and types of trade
ii. Reason for trade
iii. Importance of trade
SUB-TOPIC 1: DEFINITION AND TYPES OF TRADE
Trade simply means the exchange of commodities/services for money or for other services or commodities.
Trade takes different forms but basically it develops when an individual or region or country produces a
surplus of a product, and this product is in demand for other persons, regions or countries may in turn have
products which will be in demand by the former individual, region, or country.
In the beginning trade merely involve the exchange of one commodity for another. This type of trade was
known and is still called trade by barter. The implication is that only persons, regions, or countries that have
some things they could exchange with others could exchange in trade. Trade grew and developed only when
money was introduced as means of paying for goods.
TYPES OF TRADE
There are different types of trade, these include:
i. Inter-regional trade
ii. Interstate trade and
iii. International trade
For the purpose of this study, trade shall be grouped into inter regional and interstate trade, under national and
state trade and place it side by side with international trade and finally zero into international trade
NATIONAL TRADE
This involves trade between one place and another within the country. This trade affects international trade
which is the focus of our study.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE
This can easily be defined as trade among trades among countries. That is, it is trade between one country and
another. This trade takes place along the major transport routes of the world that is the inland water ways, and
the sea, the air routes, rail and roads.
There are two types of international trade, these are:
1. Export trade and
2. Import trade
EXPORT TRADE: This deals with commodities that are sold out of the country, that is, this goods are
produced in a particular country and are sold to another country
IMPORT TRADE: This involves buying commodities from other countries and bringing them into the
country.
EVALUATION
1. What is trade?
2. State the various types of trade
SUB-TOPIC 2: REASONS FOR WORLD TRADE
The following are some of the reasons why nations engage in international trade;
DIFFERENCES IN AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES: There are differences in the agricultural resources of
countries, e.g. some country countries produce cocoa, coffee and oil palm because of the environmental
factors. Others specialize in crops such as Oat, Barley, and Wheat. The need to exchange these commodities is
one important reason for world trade
DIFFERENCES IN NATURAL RESOURCES: There are differences in natural resources such as crude oil,
iron ore, tin, columbite, and fish. As a result of these differences, there is need to trade in these resources
between nations of the world.
DIFFERENCES IN SKILLS AND TECHNOLOGY: There are differences in skills and technological
knowledge which are used for the production of different goods and services. Thus each country would want
to specialize in the production of goods and services for which it has skills and technological knowledge
DIFFERENCES IN TASTE: As a result of differences in taste which occurs, goods produced in one country
may be the favourite of other people elsewhere
DIFFERENCES IN CLIMATE: This implies that the climate of a place determines the type of export crops
to be grown, hence differences in climate favours the growing of different crops for export.
DIFFERENCES IN IMPORT DUTIES AND PRICE: The higher the import duties imposed on imported
goods and services, the lesser the goods that will be imported and vice versa.
EVALUATION
Outline five reasons for international trade
SUB-TOPIC 3: IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Many countries get involved in international trade. This is because of its importance. The importance of
international trade includes:
1. It fosters international cooperation: International cooperation is encouraged between two nations
which are engaged in international trade
2. Provision of new products: New products that would otherwise have been unavailable in a country are
provided through international trade.
3. Provision of employment: Jobs are provided through activities involved in the exportation and
importation of goods and services.
4. Provision of foreign exchange: Through international trade, country can get foreign exchange from the
sales or export of their goods to another
5. Growth of auxiliary services: Auxiliary services are usually stimulated through international trade e.g.
the establishment of trade banks and export processing zones (EPZ) in Nigeria.
6. Diffusion of ideas: Through world trade, people from all regions of the world interact and exchange
new ideas. This eventually leads to acquisition of new ideas.
7. Stimulation of exportable goods: Export goods or production are easily stimulated through increased
production in the region where the product is produced.
8. Growth of industries: Through international trade, the growth of industries is enhanced through either
the exportation or importation of raw materials for these industries.
 9. Improved living standard: Importation of goods from another country can reduce the price of goods,
making them easily affordable by the people and thereby improving their standard of living.
10. Generation of revenue: Government generates revenue from import and export duties imposed on
commodities involved in international trade.
EVALUATION
1. Outline and explain 5 important factors for international trade
2. How does international trade improve the standard of living of your country
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Trade means ------------------- a. Exchange of goods and services for money b. Coming to film show
c. Praying for prosperity d. Sleeping in trains e. serving the poor
2. Basically trade develop when-------------- a. There are no goods to sale b. There is no banks
c. An industrial region or country has surplus of a produced by others d. People demand for what is not
available e. People are too poor for business involvements
3. Which of the following is a type of trade? a. Learning how to cook rice b. Farming for food
c. Reading for examination d. Inter regional trade e. Inter school debate
4. Which of the following is a type of international trade a. Petty trading b. Super market c. School
tuck shop d. bush market e. Export trade
5. Nations engage in international trade because of ---------------- a. Poverty in African countries
b. Greediness of the white man c. Differences in resources of countries d. charity to the poor nation
e. Poor rain in the dry season
EESAY
1. With specific examples, give four reasons why countries exchange goods and services
2. How does difference in skills and technology trade between countries promote international trade?
3. How does a nation get foreign exchange from international trade?
4. List and explain five reasons to prove that international trade is important
5. How does international trade lead to the growth of industries in countries?
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Read about tourism in your Geography text
REFERENCES
1. Comprehensive Geography for Senior Secondary Schools (New Edition) by Peter O. Ajayi
2. Essential Geography for Senior Secondary Schools (6th Edition) By O.A.Iwena
3. Certificate Physical and Human Geography for Senior Secondary School (New Impression) by O.
Areola et al

WEEK: 9 DATE………………
SUBJECT: Geography
CLASS: SS3
TOPIC: TOURISM
CONTENT:
(a) Meaning of tourism
(b) Tourist centres
(c) Justification for tourism
(d) Importance of tourism
(e) Problems of tourism
SUB-TOPIC 1: MEANING OF TOURISM
Tourism can be defined as an industrial organization of natural resources for recreational purposes. It
can also be defined as the process which involves the visiting of people to places of interest where they can
relax, derive pleasure and entertainment.
The places where such people visit are called tourist or resort centres, while the person who visits such
places is called a tourist.
TOURIST CENTRES
Major tourist centres in Nigeria include:
1. The game reserves e.g. Yankari Game Reserves (Bauchi State) and Borgu Game Reserves (Kwara
State).
2. The Kanji Dam site at Jebba, Kwara State.
3. The Bar beaches of Lagos, Lekki and Badagry.
4. The National Theatre, Iganmu in Lagos.
5. Some important five star hotels like Sheraton Hotel (Lagos and Abuja), Nicon Noga Hilton Hotel in
Abuja, Durban Hotel at Kaduna and Federal Palace Hotel in Lagos.
6. Kwara Falls in Jos.
7. The Zuma rocks at Suleja and Olumo rocks in Ogun State.
8. The museums in Lagos, Benin, Jos and Ife.
9. The Slave museum and Tinapa Business Resort in Calabar.
10. Some traditional festivals like Argungu fishing festival (Kebbi State) and Ibo masquerades in Enugu.
11. Ikogosi waterfall in Ekiti State.
12. Erin Ijesa water fall in Osun State.
13. Ado Awaye Hanging valley in Oyo State.
14. Shiroro dam on river Kaduna.
15. Confluence Town at Lokoja.
16. Cross River National Park in Cross River State.
17. Agbokim water fall Ikom and Anegheje gorge Oban, Cross River State
18. Obudu mountain resort
EVALUATION
1. What is tourism?
2. Name 3 things people derive when they visit tourist centres?
3. Tourist centre is also known as __________
4. Mention 2 places in Nigeria where we have reserves.
5. Name five star hotels.
6. What is the name of the fishing festival in Kebbi State.
7. Outline 4 tourism centres in Nigeria.
SUB-TOPIC 2: JUSTIFICATION FOR TOURISM
Justification for tourism is the features favourable for the development of tourism in Nigeria. These include:
1. Abundance of wild life: There are many wild animals in the game reserves such as Yankari and Borgu
game reserves.
2. Beautiful highlands: Many beautiful highlands, rocks and beaches such as Zuma rocks, Olumo rocks,
etc are located in Nigeria.
 3. Good accommodation: The presence of good and modern accommodation for tourists, favours the
development of tourism in Nigeria such as hotels of international standard.
4. Easy means of communication and transportation: Almost all the tourist centres in Nigeria are
accessible due to the easy means of communication and transportation.
5. Effective publicity: Tourism is developed in Nigeria due to effective and adequate publicity given to it
through the media.
6. Availability of funds: If the government makes adequate funds available, it will go a long way to
develop tourist centres.
7. A stable political atmosphere: In a situation where there is political stability in the country, it will
attract people to visit such tourist centres. S
8. Leisure: Visiting places of interest is spending our leisure time judiciously.
9. Recreation: Tourism is the organization of natural resources for recreational purposes.
10. Education: It provides some educational knowledge about the new places visited.
EVALUATION:
1. Mention 2 beautiful highlands in Nigeria.
2. Give 5 factors that favour the development of tourism in Nigeria.
SUB-TOPIC 3: IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM
1. It provides foreign exchange for the country. Many people outside Nigeria that visit Nigeria as
tourists pay some money which increases the money that goes to the purse of the government.
2. It creates employment opportunities for the people of the country. Many people get employed in
the tourist centres most especially in National parks.
3. It attracts infrastructures to the areas where there are tourist centres. Certain facilities are provided
for the people so that life will be conducive for the tourists.
4. It encourages cultural integration. By visiting tourist centres; we learn about the cultures of other
people. We also learn to accommodate others as well.
5. It accelerates the development of local manufacturing industries. Many local craft materials are
sold at the tourist centres which tend to create market for the product in the country.
6. It also helps in preserving our natural environment since clearing of the vegetation and killing of
wild animals are not allowed in national parks.
7. It provides some educational knowledge about the new places visited.
EVALUATION:
1. What is cultural integration?
2. Highlight 5 importance of tourism to Nigeria economy.
SUB-TOPIC 4: PROBLEMS OF TOURISM
1. Economic recession: Many people have low income and there are many people that combine jobs to earn a
living.
2. Problems of transportation: Many tourist centres have bad access roads which tend to discourage the
tourists. Many roads are not motor-able during the wet season.
3. Inadequate publicity: Nigerians are not well educated about the essence of relaxation centres; some believe
that it is a waste of time and money.
4. Managerial Problem: There are some tourist centres that are in the state of moribund. They are dying fast
because of poor management.
5. Inadequate capital on the part of government: There are some of these tourist centres that are ill-equipped.
Many of them have inadequate facilities like portable water and electricity that should make life conducive.
6. Political instability: When the problem of instability or crisis arises in the country; it will discourage
patronage.
7. Fear of contracting disease: Some foreigners are not patronizing Nigeria tourist centres for the fear of
contracting tropical diseases. These diseases include chistosomiasis, elephantiasis and onchocerciasis.
EVALUATION
1. Give 4 problems of tourism in Nigeria.
2. Name 3 tropical diseases that can be contracted in tropical regions.
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. On a sketch map of Nigeria, show and name 3 areas important for tourism.
2. Describe 4 factors which have led the development of tourist centres in Nigeria.
3. Outline 3 importance of tourism to Nigeria economy.
4. State 4 problems of tourism.
5. Outline 5 tourist centres and place of their location in Nigeria.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Read about GIS
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Enumerate solutions to the problems of tourism in Nigeria.
REFERENCE TEXTS
1. O.A. Iwena - Essential Geography for Senior Secondary Schools. Tonad Publishers Ltd.
2. Olusegun Areola et al – Certificate Physical and Human Geography for Senior Secondary Schools.

WEEK: 10
CLASS: SS 3 DATE--------
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
TOPIC: INTRODUCTORY GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM.
CONTENT: SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING
a) DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS
i). Remote sensing
ii). Satellite
iii). Satellite remote sensing
b) APPLICATION OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING
c) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GIS AND REMOTE SENSING
SUB- TOPIC 1: REMOTE SENSONING:
Remote sensing can be defined as perception and recording of phenomena by devices which are not in
contact with them. In the broadest sense remote sensing includes techniques used in geographical surveys to
probe the earth’s crust and in oceanographic surveys of the ocean floor. This term of recording and analyzes
the characteristics of earthly phenomena by air – borne devices that are carried in balloons, air craft,
helicopters, satellites and space craft.
Remote sensing can also be defined as the process of obtaining information about land, water or object
without physical contact between the sensor and the object of analysis.
II) SATELLITE:
 Satellites are objects purposely placed into orbit around earth, other planet or the sun. Moon is a
natural satellite of the earth. Artificial satellites are objects made by man placed in orbit around the earth. The
first satellite was launched in 1957.Today’s artificial satellites play key roles in communication industry, in
military intelligence and scientific study of both earth and outer space.
III) SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING:
These are satellites carrying remote sensing devices placed on the orbits of the earth. Between
1990 and 1996 more than remote sensing satellites have been placed into orbits which have produced
stereos images useful, for topographic mapping. Remote sensing is changing rapidly. Some satellites
carry instruments that can constantly providing images of objects as small as an automobile and
constantly improving technology promises even better resolution in the near future.
EVALUATION:
1) Explain the word remote sensing.
2) Briefly write short note on i) Satellite ii) Satellite remote sensing.
SUB – TOPIC 2: APPLICATION OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING.
The satellite remote sensing can be apply to almost all areas of life: This include,
I) FORESTRY: This satellite provides vital information’s on forests, on the earth in a given
area. It also helps to monitor, and check human and animals activities in the forest.
II) ENVIRONMENT: These satellites have cameras and other instruments pointed toward
Earth atmosphere. They can provide advance warning of severe weather and are a great aid
to weather forecasting. Geo stationary operational satellites GOES are in geostationary
orbit. GOES provides information for weather forecasting, including the tracking of
storms.
III) AGRICULTURE: This satellite remote sensing help to check every activities in farmers
especially areas where plantations and mechanized farming is in practice. They help to
store information and data of every work in or on the field.
IV) TELECOMMUNICATION: Almost all the earliest satellites included some
communication equipment. The National Aeronautics and space Administration launched
the first telephone and television satellite in 1962.
Most of the satellites launched today can provide voice, data and television communication
which include the direct broadcast of television to homes around the world.
V) TRANSPORTATION: This is the type that can help to locate position of ships; aircraft
and even automobile; they are equipped with special radio receivers. This type of satellites
and radio signals sent and translate data on radio receiver into information about the
satellites position. The receiver further analyze the signal to find out how fast and in what
direction the satellite is moving and how long the signal took to reach the receiver.
VI) EMERGENCY RESPONSE: Earth – orbiting satellites can provide data to mapped earth
and determine the size and shape and study the dynamics of the ocean and the atmosphere.
Scientists use satellites to observe events e.g. sun, moon and other planets.
EVALUATION
1. List and explain three areas where satellite remote sensing can be applied.
2. Write short note on any two of the following: i. Tele communication. ii. Forestry iii. Environment
iv. Transportation.
SUB – TOPIC 3: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GIS AND REMOTE SENSING.
 GIS and remote sensing are interrelated in the use of the two. A geographic information system
(GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing feature events on earth. GIS technology integrates
common database operations, such as query and statistical analysis, with maps. GIS manages location-based
information and provides tools for display and analysis of various statistics, including population
characteristics, economic development opportunities, and vegetation types. GIS allows you to link databases
and maps to create dynamic displays.
Remote sensing is the art and science of making measurements of the earth using sensors on airplanes or
satellites. These sensors collect data in the form of images and provide specialized capabilities for
manipulating, analyzing, and visualizing those images. The relationship between GIS and remote sensing are
summarized below:
1. Both of the deal with data collection for geographical information
2. Both use electronic means to collect data.
3. Remote sensing also serves as a source of GIS data.
4. Both also deal with data collection and analysis to produce useful information which can be used in
many other areas
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. Define Remote Sensing.
2. Explain Satellite.
3. List four satellites that you know.
4. Mention five uses of satellite.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. In your own words explain the relationship between GIS and remote sensing
2. Briefly describe the usefulness of remote sensing in GIS
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read about satellite and remote sensing online.
REFERENCE TEXT
1. A Comprehensive Text on Physical Human and Regional Geography for SSS and Colleges by M.O.
Adegoke.
2. Online references.

WEEK 11 DATE…………
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY
TOPIC: GIS APPLICATION
CONTENT:
(a) AREAS OF USE
i. Areas of use: Defense, Agriculture, Urban planning, and development, mapping, survey,
Transportation, census, etc.
(b) PROBLEMS WITH GIS IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA- power, personnel, capital (cost of
hardware and software).
SUB-TOPIC 1: AREAS OF USE
1. Defense: Many national security decisions involve geography, whether assessing potential terrorist
targets, planning where to strike on the battle fields or deciding where to locate a new building with
minimal environmental impact, geography always comes into the equation. GIS increasingly important
role in making these types of decisions. GIS software gives you the tools to unlock and reveal
 meaningful patterns in your geospatial data and provide the intelligence support you need for mission
success.
2. Mapping: GIS is used as an important inventory visualization and analysis tool in the study of local
communities’ development and for local advocacy. GIS is frequently used for inventory and display
arrant condition (demographics land use, zoning, transportation, services and is often used to analyze
access to community services and to advocate for new services.
3. Urban Planning and Development: Policy map provides easy ways to map publicly available housing
and foreclosure data from housing and urban development’s, planners and citizens frequently call for
policies to shape growth in a way that will reduce rates of increase in land consumption. Planners use
GIS as an important tool for understanding, visualizing and quantifying current conditions and recent
trends.
4. Agriculture: GIS is used for global monitoring for food security, understanding and monitoring food
availability and potential insecurity, providing up to date information on potential famine situations. It
also plays an increasing role in agriculture production throughout the world by helping farmers increase
production, reduce costs, and manage their land more efficiently.
5. Surveying: GIS technology integrates with other systems while providing new functionally and a
central database. A GIS database gives you a better way to easily manage, reuse, share and analyze
your survey data, saving you time, money and resources. Because GIS software solutions are inter-
operable with the many data formats used in the field and office you can deliver your data in the format
required by clients while maintaining the score integrity.
6. Transportation: Aviation use GIS for managing airport facilities, regulating use of airspace and noise
modeling. To be of use in a GIS, a transport network must be currently conceded, implying a functional
topology composes of nodes and links. Other elements relevant to transportation namely qualitative and
quantitative date must also be encoded and associated with their respective spatial elements.
7. Census: GIS and census mapping had been used in census enumeration in St. Lucia in 1970. It is easy
to obtain census data and to make colourful maps, yet making maps that are meaningful requires
attention to some details that elude many beginning users of GIS. It also helps to understand the
elements of census data and normalize statistics appropriately.
EVALUATION:
1. List 5 areas in which GIS can be used in Nigeria.
2. What purpose is GIS serving when it is use to detect terrorist.
3. Mention 3 ways GIS database can be used in survey.
SUB-TOPIC 2: PROBLEMS WITH GIS IMPLEMENTATION IN NIGERIA.
i. Power
ii. Personnel
iii. Capital (cost of hardware and software)
(i) POWER: The implementation of GIS in Nigeria is a problematic considering problem of erratic
power supply as most of these gadgets use electricity. Though Nigeria has abundant energy
resources which she had not tap. Therefore if there is no adequate and regular supply of power
the implementation will be difficult.
(ii) PERSONNEL: GIS implementation requires experts for its operation. Nigeria did not have
adequate and qualified personnel to operate the system thereby the system is not yet in full
operation in Nigeria.
 (iii) CAPITAL (Cost of hardware and software): To purchase the equipment (hardware and
software) involves huge capital; the government is not ready to spend so much on this
equipment. In Nigeria today very few universities have centres for GIS; the reason for this is the
huge amount of money it will take to set up GIS centre.
EVALUATION:
1. State 3 problems of GIS implementation in Nigeria.
2. How can power hinder the implementation of GIS in Nigeria?
GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. Outline 5 uses of GIS in Nigeria.
2. Highlight 3 problems of GIS in Nigeria.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
OBJECTIVE TESTS:
1. Which of the following can be used to detect terrorist? A. Defense B. Mapping. C. Census
D. Agriculture.
2. . GIS can help farmers to do one of the following. A. Increase production. B. Supply food C. Weed
farm D. Apply fertilizer.
3. The followings are the problems of implementation of GIS in Nigeria EXCEPT A. Personnel
B. Capital C. Government D. Power.
4. One of the following is not the use of GIS A. Mapping.B. Census C. Administration D. Defense.
5. ……………… gives you the tools to unlock and reveal meaningful patterns in your geospatial data
A. Hardware B. Software C. Lens D. Equation
ESSAY TEST:
1. Enumerate 5 uses of GIS.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Read past questions on the topic.
REFERENCE TEXT
The information is from the internet (online sources).
WEEK 12: REVISION
WEEK 13: MOCK EXAMINATION