Bellum

MATRICULATION LATIN
CAESAR
BELLUM GALLICUM
CARRUTHERS and ROBERTSON
W. J. GAGE & COMPANY. LIMITED

TORONTO
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CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR
(From the Roman Gallery, British Museum,.}
MATRICULATION LATIN
CAESAR
BELLUM GALLICUM IV. 20-38, V. 1-23
BY
ADAM CARRUTHERS, M.A.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
AND
J. C. ROBERTSON, M.A.
VICTORIA COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
W. J. GAGE & COMPANY, Limited

TORONTO
Copyright, Canada, 1917, by W. J. Gage & Company, Limited
Toronto
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction to Caesar .... 9
13
The Story of Caesar's Conquest of Gaul 67
39
Caesar, De Bello Gallico, IV. 20— V. 23. -V. 23
Notes on Caesar, De Bello Gallico, IV. 20-
Index of Points of Syntax and Accidence 101
Vocabulary ...... 94
Test Passages for Translation at Sight . 133
ILLUSTRATIONS
1
Caius Julius Caesar Frontispiece

Roman Eagle 9
Sub Sarcinis
Roman Sword 31
Legionary Soldier . 50
38
Armor and Weapons
Roman Soldiers on the March 66
61
Roman War Galleys
86
Testiido (from Trajan's Column)
Transport Ship
Attack on a Walled City . 132
94
79
Warship .... . 141
Map of Gaul and Britain . 6

INTRODUCTION.
CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR.
Rise to Eminence.
Caius Julius Caesar was born at Rome on the 12th of July,
100 B.C. (or, as Mommsen holds, in 102 B.C.), of one of the
oldest patrician families of that city. Although of aristocratic
birth, he espoused the cause of the popular party, and after
barely escaping with his life on the defeat of that party by
Sulla in 82 B.C.,. he withdrew from active politics for several
years. By 70 B.C., however, he had become a favorite of the
people, and one of its most influential leaders. He rose rapidly
through the various grades of office, being made in succession
quaestor, aedile, pontifex maximus (a life-office), praetor, and
finally consul in 59 B.C.
First Triumvirate.
The three leading men of Rome at this time were Pompey,
representing the nobles ; Caesar, the leader of the popular party ;
and Crassus, whose influence was largel}' due to his immense
wealth. On Caesar's suggestion they formed a coalition (the
so-called First Triumvirate), the result of which was to place
the practical supremacy of the state in the hands of these three
men. The powerful influence of this coalition secured for him,
10 MATRICULATION LATIN.
after his consulship, the administration for five years of the

three provinces, Illyricuni and Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul. *
In 55 B.C., by an agreement with Pompey and Crassus, this
command viâs extended for another period of five years.
Conquest of Gaul and Expeditions to Britain.

■ From 58 to 51 b.c. Caesar was engaged in the conquest of
Gaul. In the first three campaigns he made himself master of
that country from the Province and the Pyrenees to the Rhine
and the Ocean. In the fourth year (55 B.C.), after driving back
across the Rhine certain invading German tribes, Caesar late in
the summer undertook a reconnoitring expedition to Britain.
He did not venture inland, and returned in a few weeks, but
"he had learned where and how to land, and had noted the
British method of fighting ; above all he had accustomed his
men to the sight of the sea and the painted barbarians." Caesar
was not satisfied with this expedition, and in the next summer
(54 B.C.), in spite of growing disaff"ection in Gaul, set sail for
Britain with a much larger force, as if for a serious invasion.
But though he subdued all the south-eastern districts, the Britons
fought obstinately, and he had to withdraw at the end of the
summer without being able to make any permanent imprfession
upon this distant country, which was not again visited by
a Roman army for nearly a century. The remaining three
years (53 to 51 B.C.) were spent in completing the subjugation
of Gaul, and especially in crushing the insurrections that from
time to time broke out. Among the results of Caesar's con-
quest of Gaul were, first, that the boundaries of the Roman
empire were now extended to the English Channel and the Rhine,
and secondly, that the Roman language and civilization became
so firmly implanted in Gaul that, even after nearly two thousand
years, the language of that country (the French) is a modified
Latin, and its laws and institutions show everywhere the in-
*For the various senses in which the word Oaul is used, see the
"Vocabulary under Gallia.
CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR. 11
fluence of Rome. A more immediate result also was to furnish

Caesar with an army of experienced and devoted veterans, such
as the Roman world had never before seen.
Civil War and Death.
After the conquest of Gaul, civil war arose between Caesar
and Pompey, now his sole remaining rival, Crassus having fallen
in battle in the East. By the overthrow of the Pompeian party
Caesar became practically supreme ruler of the Roman world.
He showed unexpected clemency to his former opponents, and
began a brilliant career as administrator and reformer. But
the Roman aristocracy, alarmed at his great power and popularity
and their own loss of prestige, formed a conspiracy to remove
him, being actuated in some cases by jealousy, in others by an
honest but short-sighted desire to bring back republican freedom ;
and on the Ides (the I5th) of March, 44 B.C., " the foremost
man of all this world " fell beneath the daggers of the conspirators,
at the base of Pompey's statue. Saddest of all, one of his many
wounds was dealt by the hand of his intimate friend Brutus.
Personal Appearance.
We are told that in personal appearance Caesar was noble and
commanding. He was tall of stature and of slender build, his
complexion was pale, his nose prominent and decidedly "Roman,"
his eyes were black, keen and full of expression. In later life he
had a tendency to baldness. His constitution was naturally deli-
cate, and he was subject to attacks of epilepsy, but by constant
exercise and temperate living he managed to acquire vigorous
health, so that he could endure the most prolonged toil and most
arduous exertions.
Versatile Genius.
The genius of Caesar was many-sided, and he excelled in every-
thing he undertook. Not only was he one of the greatest generals
of all time, but he was pre-eminent as a law-giver, a jurist and a
statesman. Moreover, he has left behind him a reputation as an
orator, a poet, a mathematician, an architect and engineer, while
as an historian he will ever rank with the highest.
Extant Works.
Caesar was the author of numerous literary works, on many
different subjects, but of these all that have come down to us are
his Commtntarii De Bello Gallico (from which the selections con-
tained in this book are taken), and his Commentarii De Bello
Civili (in three books), a historj' of the war between himself and
Pompe3-. The Commentaries* of Caesar are memoirs written by
himself, descriptivê of his different campaigns. It is uncertain
whether the work was written as the war went on, and issued
book by book, or whether it was composed towards the end of the
war. Each book of the Commentaries on the Gallic War con-
tains the account of a single year's campaign. There are seven
books in all, the history of the eighth year's operations having
been composed after Caesar's death by Aulus Hirtius, one of his
lieutenants.
Literary Style.
The Commentarii, by universal consent, are written in the
purest Latin, in a stj'le marked by great simplicity and concise-
ness, and, in spite of its condensation, by singular ease and
elegance. The best judges among Caesar's contemporaries praise
his literary style for its purity of diction, and its business-like
directness of expression. Cicero, the best literary critic of his
da}', has this to say of the Commentaries : "I pronounce them
to be, in fact, entirely' commendable ; for they are simple,
straightforward, of a charming elegance, stripped of all rhetorical
adornments." In the choice of words also Caesar is pure and
classical, in accoi'dance with the advice quoted from him by the
Roman grammarian Gellius, " to shun an uncommon or out-of-the-
way word as a ship would a rock. "
* Com.m.entarii, meaning sketches, jottings, is used as the title of a
book on any subject, but especially an historical one, which is only
sketched down or written without careful revision.
THE STORY OF CAESAR'S CONQUEST
OF GAUL.
THE FIRST CAMPAIGN, 58 B.C.

Caesar, hearinr/ of a threatened emigration of the Helvetian nation,
hastens from Rome to Transalpine Gaul to prevent a movement
so dangerous to the Roman Province.
1. Gallia est oinnis^ divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt
Belgae, aliam Aquitiini, tertiam Galli, qui ipsorum'^ lingua Celtae
appellantur. Horum omnium foitissimi sunt Belgae, qui a
provincia longissime absunt, proximlque sunt Germanis, qui trans
Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Helvetii
quoque reliquos Gallos virtu te praecedunt, quod fere ootid ianis
proelils cum Germanis contendunt. Sed undique loci natiira
continentur : Qna ex parte est flumen Rhenus altissimus et latis-
simus ; altera^ ex parte mons Jura altissimus ; tertia ex parte
flumen Rhodanus nostram provineiam* ab Helvetiis dividit. His
de causis Helvetii non late vagarl poterant, nee facile finitimis
bellum Inferre. Itaque, cum essent homines bellandl cupidi,
angustos se fines habere arbitrabantur. His rebus adducti, oppida
sua omnia vicosque incendere et de finibus suls cum omnibus
copils exire cQnstituerunt et optimam partem totlus Galliae
occupare.
1 Translate oiiiii is hj as a irhole, in opposition to the narrower sense
in which Caesar proceeds to speak of the Cialli.
^Translate by their own (in opposition to that of the Romans).
3 Translate here by a second.
•* Since 118 B.C. the southern part of France had been a Roman province
(hence the modern name Provence). See the map of Gaul.
13
14 MATRICULATIOX LATIN'.
2. Itineribus oinnluo duobus domo^ exire poterant ; quorum

uinim eiat per Secjuanos, aiiiûstum et difficile; alterum per pro-
vinciam nostram, multo facilius. Caesar, cui provincia Gallia eo
anno decreta erab, audivib Helvetios per provinciam nostram iter
facere conail. Statiin ab urbe proficiscitur ebinGalliampervenit.
Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetii certiores fact! sunt, legates ad eum
mittunt ; sed Caesar negat se posse iter- ullT per provinciam dare.
Relinquebatur Qna-' per Sequanos viti. Mox Caesari renuntiatur
Helvetios per agruni Sequanorum iter in Santonum fines facere,
qui noil longe a provincia nostra absunt. Intellegebat periculo-
suni provinciae fore^, si homines bellicosi, popull Romanl inimici,
provinciae finitimi essent^ Ob eas causas in Italiam contendit ;
dufis ibi legiones conscrlbit, et tres ex hlbernis educit ; cum his
quinque legioniljus in (jlalliam per Alpes ire contendit.
Caesar surprises the Helvetians at the river Arar, and soon after,
near Bihracte, injlicls a crushing defeat on the remainder. The
survivors are sent back to the homes they had abandoned.
3* Helvetii jam per fines Sequanorum suas copias traduxerant,
et in Aeduorum fines pervenerant, eorumque agros populabantur.
Itaque ne omnes fortunae sociorum consumereiitur, Caesar e
castris profectus ad Helvetios pervenit". Tres jam partes Helve-
tioruni flunien Ararim transierant ; reliquos aggressus, magnam
partem eorum concldit; reliqui sese in proximas silvas abdiderunt.
Hoc proelio facto, ut reliquas copias consequi posset'', pontem
facit, atque ita exercitum traducit. Tum per^ multos dies Caesar
Helvetios insequitur, novissimumque agmen lacessit.
1 See 618. [References are to the High School Latin Book.]
2 Translate by passage or right of passing.
3 Translate Oiia via by only the way.
* Fore = fatarum esse, the future infinitive of snm.
5 Translate by should be (or were to be). .Si with the imperfect or
phiperfect subjunctive may represent future conditions put in indirect
discourse (687. b, and 688).
6 Translate by caiyie -up with.
' For the use of secondary sequence with the historical present see 524. i.
8 Translate by throughout or /or.
CONQUEST OF GAUL. 15
4« Tandem ut rei frumentariae prospiceret, iter ab Helvetiis

avertit, atque ad oppiduin Aeduoruin maximum et copiosissimum
ire contendit. Helvetii Romauos timore perterritos esse et dis-
cedere a se existimabant. Itaque, itinere converse, nostros
InsequI ac lacessere coeperunt. Postquam id aniraadvertit,
Caesar copias suas in proximum coUem subducit, aciemque
instruifc. Helvetii impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt ; ipsi
sub primam nostram aciem successerunt. Caesar, cohortatus
suos, proelium commisit. Diu atque acriter pugnaverunt. Sed
cum diutius sustinere nostrorum impetus non possent, Helvetii
legates de deditione ad Caesarem miserunt. Caesar Helvetios in
fines suos, unde profecti erant, reverti jussit, et oppida vicosque
restituere. Helvetiorum trecenta et sexaginta octo milia domo
exierant ; vix centum et decern mIlia domum' redierunt.
The leading men of several Gallic tribes ask Caesar's assistance

against Ariovistus, a German king, tvlio had recently gained a
footing in central Gaid. Caesar at first tries argument and
diplom/icy, but in vain.
5» Hoc bello confecto, totius fere Galliae principes ad Caesarem
convenerunt atque petierunt ut sibi auxilium ferret contra
Ariovistum, regem Germanorum, qui multa milia suorum in
Galliam traduxisset optimumque agrum occupavisset atque
Gallos ex finibus pelleret. Demonstrant Ariovistum Gallorum
copias proelio vicisse et nunc crudeliterimperare atque obsides^
nobilissimorum liberos poscere ; neque posse ejus imperium
diutius sustineri. His rebus cognitis Caesar Gallorum animos
confirmavit, pollicitusque se Galliam ab Ariovisti injuria defen-
surum. Hac oratione habita pi'incipes dimisit. Simul Germanos
consuescere'* in Galliam transire populo Romano periculosum esse
videbat, ne, cum omnem Galliam occupavissent, in provinciam
exirent atque inde in Italiam contenderent. Itaque constituit ad
1 See 618.
2 Translate by as hostages; for the case see 570.
3 See the second illustrative sentence in 124.
Ariovistum legates niittere qui ab eo postularent ut aliquein locum

colloquio' diceret.
O* Quod" cum noUeb Ariovistus facere, iterum ad eum Caesar
legates mittit qui postularent priraum ne amplius Germanos trans
Rhenum in Galliam traduceret ; deinde ut obsides Gallls reddereb
neve bellum iis inferret. Ad haec Ariovistus respondit se Gallos
vicisse atque jure belli uti constituisse ; se obsides redditurum
non esse, neque Gallis injuria^ bellum illaturum si imperio suo
parerent* ; atque si Caesar vellet secum congredi, intellecturum
quanta esset virtus invictorum Germanorum.
7. Eodera tempore Caesar certior factus est Germanos, qui
niiper in Galliam transportati essent, fines Aeduorum populari, et
magnam multitudinem Sueborum ad ripas Rheni venisse, qui
Rhenum transire conarentur. Quibus^ rebus Caesar vehementer
comniotus, mattirare constituit ne nova manus Sueborum cum
veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese conjungerent. Itaque re frumen-
taria quam celerrime comparata, magnis itineribus ad Ariovistum
contendit. Cum tridui viam processisset, nuntiatum est ei
Ariovistum cum suis omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem,
quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, contendere. In eo
oppido omnium rerum quae ad bellum usui erant summa erat
facultas, idque natura loci egregie muniebatur. Hue Caesar
contendit, occupatoque oppido ibi praesidium collocat.
Deceived hy false reports, the Roman soldiers are at first reluctant to

advance, but Caesar calms their fears. On drawing near the
Germans, Caesar has an interview with Ariovistum which the
enemy^s treachery renders fruitless.
8. Dum paucos dies ibi rei frumentariae causa moratur, milites
falsis rumoribus magnopere perturbati sunt. Nam Galli ac merca-
1 Translate the dative hjfor.
uses2Toquiemphasize
for liif orthe
is, connectioii with before
placing it even the preceding' words, Latin
a conjunction. often
Here quod
(literally tchich thing) is the object of facere ; translate by this (667).
3 Translate by u-ro»gfuUy (596. ili).
4 For parerent and vellet compare footnote 5, page 14.
s Compare footnote 2 above, and translate as if it were lUs.
tores Germaiios ingenti niagnitudine^ esse corporum, incredibillque

virtute praedicabant. Caesar cumanimadvertisset milites propter
timorem castra inovere ac signa contra hostes ferre nolle, convo-
eato concilio. demonstrat Germanos saepe ab Helvetils superatos
esse, qu! tamen pares esse exercitui Romano non potuissent. Turn
affirmavit se proxima nocte quarta vigilia castra moturutn, atque
si praeterea nemo sequeretur, tamen se cum sola decima legione
iturum, de qua non dubitaret. Hac onltione habita, summa
alacritas et cupiditas belli gerendi innataest-, atque quarta vigilia,
ut^ dixerat, profectus est cum omni exercitu. Septimo die ab
exploratoribus certior factus est Ariovisti copias passuum quattuor
et viginti abesse.
9. Cognito Caesaris adventu, Ariovistus legates ad eum mittit
qui dicerent Ariovistum, cum Caesar propius accessisset, colloqui
cum eo jam velle : simul postulavit ne quem peditem ad
colloquium Caesar adduceret, sed ut uterque cum equitatu veniret ;
vereri* se ne per insidias* ab eo circumveniretur. Planities erat
magna inter castra Ariovisti et Caesaris. Eo uterque cum
equitatu ad colloquium venit, atque cum paucis equitibus in
mediam phxnitiem progreditur. Reliqui equites mediocri inter-
vallo'' constiterunt.
10. Caesar initio orationis ostendit quanta a se senatuque
beneficia Ariovistus accepisset ; simul docebat Aeduos diu socios
populi Romani fuisse. Postulavit deinde eadem quae'' legati.

Ariovistus respondit serogatum esse a Gallisut Rhenum transiret;
non sese Gallis sed Gallos sibi bellum postea intulisse ; atque
iniquum esse exercitum Romanum^ in suos fines venire. Postulavit
1 Translate niAgnUrido corponini by stature.
'^Translate icafi ai'oiiscd.
Slit, in the sense of as, takes the indicative.
4 The Infinitive is in indirect discourse, the verb of saying being easily
understood. For iie = Z('.s-^ or that after verbs ot fearing see 629.
5 Translate by treacherously.
6 The ablative, as well as the accusative, may be used to express dis-
tance (598. i). Translate here by at.
''Translate by made the same demands as,
8 See footnote 3, page 15,
igitur ut Caesar decederet et liberam possessionem Galliae sibi

traderet. Dum haec in colloquio geruntur, Caesaii nuntiatum
est equites Ariovisti propius accedere, et lapides telaque in nostros
conjicere. Caesar loquendi finem fecit, seque ad suos recepit,
suisque imperavit, ne quod omnino telum in hostes rejicerent, ne
pulsi hostes dicere possent se in colloquio per insidias circum-
ventos. Quibus rebus cognitis, multo majus studium pugnandl
exercitui injectum est^.
After several delays, Caesar comes to a decisive engagement tvith

Ariovistus, completely routs the Germans and drives them hack
across the Rhine.
11. Post paucos dies Ariovistus, castris motis, praeter castra

Caesaris suas copias traduxit et milibus passuum duobus^ ultra
eum castra fecit, eo consilio' ut frumento com.neatuque Caesarem
intercluderet. Turn dies continues quinque Caesar pro castris
suas copias produxit et aciem instruxit. Ariovistus autem, etsi
dimicandi potestas non deerat, his omnibus diebus exercituni
castris continuity, et equestrl proelio cotidie contendit. Ubi eum
castris se tenere Caesar intellexit, ne diutius commeatu pro-
hiberetur, ultra eum locum ubi German! cQnsederant, circiter
passus sescentos ab lis, castris idoneum locum delegit, acieque
triplici instructa ad eum locum venit. Primam et secundam
aciem in armis esse', tertiam castra munire jussit. Tum copias
Ariovistus misit quae nostros munitione^ prohiberent. Caesar
tamen, ut antea constituerat, duas acies hostem propulsare,
tertiam opus perficere jussit. Munitis castris, duas legiones
reliquit et partem auxiliorum, quattuor reliquas in castra majora
reduxit.
1 Translate Injlclo and the dative by inspire (or arouse) in (oil).

2 For the ablative expressing distance see footnote 6, page 17.
3 Translate by with this design, explained by the following clause.
■1 Translate by kept in camp.
5 Translate by to remain under amns.
6 Translate hy from fortifying.
12. Proximo die Caesar e castris utrisque copias suas eduxit,

paulumque a majoribus castris progressus aciem instruxit, hosti-
busque pugnandi potestatem fecit^. Ubi ne turn quidem eos
prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum in castra reduxit.
Posters die praesidio utrisque castris quod satis esse visum est
reliquit, atque triplici instructa acie usque ad castra hostium
accessit. Turn demum necessario Germani suas copias eduxerunt,
omnemque aciem redis et carris circumdederunt, ne qua spes in
fuga relinqueretur. Eo mulieres imposuerunt, quae in proelium
proficiscentes milites flentes implorabant ne se in servitutem
Romanis traderent.
13. Caesar a dextro cornu, quod eam partem minime firmam

hostium esse animadverterat, proelium commisit. Ita nostri
acriter in hostes, signo dato, impetum fecerunt, itaque^ hostes
celeriter procurrerunt, ut spatium pila in hostes conjiciendi non
daretur. Rejectis pilis, comminus gladiis jjugnant. Cum hostium
acies a sinistra cornu pulsa atque in fugam eonversa esset, a
dextro cornu vehementer multitudine suorum nostrum aciem
premebant^. Id cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus, qui equi-
tatui praeerat, tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit.
Ita proelium restitiitum est, atque omnes hostes terga verterunt,
neque prius fugere destiterunt quam ad flumen Rhenum milia
passuum ex eo loco circiter quinque pervenerunt. Ibi perpauci
salutem reppererunt ; in^ his fuit Ariovistus, qui naviculam deli-
gatam ad ripam nactus, ea profQgit. ReliquQs omnes consecuti
equites nostri interfecerunt.
14. Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato, Suebi qui ad ripas

Rheni venerant, domum reverti coeperunt. Caesar una aestate
duobus maximis bellis confectis, maturius paulo quam tempus
1 Translate by gave an opportunity.

2 Itaqne, here two words, Ita + que.
3 Translate the imperfect by kept pressing.
* Translate by among.
anni postulabat, in hiberna in^ Sequanos exercitum deduxit.

Hibernis Labieuum legatum praef^cit ; ipse in citeriorem Galliam
prufectus est.
THE SECOND CAMPAIGN, 57 b.c.

Learning that the tribes of the Belgae are combining against the
Romans, Caesar advances into their territory and encamps on
the bank of the river Axona.
15. Cum esset Caesar in citeiiore Gallia, ut supra demonstra-
vimus, crebri ad eum rumoies afferebantur-, litterisque item
Labieni certior flebat omnes Belgas contra populum Romanum
conjurare. Conjurandi hae erant causae : primum verebantur ne
omni pacata Gallia ad Belgas exercitus noster adduceretur ;
deinde populi Romani exercitum hieniare in Gallia consuescere^
nolebant ; nonnulli etiam ex potentioribus, qui regna occupare
cupiebant, moleste ferebaut quod minus facile earn rem imperio
nostro'* consequi possent. His nuntiis litterisque commotus,
Caesar duas legiones in citeriBre Gallia novas consciipsit et inita
aestate^, in interiorem Galliam qui deduceret", Quintum Pedium
legatum misit. Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad
exercitum venit. Imperat Gallis qui finitimi Belgis erant uti' ea,
quae apud eos gerantur, cognoscant seque de his rebus certiorem
faciant. Hi constanter omnes nuntiaverunt manQs cogi, exercitum
in uiium locum conduci. Tum vero re frumentaria comparata
castra movet, diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines Belgarum
pervenit.
1 Translate by among ; the phrase modifles a verb of motion (618. vii).

2 The imperfect denotes repeated action, kept coming in; so fiebat,
teas repeatedly informed.
■ 3 Translate by that an army should become accustomed (517. b).
■* Translate by under our rule.
5 An ablative absolute ; translate by at the beginning of summer.
6 For the relative clause of purpose see 388.
"> Distinguish uti = nt and Oti the infinitive of utor.
16. Eo cum c]e impioviso celeriusque oiiini opinione' venisset,

Rem!, qui proximi Galliae ex'-^ BelgTs sunt, ad eum legates
miserunt, qui dicerent se neque cum Belgis reliquis conseiisisse
neque contra populuin Ronuxnum conjurasse^, paratosque esse et
obsides dare et imperiita* facere ; reliquos omnes Belgas in arniis
esse, Germanosque, qui cis Rheaum incolant, sese cum his con-
junxisse. Cum ab his quaereret, quae civitates in armis essent et
quid in bello possent', sic reperiebat® : plerosque Belgas esse ortos
abGermanis, Rhenumque'' antiquitus traductos propter loci fertili-
tatem ibi consedisse, Gallosque, qui ea loca incolerent, cxpulisse.
17. r)e numero eorum Remi dicebant quantam quisque multi-

tudinem in communi Belgarum concilio ad id bellum poUicitus sit^
se cognovisse. Plurimum inter eos Bellovacos et virtute et
auetoritate et hominum numero valeio" ; hos poUicitos esse sexa-
ginta milia armatorum, totiusque belli imperium^" sibi postuliire.
Suessiones suos esse finitimos ; fines latissimos fenlcissimosque
agros possidere ; oppida habere numero duodeeim, polliceri milia
armata quinquaginta ; totidem Nervios, qui maxime feri inter
ipsos habeantur'^ longissimeque absint ; quindecim milia Atrebates,
Ambiiinos decern milia, Morinos viginti quinque milia, Menapios
septem milia, Caletos decern milia, Veliocasses et Viromanduos
totidem, Aduatucos decem et novem milia.
18. Caesar Remos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione prosecutus^^
1 Literally than all expectation ; translate hy than any one had ex-
pected.
'^ To be taken closely with piMtxlnii and translated by of
3 A contracted form for couJuravl8.se.
4 Translate by his bidding.
'' Translate by tvhat their strength was. For quid see 571. i.
6 Translate by he obtained this information.
■? Rlieuuni depends on trans in trsidnctCs (569. i).
8 For the tense see 687. h. ii.
9 Translate plurlninni TalCre by were the stiôngest; the infinitive,
like those which follow, depends on c6guovls.se.
'" Translate by the supreme command.
11 Translate by are considered; feri is the predicate nominative.
12 Translate by addresiîng them with kindly wo7-ds.
omnem senatum ad se convenire, principumque liberos obsides ad

se adduci jussit. Quae omnia ab his diligenter ad diem facta sunt.
Turn postquam omnes Belgiirum copias in unum locum coactas ad
se venire vidit, neque jam longe abesse ab iis, quos misecat,
exploratoribus cognovit, flumen^ Axonam, quod est in extremis
Remorum finibus, exercitum tradficere matiiravit, atque ibi castra
posuit. In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi praesidium ponit et in
altera parte fluminis Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum cum sex
cohortibus relinquit : castra pedum^ duodecim vallQ fossaque
duodeviginti pedum^ muniri jubet.
After an uiumccess/ul attack on Bihrax, the Belgae advance against

Caesar. They are, however, defeated loith great elaughter at the
river Axona, and at once disband.
10. Ab his castris oppidum Remorum nomine Bibrax aberat
milia passuum octo. Id magno impetii Belgae oppugnare
coeperunt. Aegre eo die sustentatum est''. Sed cum finem
oppugnandi nox fecisset^, Iccius Remus, summa nobilitate et gratia
inter suos, qui turn oppido praefuerat, unus ex iis, qui legati^ de
pace ad Caesarem venerant, nuntium ad eum mittit : nisi sub-
sidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sustinere non posse**. Eo
media nocte Caesar sagittarios et funditores subsidio oppidanis''
mittit ; quorum adventu, hostes, paulisper apud oppidum morati
agrosque Remorum depopulati,. omnibus vicis aedificiisque, quos
adire potuerant, incensis ad castra Caesaris omnibus copiis con-
tenderunt.
1 Notice the double accusative with tradftcere (569. i).

2 Referring to the height and width respectively.
3 For the use of the impersonal passive see 556. Translate by they held
out or the defence was maintained (704. c).
* Translate flneni feclsset "by put an end (to).
^ Translate by as ambassadors, referring to those mentioned in § 16
above.
8 Xlsl in. . uttntlaiu
implied . posse is iiilttlt.
indirect discourse, depending on the idea of saying
"< For the double dative see 431.
CONQUEST OP GAUL. 23
30. Caesar duabus legionibus, quas proxime conscripserat, in

castris relictis, reliquas sex legiones pro castris in acie constituit.
Hostes item suas copias ex castris eductas^ instruxerunt. Palfls
erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exercitum. Hanc si
nostri transirent", hostes exspectabant ; nostri autem, si ab illis
initium tnxnseundi fieret'', ut impeditos aggrederentur, parati in
armis erant. . Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contende-
biitur"'. Ubi neutri transeundi initium faciunt^, Caesar suos in
castra reduxit. Hostes protinus ex eo loco ad fiumen Axonam
contenderunt, quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est.
Ibi vadis repertis partem suarum copiarum traducere conati sunt
eo consilio, ut, si possent^, castellum, cui praeerat Quintus Titurius
legatus, expiignarent pontemque interscinderent ; si minus potu-
issent^, agros Remorum popularentur, qui magno nobis iisui ad
bellum gerendum erant, commeatuque nostros prohiberent.
31. Caesar certior factus ab Titurio omnem equitatum et levis

armaturae® Numidas, funditores sagittariosque pontem traducit
atque ad eos contendit. Acriter in eo loco pugnatum est. Hostes
impeditos nostri in flumineaggressi magnum eorum numerum occl-
derunt : per eorum corpora reliqui audacissime transire conantes
multitudine telorum repulsi sunt. Hostes ubi et de expugnando
oppido et de flumine transeundo spem se fefellisse'' intellexerunt,
atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere coepit, concilio convocato
constituerunt optimum esse, domum suam quemque reverti et,
quorum in fines primum Romani exercitum introdQxissent®, ad eos
defendendos undique convenire. Ea re constituta secunda
vigilia magno cum strepitu ac tumultti castris egressi sunt nullo*
1 Translate by led out and (550. 11 ; 542. 1. c).

2 See the second Illustrative sentence In 672.
2 Translate lultluiu faclo by take the first step {in), or set the example.
* See 556. Translate by a cavalry engagement was going on.
5 For the tense see footnote 5, page 14.
8 Translate by light armed, literally of light equipjnent.
■^ From fallo. Ip.so.s, in contrast with the Romans.
* Translate by sftoitZtZ Zead (687. b); the antecedent of qnOruni is eos.
9 Translate iiullo . . . Iniperlu by without any . . . control.
certo ordine neque imperio, sic ut consimilis fugae profectio

videretur.
23. Hac re statim Caesar per speculatores cognita insidias
veritus, quod, qua de causa discederent, nondum perspexerat,
exercitum^ equitatumque castris continuit. Prima luce con-
firmata re*^ ab exploratoribus omnem equitatum, qui novissimum
agmen moraretur, misit. His Quintum Pediura et Lucium Cottam
legates praefecit. Titum Labienum legatum cum legionibus
tribus subsequi jussit. Hi uovissimos adorti et multa milia
passuum prosecuti magnam multitudinem eorum fugieutium con-
ciderunt, sub occasumque solis se in castra, ut erat imperatum',
receperunt.
Caesar advances into the Belgian coimtry, receiving the submission oj

iârious tribes, and at last comes to the Nervii, the bravest of all
the Belgae, who offer resistance.
33. Postridie ejus diei* Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex terrore
ac fuga reciperent^, in fines Suessionuni, qui proximi Pvemis erant,
exercitura duxit, et magno itinere confecto ad oppidum Novio-
dunum contendit. Id oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab* de-
fensoribus esse audiebat, propter latitiidinem fossae murique alti-
tudinem paucis defendentibus'' expugnare non potuit. Castris
munitis, vineas ad oppidum agere, aggerem jacere, turres con-
stituere^ quaeque ad oppiignandum iisui erant comparare coepit.
Tum Galli magnitudine operum, quae neque viderant ante neque
audierant, et celeritate Romanorum permoti, legates ad Caesarem
de deditione mittunt. Caesar obsidibus acceptis armisque omni-
1 Referring to the infantry alone.

2 Translate by on the fact being established.
3 Translate by according to instructions (556 ; 704. c).
4 Translate by next day; literMy on the mojôiv of that day.
6 See 650. b, with the illustrative sentence.
6 Translate by empty or destitute of.
7 See 305 and 516. b. Translate by although.
«Translate
verant, by erect.
had heard of. Qaaeqae is two words. Audierant = audi
CONQUEST OF GAUL. '25
bus ex oppido trfiditis in deditionem Suessiones accepit^ exerci-

tumque in Bellovacos diicit.
^4. Qui cum se suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium con-
tuiissent, atque ab eo oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter milia
passuum quinque abesset, omnes majores natu- ex oppido egressi
manus ad Caesarem tenders et voce significare coeperunt, sese in
ejus fidem ac potestatem venire* neque contra populum Romanum
armis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset castraque
ibi poneret, puerT mulieresque ex muro passis manibus suo more*
pacem ab Romanis petierunt. Caesar, quod erat civitas magna
inter Belgas auctoritate atque hominum multitudine praestabat,
sescentos obsides poposcit. His traditis omnibusque armis ex
oppido collatis ab eo loco in fines Ambianorum pervenit, qui se
suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt.
25. Eorum fines Nervil attingebant ; quorum de natura mori-
busque Caesar cum quaereret, sic reperiebat : esse homines feros
magnaeque virtutis ; increpitare atque incusare reliquos Belgas,
qui se populo Romano dedidissent^ pafriamque virtutem pro-
jecissent ; confirmare sese neque legates missuros neque ullam
condicionem pacis accepturos. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter
fecisset, inveniebab ex captivis Sabim flumen ab castris suis non
amplius^ milia passuum decem abesse : trans id flumen omnes
Nervios consedisse adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare una
cum Atrebatibus et Viromanduis, finitimis suis (nam his utrisque
persuaserant uti eandem belli fortunam experirentur) ; exspectari
etiam ab his Aduatucorum copias atque esse in itinere : mulieres
quique'' per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum

conjecisse, quo propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset.
1 Translate by received the surrender of the Suessiones.
2 Translate by the older men or the elders (414). Voce means the tones
of their voices, for they could not speak Latin.
^ Translate by ptit themselves under his protection, etc.
* Translate by according to (415. h); so «■oii.suetuillne sua, page 26.
B See 665 and translate hy for surrendering.
6 Translate by more than (593. ii).
"• Quiqne
with has the
antecedent force; translate
locum of cosqiie byqui. Quo toiswhich.
a place an adverb = a«l queni.
26 MATRICULATION LATIX.
The Nermi plan to surprise the Roman army. The design in part
fails, hut the Hor/ians are /or a time in great jeopardy, the
utmost confusion prevailing, because of the suddenness and fury
of the eTiemy^s onset.
26. His rebus cognitis exploratores centurionesque praemittit
qui locum idoneum castris deligant. Sed quidam ex dediticiis
Belgis qui una cum Caesare iter faciebant, ut postea ex captivis
cognitum est, nocte ad Nervios pervenerunt atque his demonstra-
runt^ inter singulas legiones impedimentorum magnum numerum
intercedere, neque esse quicquam negotii-, cum prima legio in
castra venisset reliquaeque legiones magnum spatium abessent,
banc sub sarcinis* adoriri ; qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis
futiirum, ut'* reliquae contra consistere non auderent. Loci natiira
erat haec, quem locum^ nostri castris delegerant. CoUis ab summo^
aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus,
vergebat. Ab eo flumine pari acclivitate collis nascebatur adver-
sus huic, ab superiore parte silvestris, ut non facile introrsus per-
spicl possef. Intra eas silvas hostes in occulto^ sese continebant ;
in aperto loco secundum flumen paucae stationes equitum vide-
bantur. Fluminis erat altitude circiter pedum trium.
2T» Caesar equitatQ praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis^ ;

sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac'" Belgae ad Nervios
detulerant.. Nam quod hosti appropinquabat, consuetudine sua
Caesar sex legiones expeditas ducebat ; post eas totius exercitiis
impedimenta coUocaverat ; inde duae legiones, quae proxime
1 For deinonstrayerunt. Translate singulas (727. i) by the several or

every two.
2 Translate by and that there was no difficult}/ (586. ill).
3 Translate by ichile still burdened with the packs. (See cut on page 31.)
■* Translate faturniu (esse) nt by the result ivoidd be that (529. iv).
5 Omit in translation (666. c).
6 Translate hy from the top; but for ab saperlore parte see 618. viii.
■? Translate by one could not see (556).
8 Translate by in hiding. For pedant see 586. viii.
9 See 596. ill.
10 Translate by was different from ivhat (662. iii ; 509. c, 11).
conscriptae erant, totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedi-

nientis erant. Equites nostri cum funditoribus sagittariisque
flumen transgress! cum hostium equitatu proelium commiseruiit.
Interim legiones sex, quae primae^ venerant, castra munire coejje-
runt. Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis, qui in
silvis abditi latebant, visa sunt, subito omnibus copiis piovohx-
verunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt. His facile pulsis
ac proturbatis, incredibiliceleritate adverso colle" ad nostra castra
atque eos, qui in opere occupfiti erant, contenderunt.
38. Caesuri omnia uno tempore erant agenda^ : vexillum'* propo-

nendum, signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi milites, acies
instruenda, milites cohortandi, signum dandum. Quarum rerum
magnam partem temporis brevitas et succcssus hostium impedie-
bat. His difficultcitibus'^ duae res erant subsidio, scientia atque
usus militum (nam superioribus proeliis exercitati, quid fieri
oporteret, sibi praescribere poterant), et quod ab opere legates
Caesar discedere, nisi^ munitis castris, vetuerat. Hi propter pro-
pinquitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil' jam'' Caesaris imperium
exspectabant, sed jjer se quae videbantiu- administrabant. Caesar
necessfiriis rebus imperatis ad cohortanflos milites decueurrit et ad
legionem decimamdevenit. Milites cohortatus, uci suae jjristinae
virtiitis memoriam retinerent hostiumque impetum fortiter sus-
tinerent, proelii connnittendi signum dedit. Atque in alteram
partem item cohortandi causa profectus pugnantibus* oceurrit.
1 See 705. c. In the next sentence translate by the head of the baggage-
train (586. vi. b).
2 Translate by up the hill, literally by ivat/ of the hill facing them
(596. ii. a).
"*See 612; understand erat or erant throughout the sentence.
4 The Texllliini indicated an impending battle; the tnl»a gave the
signal to fall in ; the final signal was to begin the battle.
5 Translate by these difficulties were relieved by two circumstances (i.Sl);
these were, first, .sclcntla atque U8iis, and second, quod . . . vetuerat.
For quod, the fact that, see 6i0. vii.
6 See 550. iv. f n. ; translate freely by until after, etc.
7 Translate by no longer. Vldebantur, as often, means seemed best.
8 Understand eis, them ; for the dative see 553.
Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimi-

candum animus, ufc non moflo ad insignia^ acconimodanda, sed
etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta detrudenda tempus
defuerit.
^9, Legionis^ nouae et decimae mllites, qui in sinistra parte

aciei constiterant, pills emissis Atrebates celeriter ex loco superiore
in flumen compvilerunt et insecuti gladiis niagnam partem eorum
interfecerunt. Ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt et redinte-
grato proelio hostes in fugam conjecerunt. Item alia in parte
diversae^ duae legiones, undecima et octava, profligatis Viroman-
duis, quibuscum erant congressi, ex loco superiore, in ipsis fluminis
ripis proeliabantur. At totis fere a froute et ab sinistra parte
nudatis castris, cum in dextro cornu legio duodecima et non
magno ab ea intervallo septima constitisset, omnes Nervii confer-
tissimo agmine* ad eum locum contenderunt ; quorum pars ab
aperto latere legiones circumvenire, pars castra petere coepit.
30. Eodem tempoi'e equites nostri levisque armaturae pedites,

qui cum iis una fuerant, cum se in castra reciperent, adversis® hos-
tibus occurrebant ac rurjus aliam in partem fugam petebant.
Simul eorum qui cum impedimentis veniebant, clamor fremitusque
oriebatur^. Quibus omnibus rebus permoti equites Treveri, qui
auxilii causa ad Caesarem venerant, cum multitudine hostium
castra compleri nostra, legiones premi et paene circumventils
esse, equites, funditores, Numidas diversos dissipatosque in omnes
partes fugere vidissent, desperatis'' nostris rebus domum conten-
derunt ;Romanes pulsos superatosque, castris impedimentisque
eorum hostes potitos civitati renuntiaverunt.
see1 Such
529. ii.as crests and distinguishing badges. For the tense of «lol'iierlt
2To be repeated with «leclniae ; translate freely by the plural.
^Translate by apat-tfroni the rest ; and IpsIs, by the very.
4 Translate by in a very dense column.
s Translate by face to face.
6 For the number see 509. c. ii.
7 Used transitively by Caesar in the ablative absolute ; translate by
despairing of our success.
Caesar hy his pre^tence and fxnmple at hiiglh rallies the. lajioxs, and
after desperate Jiyht ivg tite Nerini are driven hack with enormous
loss, and submit to the Komans.
31« Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortiltione ad dextruin corim
profectus, suos urgeri et duodecimae legionis confertos milites silii
ad pugnam esse impedinieiito vidit, quartae cohortis omues centu-
rioues occisos esse sTgniferumque interfectum, signum ainissum,
reliquarum cohortium omnes feie centuriones aub vulnenxtos aufc
occisos, efc noiinullos ab novissimls proelio excedere ac tela
vitare, hostes ab utroque latere iustare et rem esse in angusto,
neque uUum esse subsidium, quod submitti posset. Turn vero
scQto militi^ detracto, quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam
aciem processit, militesque cohortatus signa inferre et manipulos
laxare jussit, quo^ facilius gladiis uti possent. Cujus adventu s[)e
illata militibus* ac redintegrate animo, paulum hostium impetus
tardatus est.
33. Caesar cum septimam legionem, quae juxta constiterat,
item urgeri ab hoste vidisset, monuit, ut paulatim sese legiones
conjungerent et signa in hostes inferrent. Interim milites legio-
num duarum, quae in novissimo agmine praesidio impedimentis
fuerant, proelio nuntiato, cursu incitato'' in summo coUe ab hostibus
conspiciebantur, et T. Labienus castris hostium potitus, et ex loco
superiore quae res in nostris castris gererentur conspicatus, deci-
mam legionem subsidio nostris misit. Horum adventu tanta
rerum commutatio est facta, ut nostri etiam qui' vulneribus con-
fecti procubuissent, scutis innixi proelium redintegrarent.
33. At hostes etiam in extrema spe salutis" tantam virtQtem
praestiterunt, ut, cum prinii eorum cecidissent'', proximi jacentibus
1 Translate the dative hyfrom (578. i).
2 See 525. b.
3 Translate the dative by in, or more freely as in 577. ii.
•* Translate by quickening their pace. For siiiiiiiio see 175.
5 Translate by even such of our men, as; for pro4*al>uls«eiit see 530,
For the ablative scutis see 600.
8 Translate by xohen hope of safety was all but gone (175).
^ From cado. Translate jaceutlbus by (upon) the fallen or on their
prostrate bodies (544. a; 577). '
30 MATinCULATIOX LATIN.
insisterent, atque ex eorum corporibus pugiiiirent, et ut^ ex tumul5

tela in nostros conjicerent. Hoc proelio facto et prope ad inter-
necionem gente ac nomine Nerviorum redacto, majores natu, qui
una cum pueiis mulieribusqne in aestuiiria ac paludes conjeoti
erant, hac pugna nuntiata, omnium qui supererant consensu le-
gates ad Caesarem miserunt stque ei dediderunt. Quos Caesar
suTs- finibus atque oppidis fit! jiipsit, et finitiniis imperavit, ut ab
injuria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent.
The Aduatnci, retirivg to a strongly -fortijied place, prepare to resist

Caenar, hvt on realizivg the efficievcy of the Romans^ siege
artillery, ma1:e their suhniis.-icn.
34» Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omnibus copiis
auxilio NerviTs venirent, hac pugna nuntiata ex itinere domum
reverterunt; cunctis oppidis castellisque desertis sua omnia in
unum oppidum egregie natura munitum contulerunt. Quern
locum duplici altissimo muio munierant : tum^ magni ponderis
saxa et praeacutas trabes in miiro collocabant. Ac primo adventu
exercitus nostrl crebras ex oppido excursiones faciebant parvu-
lisque proeliis'* cum nostrls contendebant ; postea vallo passuum in
circuitQ quindecim milium crebrisque castellls circummuniti op-
pido sese continebant. Ubi vinels actis, aggers exstructo, turrim
procul constitui^ viderunt, primum irrldere ex mQro atque increpi-
tare vocibus, quod^ tanta machinatio ab tanto spatio'înstrueretur.
35* Ubi vero moveri^ et appropinquare moenibus viderunt, nova
atque inusitata specie commoti legates ad Caesarem de pace mise-
runt, qui ad hunc modum locuti sunt; se non existimare Romanos
1 Translate by as ; conjicerent depends on the first ut.

2 Translate by their oicn, referring to quos (656. i).
3 Translate by at this time or norc.
4 Translate by skirmishes.
5 See footnote 8, page 24; for the historical infinitives following see 604.
6 See 640. Translate by at the idea of.
' Translate by so far off.
I 8 Understand tnrrlm as subject. Translate specie by spectacle.
31
CONQUEST OF GAUL.
sine ope divina bellnm gerere, qui^ tantaealtitiidinis machiiultiones

tanta celeribabe pfomovere possent ; se suaque omnia eorum potes-
tati permittere dixerunt. His rebus gestis omni Gallia paciita
tanta hujus belli ad barbaros opinio perlata est, uti ab iis na-
tionibus, qufê trans Rhenum incolerent^, mitterentur legfiti ad
Caesarem, qui se obsides daturas^, imperata factiiras pollicerentur.
/i
Sub Sarcliils.
THE THIRD CAMPAIGN, 56 B.C.
The tribes on the north-western coast of Gaul, headed by the Veneti,

combine to recover their liberty.
36* His rebus gestis cum omnibus de causis Caesar pacatam
Galliam existimaret*, atque ita inita hieme in Illyricum profectus
esset, quod eas quoque regiones cognoscere volebat, subitum
bellum in Gallia coortum est. Ejus belli haec fuit causa. P.
Crassus adulescens cum legione septima in Andibus hiemabat. Is,
quod in his locis inopia frumenti erat, praefectos tribunosque
militum complures in finitimas civitates frumenti causa dimisifc ;
quo in numero est T. Terrasidius missus in Esubios, M. Trebius
Gallus in Curiosolitas^, Q. Velanius cum T. Silio in Venetos.
1 Translate by seeing that th ey (665). 2 See 673.
^ Feminine referring to. the natloues, whom the envoys represented.
^ Translate by had every reason to think,
5 In the names of Gallic tribes, the Greek ending -as is often used in-
stead of -cs in the accusative plural of Declension III. (723. d).
37. Hiijus est civitatis^ lon!:ê amplissima auctoritas omnis oi-ae

maiitiinae i-egionum earura, quod et naves habeiit Veneti pluri-
mils, quibus in Britanniam navigare consuerunt, et scientia atque
usu nauticarum rerum reliquos antecediint. Hi retinent Siliiim
atque Velanium quod per eos suos se obsides, quos Crasso dedis-
sent, recuperaturos existimabant. Horum auctoritate finitimi
adducti (ut^ sunt Gallorum subita et repentina consilia), eadein de
causa Trebium Terrasidiumque retinent, et celeriter missis legatis
reliquas civitates sollicitant, ut in ea llbertate, quam a majoribus
acceperint, permanere quain Romanorum^ servitutem perferre
malint. Omni ora maritima celeriter ad suam sententiam per-
ducta communem legationem ad P. Crassum mittunt, si velit suos
recipere, obsides sibi remittat*.
Cae8ar builds a fleet and makes other preparations for quelling the
revolt, hut becanse of the difficidties of the situation spends most
of the summer ivithout making much headway.
38. Quibus de rebus Caesar ab Crasso certior factus, quod ipse
aberat longius^, naves interim longas aedificari in flumine Ligere,
quod influit in Oceanum, remiges ex provincia institui, nautas
gubernatoresque comparari jubet. ftis rebus celeriter admini-
stratis ipse, cum primum per anni tempus potuit", ad exercitum
contendit. Veneti reliquaeque item civitates cognito Caesaris ad-
ventu pro magnitudine periculi bellum parare et maxime ea, quae
ad usum navium pertinent', providereinstituunt, hoc majore spe*,
quod multum natura loci confidebant. Pedestria esse itinera
^ Translate by this state possesses, or to this state belongs (586. i).

2 Translate hy for (639). Translate repentina by unexpected.
3 Translate tbe genitive by to (586. ii).
* The idea of saying is implied in legatiuueni niittuut ; translate by
telling him to restore (686. c; 691).
5 Translate by too far (593. iii). Translate Instltni by to be organized.
6 Translate by as soon as the season permitted.
"^ Equal to quae u.sul sunt navlbus. Translate parare hy prepare for.
see* Translate
598. by all the more confidently; for hSc (literally by this)
conclsa aestuariis, ntlvigiitioneni impeditam propter inscientiam

loeornm paucitatemque portuum sciebant, neque' nostros exercitus
propter frumenti inopiam diutius apud se morriri posse conflde-
bant ; ac perspiciebant se plurimum navibus posse, Romanes
neque ullam facultatem habere navium neque eorum locorum, ubi
bellum gesturi essent, vada, portus, insulas novisse.
30. His initis consiliis oppida muniunt, frimienta ex agris in
oppida comportant, naves quam plurimas possunt cogunt ; auxi-
lia ex Britannia, quae contra eas regiones posita est, arcessunt.
Erant hae difficultates belli gerendi quas supra ostendimus, sed
multa Caesarem tamen ad id bellum incitabant : rebellio facta
post deditionem, defectio datis obsidibus, tot civitatum conju-
ratio. Itaque cum intellegeret omnes fere Gallos novis rebus
studere et ad bellum mobiliter celeriterque excitari, priusquam
plures civitates conspirarent^, latius distribuendum exercitum
putavit.
40. Itaque T. Labienum legatum in Treveros, qui proximl
fiumini Rheno sunt, cum equitatu mittit. P. Crassum cum cohorti-
bus legionariis duodecim etmilgno numero equitatus in Aquitaniam
proficTsci jubet, ne ex his nationibus auxilia in Galliam mittantur
ac tantae nationes conjungantur. Decimum Brutum adulescentem
class! Gallicisque nfivibus, quas ex Pictonibus et Santonis re-
liquisque pacatis regionibus convenire jusserat, praeficit et, cum
primum posset, in Venetos^ proficisci jubet. Ipse eo pedestribus
copiis contendit. Erant ejusmodi fere sitiis oppidorum, ut posita
in extremis'* lingulls promunturiisque propter aestus neque pedibus
aditum haberent^, neque navibus. Ita oppidorum oppugnatio
impediebatur ; ac si quando magnitudine operis® forte superati, suis
1 Equal to et non, the negative going only with po.ssc.

2 Translate by before . . should and compare footnote 5, page 24.
3 Translate by into the country of the Veneti.
•«Translate by the jôints of (586. vi, 6). With posita understand
oppida.
5 Translate by were, accessible.
6 Translate by of the siege-icorks, and snperatl bj' being ovo-viatched.
fortunls^ desperare coeperant, magno numero navium appulso, sua

deportabant omnia, seque in proxima oppida recipiebant : ibi se
rursus iisdem opportunitatibus loci defendebant. Haec eo^ facilius
magnam partem aestatis faciebant, quod nostrae naves tempesta-
tibus detinebantur, summaque^ erat vasto atque aperto mari,
magnis aestibus, rarls ac prope nQllis portibus, difficultas navigandi.
At last a decisive naval battle is fought in which the Romans are

completely victorious,
41* Compluribus expugnatis oppidis, Caesar, ubi intellexit
frustra tantum* laborem sQmi, statuit exspectandam classem. Quae
ubi convenit ac primum ab hostibus visa est, circiter ducentae
viginti naves eorum^ paratissimae atque omni genere armorum
ornatissimae profectae ex portu nostris adversae constiterunt.
Una erat magno usul res praeparata a nostris, falces praeaciitae
insertae affixaeque longuriis. His cum funes, qui antennas ad
malos destinabant, comprehensi adductique erant", navigio remis
incitato praerumpebantur. Quibus abscisis antennae concidebant,
ut his ereptis omnis Qsus navium uno tempore eriperetur.
4^. Reliquum erat certamen positum in^ virtute, qua iiostri
milites facile superabant atque eo magis, quod in conspectQ
Caesaris atque omnis exercitus res gerebatur ; omnes enim coUes
ac loca superiora, unde erat propinquus despectus in^ mare, ab
exercitu tenebantur. Disjectis, utdiximus, an tennis, cumsingulas
binae ac ternae^ naves circumsteterant, milites summavi transcen-
1 Translate the dative by of, literally {lose hope) for. For the tense of
coeperant and deportabant see 561. Translate the three imperfects
bywoM.W(678. h).
2 See footnote 8, page 32.
3 With dlfllcnltas. For the intervening ablatives, to be translated
by as, see 548.
■* Translate by all this. With exspectandam understand esse (698. 6).
5 Translate by of theirs. For paratissimae, ivell or fully equipped,
see 261.stand
d. navlbns.
Translate armornm by of appliances. With nostris under-
" See 642. For the translation of the imperfect see footnote 1 above.
■^ Translate erat posltnm In by depended on (681. h).
8 Translate by over.
9 Translate by two or three or by twos and threes.
CONQUEST OF (JAUL. 35
dere in hostium naves contendebant. Quod postquam barbarl

fieri animadverterunt, fuga saluteni ])eterecontendeiunt. Ac jam
conversis in earn partem navibus, quo ventusferebat', tanta suV)ito
malacia ac tranquillitas exstitit, ut se ex loco commovere non
possent. Quae quidem res ad negotium conficiendum miiximefuit
opportijna : nam singulas nostri consectati expugnaverunt, ut
perpaucae ex onini numero noctis interventu ad terram pervenerint.
Quo proelio bellum Venetorum- tOtiusque orae maritimae confectum
est.
THE FOURTH- CAMPAIGN, 55 b.c.

Certain German tribes, the Usipetesand Tencteri, hard pressedhy their
neighbors, cross into Gavl. Caesar, /earing an alliance of Ger-
mans and disaffected Gauls, advances to the Bhine, surprises
and routs the invaders.
43« Ea, quae secuta est, hieme, Usipetes et item Tencteri magna
cum multitudine hominum flumen Rhenum transierunt, non longe
a mar!. Causa transeundi fuit, quod^ ab Suebis complures annos
exagitati bello premebantur et agricultura prohibebantur. Ad
extremum tamen agris expulsi et multis locis'* Germaniae triennium
vagati ad Rhenum pervenerunt ; qufis regionesMenapiiincolebant
et ad'' utramque ripam fluminis agros, aedificia vicopquehabebant ;
sed tantae multitudinis adventu perterritl ex iis acdificiis, quae
trans flumen habuerant, demigraverunt et cis Rhenum dispositis
praesidiis Germanos transire® prohibebant.
44. lUi omnia'' expert! cum neque v! contendere propter inopiam
navium neque clam transire propter custodiiis Menapiorum pos-
sent, revert! se^ in suas sedes regionesque simulaverunt, et tridu!
1 Translate by ivas blowing. For qno=ln quaiu seefootnote 7, page 25.

Translate exstitit by came or ensued.
2 Translate the genitive by tirith or against (586. ii).
3 Translate by that (640. vii).
4 Translate by through many parts. For the case'see 618. v.
5 Translate by on.
6 See 518. i, and for ttie force of the imperfect, 678. c.
7 Translate by every device, and vi contendere by to force a passage.
8 See 514. iv.
viam progress! rursus reverteruntatque omni hoc itinera unanocte

equitatu^ confecto inscios inoplnantesque Menapios oppresserunt,
qui de Germanorum discessu per exploratores oertiores fact! sine
metu trans Rhenum in suos vicos remigraverant. His interfectis
navibusque eorum occupatis, priusquameaparsMenapiorum, quae
citra Rhenum erat, certior fieret, flumen transierunt atque omni-
bus eorum aedificiis occupatis reliquam partem hiemis se eorum
copiis aluerunt.
45« His de rebus Caesar certior factus et infirmitatem Gallorum
veritus, quod sunt in consiHis capiendis mobiles et novis plerura-
que rebus student, maturius, quam consueraf^, ad exercitum pro-
ficiscitur. Eo cum venisset ea quae fore^ suspicatus erat facta
cognovit : missas legationes ab nonnullis civitatibus ad Germanos
quae invitarent eos, uti aVj Rheno discederent, pollicerenturque
omnia, quae postulassent*, ab se fore parata. Qua spe adducti
Germani latius vagabantur et in fines Eburonum et Condrusorum,
qui sunt Treverorum clientes, pervenerant. Caesar, re frumentaria
comparata equitibusque delectis^, iter in ea loca facere coepit, qui-
bus in locis esse Germanos audiebat.
4G. Cum ab hoste octo milia passuum abesset, aciem triplicem
institui equitatunique agmen subsequi jussit, et celeriter itinere
confecto prius^ ad hostium castra pervenit quam, quid ageretur,
Germani sentire possent. Qui celeritate adventus nostri perterriti,
neque consilii habendi neque arma capiendi spatio dato^, pertur-
bantur, copiasne* adversus hostem ducere, an castra defendere, an
1 Translate by urith, literally hy means of. Translate Itlnere . . . cOn-

fecto by having covered . . . distance.
2 For the tense see 681. b; =coiisneverat (755. i).
^Translate by would be the case; =fiitlira esse. Translate facta
(esse) by had happened.
•*See footnote 5, page 14; ^postnlavlsseut (755. i),
5 Translate by levied. Omit locis in translation, and see footnote 5,
page 26.
6Pp1us . . . qnani = prlasqnani, to be taken with possent (650. 6,
and fn.).
■? Translate by and having no time for holding, etc.
8 Translate -ne . . . an . . . an by whether . . . or . . . or. See 536
(last example).
fuga salutem petere praestareb. Qui^ celeriter arma capere potue-

runt, paulisper nostris restiterunt atque inter cari-os im{)e(limenta-
que proelium commlserunt : at reliqua multitude puerorura mu-
lierumque (najn cum omnibus suis domo excesserant Rlienumque
transierant) passim fugere coepit ; ad quos consectandos Caesar
equitatum misit.
To prevent any further inroads, Caesar builds a bridge across the

Rhine, and crossing into Germany, so overawes the German tribes
that at his approach they flee into the forests of the interior.
47» German! post tergum clamore audito, cum suos interfici
viderent, armis abjectis signisque militaribus relictis se ex castris
ejecerunt, et cum ad confluentem Mosae et RhenI pervenissent,
reliqua^ fuga desperata magno numero interf ecto reliqui se in flumen
praecipitaverunt atque ibi timore, lassitiidine, vi fluminis oppress!
perierunt^. Nostri ad unum'* omnes incolumes perpaucis vulneratis
ex tanti belli timore'', cum liostium numerus capitum quadrin-
gentorum triginta milium fuisset, se in castra receperunt.
48. Germanics bello confecto multis de causls Caesar statuit
sibi Rhenura esse transeundum; quarum ilia fuit jiJstissima^, quod,
cum videret Germanos tam facile impelli ut in Galliam venlrent,
suis quoque rebus'' eos timere voluit, cum intellegerent et posse et

audere populi Romani exercitum Rhenum transire. Itaque, etsi
summa difficultas erat faciendi pontis propter latitudinem, rapidi-
tatem altitudinemque fluminis, tamen flumen ponte jungere^ de-
crevit. Diebus decem, quibus^ materia coepta erat comportari,
' Translate by those who. Translate suis below by their families.

^Translate hy further; see footnote 7, page 28.
3 From pereo. Translate oppressl by overcome.
4 Translate by to a man.
6 Translate by after (or relieved from) all their dread of a formidable
v;ar. Translate cum by /or. For the case of nillluui see 586. viii.
6 Translate by the strongest. For <ino«l see footnote 3, page 35.
■^ Translate by interests or security (578).
* Translate by to bridge the river.
3 Translate by within ten days after, literally within the ten days
xoithin which (621). For coepta erat, hail begun, see 518. ii.
omni of>ere effects exercitus traducitur. Caesar ad utramque

partem^ pontis firmo praesidio lelicto in fines Sugambrorum eon-
tendit. Interim a compluribus civitatibus ad eumlegati veniunt ;
quibus pacem atque amicitiam petentibus"'^ liberaliter respondit

obsidesque ad se addQci jubet. At Sugambri finibus suis exces-
serant suaque omnia exportaverant seque in solitudinem ac silvas^
abdiderant.
49. Caesar paucos dies in eorum finibus moratus omnibus vicis
aedificiisque inoensis frumentisque succisis se in fines Ubiorum
recepit, atque iis auxilium suum poUicitus, si*ab Suebis premeren-
tur, haec ab iis cognovit : Suebos, posteaquam per exploratores
pontem fieri comperissent, more suo concilio habito nuntios in
omnes partes dimisisse, uti de oppidis demigrarent^, liberos, uxores
suaque omnia in silvis deponerent, atque omnes, qui arma ferre
possent, vinum in locum convenirent : hie Romanorum adventum
exspectare atque ibi decertare constituisse^ Quod ubi Caesar
comperit, omnibus rebus iis confectis, qufirum rerum causa'^ tra-
ducere exercitum constituerat, ut Germanis metum injiceret*, ut
Sugambros ulcisceretur, ut Ubios obsidione liberaret, diebus
omnino decern at octo trans Rhenum consumptis se in Galliam
recepit pontemque rescidit.
1 Translate by end.
- Translate by on their asking for.
3 Translate by in the solitude of the forests (618. vi).
* Translate by in case. For the subjunctive see 672.
in 5iifiutlos
The threedimisisse;
subjunctivetranslate
clauses bydepend on thethem
ijistriicting idea to,of etc.
telling
(691).im-plied.
6 Co-ordinate with dimisisse.
"' Translate by having attained all the objects for which.
8 Translate by namely to inspire, etc. For the dative see 577. The ut
clauses are in apposition with rebus.
Boman .Sword.
C. JULII CAESARIS
COMMENTARII
DE BELLO GALLICO,
LIBER QUARTUS.
Having decided on an expedition to Britain, Caesar tries in vain to
get information about the island from Gallic traders.
20. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi in hisl

locis, quod omnis Gallia ad septentriohes vergit, maturae
sunt hiemes, tamen in Britanniam proficisci contendit,
quod omnibus fere GallicTs bellis hostibus nostris inde
subministrata auxilia intellegebat et, si tempus anni ad 2
bellum gerendum deficeret, tamen magno sibi usui fore
arbitrabatur, si modo insulam adisset et genus hominum
perspexisset, loca, portus, aditus cognovisset ; quae omnia
fere Gallis erant incognita. Neque enim temere praeterS
mercatores illo adit quisquam, neque iis ipsis quicquam
praeter oram maritimam atque eas regiones, quae sunt
contra Gallias, notum est. Itaque vocatTs ad se undiquei
mercatoribus neque quanta esset insulae magnitudo, neque
quae aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque quern usum
belli haberent aut quibus institutis uterentyr, neque qui
essent ad majorum navium multitudinem idonei portus,
reperire poterat.
39
Caesar sends Volusenus to reconnoitre. Meanivhile he receives offers

of suhmissioji from several states of Britain. Volusenus returns
ivith but little information.
1 21. Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam periculum faceret,
idoneum esse arbitratus C. Volusenum cum navi longa
2praemittit. Huic mandat, ut exploratis omnibus rebus
3 ad se quam primum revertatur. Ipse cum omnibus copiis
in Morinos proficiscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in
4 Britanniam trajectus. Hue naves undique ex finitimis
regionibus et quam superiore aestate ad Veneticum bellum
seffecerat classem jubet convenire. Interim consilio ejus
cognito et per mercatores perlato ad Britannos, a com-
pluribus insulae civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt, qui
polliceantur obsides dare atque imperio popull Romani
6 obtemperare. Quibus auditis liberaliter pollicitus hor-
tatusque, ut in ea sententia permanerent, eos domum
7 remittit, et cum iis una Commium, quem ipse Atrebatibus
superatis regem ibi constituerat, cujus et virtu tem et
consilium probabat et quem sibi fidelem esse arbitrabatur,
cujusque auctoritas in his regionibus magni habebatur,
gmittit. Huic imperat, quas possit, adeat civitates hortc-
turque, ut populi Romani fidem sequantur, seque celeriter
geo ventiirum nuntiet. Volusenus perspectis regionibus
omnibus, quantum ei facultatis dari potuit, qui navi egredi
ac se barbaris committere non auderet, quinto die ad
Caesarem revertitur quaeque ibi perspexisset reniintiat.
After receiving the submission of certain of the Morini, Caesar collects
his fleet and makes his final arrangements.
1 22. Dum in his locTs Caesar navium parandarum causa
moratur, ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum legati vene-
CAESAR, DE BELLO GALLICO, IV. 41
runt qui se de superioris temporis consilio excusarent, quod

homines barbari et nostrae consuetudinis imperiti bellum
populo Romano fecissent, seque ea, quae imperasset, factiiros
pollicerentur. ' Hoc sibi Caesar satis opportune accidisse2
arbitratus, quod neque post tergum hostem relinquere
volebat neque belli gerendl propter anni tempus facultatem
habebat neque has tantularum reruin occupationes Bri-
tanniae anteponendas j.udicabat, magnum iis numerum
obsidum imperat. Quibus adductis eos in fidem recepit.
Navibus circiter oetoginta onerariis coactis contractisque, 3
quot satis esse ad duas transportandas legiones existimabat,
quod praeterea navium longarum habebat, quaestorl legatTs
praefectisque distribuit. Hue accedebant duodeviginti 4
onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab niilibus passuum octo
vento tenebantur, quo minus in eundem portum venire
possent : has equitibus distribuit. Reliquum exercitum 5
Q. Titurio Sabino et L. Aurunculeio Cottae legatis in
Menapios atque in eos pagos Morinorum, ab quibus ad
eum legati non venerant, ducendum dedit ; P. Sulpiciume
Rufuni legatum cum eo praesidio, quod satis esse arbitra-
batur, portum ten ere jussit.
He reaches Britain, hut has difficulty in getting a suitable landing-

place.
23. His constitutTs rebus nactus idoneam ad navigan-i
dum tempestatem tertia fere vigilia solvit equitesque in
ulteriorem portum progredi et naves conscendere et se
sequi jussit. A quibus cum paulo tardius esset admini-2
stratum, ipse hora die! circiter quarta cum primis navibus
Britanniam attigit atque ibi in omnibus collibus expositas
42 MATRICULATIOX LATIN.
shostium copias arniatas conspexit. Cujus loci haec erat

natura, atque ita montibus anguste mai'e continebatur, uti
4 ex locis superioribus in litus telum adigi posset. Hunc ad
egrediendum nequaquam idoneum locum arbitratus, dum
reliquae naves eo convenirent, ad horam nonam in ancoris
5 exspectavit. Interim legatis tribiinisque militum convo-
catis et quae ex Yoluseno cognovisset, et quae fieri vellet,
ostendit monuitque, ut rel militaris ratio, maxime ut mari-
timae res postularent, ut quae celerem atque instabilem
motum haberent, ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab
6iis administrarentur. His dimissis et ventum et aestum
uno tempore nactus secundum, dato signo et sublatis
ancoris circiter milia passuum septem ab eo loco progressus
aperto ac piano litore naves constituit."
The Britons, folloicing along the. shore, vigorously oppose the landing.
1 24. At bai'bari consilio Romanorum cognito praemisso

equitatii et essedariis, quo plerumque genere in proelils iiti
consuerunt, reliquis copiis subseciiti nostros navibus egredi
sprohibebant. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, quod
naves propter magnitudinem nisi in alto constitui non
poterant, militibus autem ignotis locTs, impeditis manibus,
magno et gravi onere armorum oppressis simul et de navibus
desiliendum et in fluctibus consistendum et cum hostibus
3 erat pugnandum, cum illi aut ex arido aut paulum in
aquam progress! omnibus membris expeditis, notissimis
locis audacter tela conjicerent et equos insuefactos in-
4citarent. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti atque hiijus
omnino generis piignae imperiti non eadem alacritate ac
studio, quo in pedestribus uti proeliis consuerant, utebantur.
CAESAR, DK BELLO GALLICO, IV, 43
Caesar manaaivrfA to didod<je. the enemy, while a brave standard-

hearer gallantly heads a rush towards the shore.
25. Quod ubi Caesar aniniadvertit, naves longas quarum 1
et species erat barbaris inusitatior et niotus ad usum ex-
peditior, paulum removeri ab oneniiiis navibus et reniis
incitan et ad latus apei'tum hostium constituT atque inde
fundis, sagittTs, tornieiitis hostes propelli ac submoveri
jussit ; quae res magno usui nostris fuit. Nam et navium2
figura et remoi-um motu et inusitato genere tonnentorum
permoti, barbaii constiterunt ac paulum modo pedem ret-
tulerunt. Atque nostris militibus cunctantibus, maximeS
propter altitudiiiem maris, qui decimae legionis aquilam
ferebat, contestatus deos, ut ea res legionl feliciter eveniret:
"Desilite," inquit, " miHtes, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus
prodere : ego certe meum rel piiblicae atque imperatori
officium praestitero." Hoc .cum voce magna dixisset, se ex 4
navx projeeit atque in hostes aquilam ferre coepit. Turn 5
nostri cohortati inter se, ne tantum dedecus admitteretui',
universi ex navi desiluerunt. Hos item ex proximls navi-6
bus cum conspexissent subsecuti hostibus appropinquarunt.
The Romans, after much Jighting, gain the shore and put the Britons
to flight.
26. Pugnatum est ab utrlsque acriter. Nostri tamen, l
quod neque ordines servare neque firmiter Insistere neque
sTgna subsequi poterant atque alius alia ex navl, quibus-
cumque slgnis occurrerat, se aggregabat, magnopere per-
turbabantur ; hostes vero, notis omnibus vadis, ubi ex 2
litore aliquos singulares ex navi egredientes conspexerant,
incitatis equis impeditos adoriebantur, pliires paucos cir-
cumsistebant, alii ab latere aperto in univex'sos tela con-

4jiciebant. Quod cum animadvertisset Caesar, scaphas
longarum navium, item speculatoria navigia militibus com-
pleri jussit et, quos laborantes conspexerat, his subsidia
5 submittebat. Nostrl, simul in arido constiterunt, suis
omnibus consecutis in hostes impetum fecerunt atque eos
in fugam dederunt, neque longius prosequi potuerunt,
quod equites cursum tenere atque insulam capere non
potuerant. Hoc iinum ad pristinam fortunam Caesari
defuit.
The Britons sue for peace.
1 27. Hostes pi'oelio superati, simul atque se ex fuga

receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legatos de pace miserunt ;
obsides daturos quaeque imperasset facturos polliciti sunt.
2 Una cum his legatis Commius Atrebas venit, quern supra
demonstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam praemissum.
sHunc illi e navi egressum, cum ad eos oratoris modo
Caesaris mandata deferret, comprehenderant atque in vin-
4 cula conjecerant, tum proelio facto remiserunt. In petenda
pace ejus rei culpam in multitiidinem contulerunt, et
5 propter imprudentiam ut ignosceretur petTverunt. Caesar
questus, quod, cum ultro in continentem legatis missis
pacem ab se petissent, bellum sine causa intulissent,
6 Ignoscere imprudentiae dixit obsidesque imperavit ; quorum
illl partem statim dederunt, partem ex longinquioribus
Tlocis arcessltam paucis diebus sese daturos dixerunt. In-
terea suos remigrare in agros jusserunt, principesque un-
dique convenire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare
coeperunt.
CAESAR, DE BELLO GALLICO, IV. 45
A portion of Caesar's ships crossing later is dispersed by a storm and

driven hack to the maiidand.
28. His rebus pace confirniata post diem quartum, 1

quam est in Britanniam ventum, naves duodeviginti, de
quibus supra demonstratum est, quae equites sustulerant,
ex superiore portu leni vento solverunt. Quae cum appro- 2
pinquarent Britanniae et ex castrls viderentur, tanta
tempestas subito coorta est, ut nulla earum cursum tenere
posset, sed aliae eodem, unde erant profectae, referrentur,
aliae ad inferiorem partem insulae, quae est propius sdlis
occasum, magno sul cum perlculo dejicerentur ; quae tamens
ancoris jactis cum fluctibus complerentur, necessario ad-
versa nocte in altum profectae con tinen tern petierunt.
The same storm does great damage to the vessels which had crossed
with Caesar, and causes much alarm in the ca.mp.
29. Eadem nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena, qui diesi
maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano efficere consuevit,
nostrisque id erat incognitum. Ita uno tempore et longas 2
naves, quibus Caesar exercitum transportandum cui'averat
quasque in aridum subduxerat, aestus coniplebat, et one-
rarias, quae ad ancoras erant deligatae, tempestas afflictabat,
neque ulla nostris facultas aut administrandi aut auxiliandi
dabatur. Compluribus navibus fractis reliquae cum essents
funibus, ancoris reliquisque armamentis amissis ad navi-
gandum inutiles, magna, id quod necesse erat accidere,
totlus exercitus perturbatio facta est. Neque enim naves 4
erarit aliae, quibus reportari possent, et omnia deerant,
quae ad reficiendas naves erant iisui, et, quod omnibus
constabat hiemaii in Gallia oportere, friimentum his in
locis in hiemem provisum non erat.
Learning of these misfortunes, the Britons who had stibmitted decide

to renew the v:ar, and secretly gather forces.
1 30. Quibus rebus cognitTs principes Britanniae, qui post
proelium ad Caesarem convenerant, inter se collocuti, cum
equites et naves et frumentum Romanis deesse intellegerent
et paucitatem militum ex castrorum exiguitate cognoscerent,
quae hoc erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedimentis
2 Caesar legiones transportaêrat, optimum factu esse diixe-
runt rebellione facta frumento commeatuque nostros pro-
hibere et rem in hiemem producere, quod his superatis aut
reditu interclusis neminem postea belli inferendi causa in
sBritanniam transiturum confidebant. Itaque rursus con-
jurations facta paulatim ex castris discedere et suos clam
ex agris deducere coeperunt.
Caesar, becojuing suspicious, collects provisions in the camp and re-
pairs the shattered fleet.
1 31. At Caesar, etsi nondum eorum consilia cognoverat,
tamen et ex eventu navium suarum et ex eo, quod obsides
dare intermiserant, fore id, quod accidit, suspicabatur.
2 Itaque ad omnes casus subsidia comjârabat. Kam et
frumentum ex agris cotidie in castra conferebat et quae
gravissime affllctae erant naves, earum materia atcjue aere
ad reliquas reficiendas iitebatur et quae ad eas res erant
3 USUI ex continent! compoi'tari jubebat. Itaque, cum summo
studio a militibus administraretur, duodecim navibus amis-
SIS, reliquis ut navigari commode posset, eflfecit.
A legion out foraging is surprised and surrounded hy the Britons.
Caesar goes to its relief.
1 32. Dum ea geruntur, legione ex consuetudine una
frumentatum missa, quae appellabatur septima, neque iilla
CAESAR, DE BBLLO GALLICO, IV. 47
ad id tenipus belli suspicionc iiiterposita, cum pars liominum

in agrls remaneret, pars etiam in castra ventitaret, ii qui
pro portis castrorum in statione erant, Caesari nuntiaverunt
pulverem majorem, quam consuetudo ferret, in ea parte
viderlj quam in partem legio iter fecisset. Caesar id, quod 2
erat, suspicatus, aliquid novi a barbaris initum consilii,
cohortes, quae in stationibus erant, secum in earn partem
proficLscT, ex reliquis duas in stationem cohortes succedere,
reliquas armari et confestim sese subsequi jussit. Cum 3
paulo longius a castris pi'ocessisset, suos ab hostibus prerai
atque aegre sustinei'e et conferta legione ex omnibus parti-
bus tela conjici animadvertit. Nam quod omni ex reliquis i
partibus demesso friimento pars lina erat reliqua, suspicati
hostes hue nosti'os esse ventures noctu in silvis delituerant ;
turn disperses depositis armis in nietendo occupatos subito 5
adorti paucis interfectis reliquos incertis ordinibus pertur-
baverant, simul equitatu atque essedis circumdederant.
A description of the British mode ofjiyhting irifh chariots.

33. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per omnes 1
partes perequitant et tela conjiciunt atque ipso terrore
equorum et strepitu rotarum ordines plerumque perturbant,
et cum se inter equitum turmas insiuuaverunt, ex essedis
desiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae interim paulatim 2
ex proelio excedunt atque ita currfxs collocant, ut, si illi a
multitiidine hostium premantur, expeditum ad suos recep-
tum habeant. Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem 3
peditum in proeliis praestant, ac tantum i;sii cotidiano et
exercitatione efficiunt, uti in declivi ac praecipiti loco
incitatos equos sustinere et brevi moderari ac flectere et
per temonem percurrere et in jugo Insistere et se inde in

curriis citissime recipere consuerint.
On Caesar's approach the Britons withdraw, and spend the next few
days in collecting larger forces.
1 34. Qiiibus rebus pertui'batis nostris novitate pugnae

tempore opportunissimo Caesar auxilium tulit : namque
ejus adventu hostes constiterunt, nostri se ex timore re-
2ceperunt. Quo facto ad lacessendum hostem et ad com-
mittendum proelium alienuni esse tempus arbitratus suo se
loco continuit et brevi tempore intermisso in castra legiones
3 reduxit. Dum haec geruntur, nostris omnibus occupatTs,
4 qui erant in agris reliqui discesserunt. Secutae sunt con-
tinues complures dies tempestates, quae et nostros in cas-
5 tris continerent et hostem a pugna prohiberent. Interim
barbari nuntios in omnes partes dlmiserunt paucitatemque
nostrorum mllitum suis praedicavêrunt, et quanta praedae
faciendae atque in perpetuum sul liberandi facultas daretur,
6 SI Romanos castris expulissent, demonstraverunt. His
rebus celeriter magna multitiidine peditatiis equitatusque
coacta ad castra venerunt.
When the Britons come against his camp, Caesar meets them and
routs them loith great slaughter.
1 35. Caesar etsi idem, quod superioribus diebus acciderat,
fore videbat, ut, si essent hostes pulsi, celeritate periculum
effugerent, tamen nactus equites circiter triginta quos
Commius Atrebas, de quo ante dictum est, secum trans-
2portaverat, legiones in acie pro castris constituit. Com-
misso proelio diiitius nostrorum militum impetum hostes
sferre non potuerunt ac terga verterunt. Quos tan to spatio
CAESAR, I)K HELLO GALLICO, IV. 49
secuti, quantum cursu et viribus efficere potuerunt, com-

plures ex iis occiderunt, deinde omnibus longe lateque
aedificiis incensis se in castra receperunt.
Hailing received the enemy's submission, Caesar returns to Gaul, the
suinmer being now over.
36. Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de i
pace venerunt. His Caesar numerum obsidum, quem ante 2
imperaverat, duplicavit eosque in continentem adduci jussit,
quod propinqua die aequinoctil infirmis navibus hiemi
iiavigationem subjiciendam non existimabat. Ipse idoneam 3
tempestatem nactus paulO post mediam noctem naves
solvit ; quae omnes incolumes ad continentem pervenerunt ;4
sed ex iis onerariae duae eosdem, quos reliquT, portus capere
non potuerunt et paulo infra delatae sunt.
A detachment of the Romans, after landing, is attacked by the Morini,
but is rescued by Caesar.
37. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi milites circiter l
trecenti atque in castra contenderent, Morini, quos Caesar
in Britanniam proficiscens pacatos reliquerat, spe praedae
adducti primo non ita magno suorum numero circum-
steterunt ac, si sese interfici nollent, arma ponere jusserunt.
Cum illi orbe facto sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem 2
hominum circiter milia sex convenerunt. Qua re nuntiata
Caesar omnem ex castrTs equitatum suls auxilio misit.
Interim nostri milites impetum hostium sustinuerunt atque 3
amplius horis quattuor fortissime pugnaverunt et panels
vulneribus acceptis compliires ex his occiderunt. Posteal
vero quam equitatus noster in conspectum venit, hostes
abjectis armis terga verterunt magnusque eorum numerus
est occisus.
After criishing this uprising Caesar arranges his tvinter camps.

1 38. Caesar postero die T. Labienum legatum cum ils
legionibus, quas ex Britannia reduxerat, in Morinos, qui
2rebellionem fecerant, misit. Qui cum propter siccitates
paludum, quo se reciperent, non haberent, quo superiore
anno perfugio fuerant iisi, onines fere in potestatem La-
Sbieni pervenerunt. At Q. Titurius et L. Cotta legati, qui
in Menapiorum fines legiones duxerant, omnibus eorum
agris vastatis, friimentis succisis, aedificiis incensis, quod
Menapii se omnes in densissimas silvas abdiderant, se ad
4 Caesarera receperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum
hiberna constituit. Eo duae omnino civitates ex Britannia
oobsides miserunt, reliquae neglexerunt. His rebus gestis
ex litteris Caesaris dierum viginti supplicatio a senatii
decreta est.
Legionary Soldier.
CAESAR, DE BELLO GALLICO, V. 51
LIBER QUINTUS.
Caesar orders mort vessels to he huilt ; he then spends the winter in
attending to the affairs of his two other provinces.
1. L. Domitio Ap. Claudio consulibus, discedens abl
hibernis Caesar in Italiam, ut cjuotannis facere consuerat,
legatis imperat, quos legionibus pi'aefecerat, uti quam
plurimas possent hieme naves aedificandas veteresque re-
ficiendas curarent. Earum moduni formamque demonstrat. 2
Ad celeritatem onerandi subductionesque paulo facit hu-
miliores, quam quibus in nostro marl uti consuevimus,
atque id eo magis, quod propter crebras commutationes
aestuum minus magnos ibi fluctiis fieri cognoverat ; ad
onera ac multitiidinem jumentorum transportandam paulo
latiores, quam quibus in reliquis fitimur maribus. Has 3
omnes actuarias impei-at fieri, quam ad rem humilitas
multxim adjuvat. Ea, quae sunt lisui ad armandas naves, 4
ex Hispania apportari jubet. Ipse, conventibus GalliaeS
citerioris peractls in Illyricum proficiscitur, quod a Piriistis
finitimam partem provinciae incursionibus vastari audiebat.
Eo cum venisset, civitatibus milites imperat certumque in 6
locum convenire jubet. Qua re nimtiata Piriistae legatos 7
ad eum mittunt, qui doceant nihil earum rerum piiblico
factum consilio, seseque paratos esse demonstrant omnibus
rationibus de injuriis satisfacere. Percepta oratione eorum 8
Caesar obsides imperat eosque ad certam diem addiici jubet ;
nisi ita fecerint, sese bello civitatem perseciiturum demon-
strat. lis ad diem adductis ut imperaverat, arbiti'os inter 9
civitates dat, qui litem aestiment poenamque constituant.
Returning in the spring he orders the fleet and army to assemble for
another expedition to Britain, then goes to the country oj the
Treveri, ivhose loyalty vjas suspected.
1 2. His confectls rebus conventibusque peractis, in cite-

riorem Galliam revertitur atque iiide ad exercitum proficis-
2 citur. Eo cum venisset, circuitTs omnibus hibernis singular!
militum studio in summa omnium rerum inopia circiter
sescentas ejus generis, cujus supra demonstravimus, naves
et longas viginti octo, invenit Tnstructas, neque multum
Sabesse ab eo, quTn paucis diebus dediici possint. Col-
laudatis militibus atque iis qui negotio praefuerant, quid
fieri velit ostendit, atque omnes ad portuin Itium convenire
jubet, quo ex portu commodissimum in Britanniam tra-
jectum esse cognoverat, circiter milium passuum triginta
a continent! ; liuic re! quod satis esse visum est militum
i reliquit. Ipse cum legionibus exped!t!s quattuor et equiti-
bus octingentis in fines Treverorum proficiscitur, quod hi
neque ad concilia veniebant, neque imperio parebant, Ger-
manosque Transrhenanos sollicitare dicebantur.
Tivo riral chiefs of the Trereri appeal to Caesar.

1 3. Haec civitas longe pliirimum totius Galliae equitatu
valet magnasque habet copias peditum, Rhenumque, ut
2 supra demonstravimus, tangit. In ea clvitate duo de
principatii inter se contendebant, Indiitiomarus et Cinge-
3torix ; e quibus alter, simul atque de Caesaris legionumque
adventii cognitum est, ad eum venit ; se suosque omnes in
officio futures, neque ab amicitia populT RomanI defecturos
4 conf irmavit, quaeque in Treveris gererentur, ostendit. -At
Indiitiomarus equitatum peditatumque cogere, iisque, qui
per aetatem in annls esse non poterant, in silvam Arduen-

nam abditis, quae ingenti magnitudine per medios fines
Treverorum a flfnnine Rlir-nd ad initium Remorum pertinet,
bellum parare instituit. Sed posteaquam nonnulli principes 5
ex ea civitate et familiaritate Cingetorigis adducti et ad-
ventix nostri exercitus perterriti ad Caesarem venerunt, et
de suis prlvatim rebus ab eo petere coeperunt, quoniam
cTvitati consulere non possent, veritus ne ab omnibus
desereretur, Indutioniarus legates ad Caesarem mittit : sese 6
idcirco ab suis discedere atque ad eum venire noluisse, quo
facilius civitatem in officio contineret, ne oranis nobilitatis
discessu plebs propter imprudentiam laberetur ; itaque esse 7
civitatem in sua potestate, seseque si Caesar permitteret,
ad eum in castra venturum, suas civitatisque fortiinas ejus
fidei permissurum.
Caesar decides in favor of Cingeforlx, irhi/e requiring the submission

of Induliomarus.
4. Caesar, etsi intellegebat qua de causa ea dicerentur, i

quaeque eum res ab instituto consilio deterreret, tamen, ne
aestatem in Treveris consiimere cogeretur, omnibus ad
Britannicum bellum rebus comparatis, Indvitiomarum ad
se cum ducentis obsidibus venire jussit. His adductis, in 2
iis filio propinquTsque ejus omnibus, quos nominatim evo-
caverat, consolatus Indvitiomarum hortatusque est, uti in
officio maneret : nihilo tamen secius principibus Treverorum 3
ad se convocatTs hos singillatim Cingetorigi conciliavit :
quod cum merito ejus a se fieri intellegebat, turn magnl
interesse arbitrabatur ejus auctoritatem inter suos quam
plurimum valere, ciijus tam egregiam in se voluntatem
4 perspexisset. Id tulit factum graviter Indutiomarus,

suam gratiam inter suos minuT, et qui jam ante ininiico in
nos animo fuisset, multo gravius hoc dolore exarsit.
Coming to the seaport Caesar finds the fleet and army ready.
1 5. His rebus constitiitis Caesar ad portum Itium cum
2legionibus pervenit. Ibi cognoscit sexaginta naves, quae
in Meldis factae erant, tempestate rejectas cursum tenere
non potuisse atque eodem, unde erant profectae, revertisse ;
reliquas paratas ad navigandum atque omnibus rebus in-
Sstructas invenit. Eodem equitatus totius Galliae convenit
numero milium quattuor, principesque ex omnibus civitati-
4 bus ; ex quibus perpaucos, quorum in se fidem perspexerat,
relinquere in Gallia, reliquos obsidum loco secum ducere
decreverat, quod cum ipse abesset, motum Galliae vere-
batur.
Dumnorix, a disaffected and ambitious Gaul, causes trouble.
1 6. Erat una cum ceteris Dumnorix Aeduus, de quo ante
ab nobis dictum est. Hunc secum habere in primis con-
stituerat, quod eum cupidum rerum novarum, cupidum
imperil, magni animi, magnae inter Gallos auctoritatis
2cognoverat. Accedebat hiic, quod in concilio Aeduorum
Dumnorix dixerat sibi a Caesare regnum civitatis deferri ;
quod dictum Aedui graviter ferebant, neque recusandi aut
deprecandi causa legates ad Caesarem mittere audebant.
3 Id factum ex suis hospitibus Caesar cognoverat. Ille
omnibus primo precibus petere contendit, ut in Gallia
relinqueretur ; partim quod insuetus navigandi mare time-
4 ret ; partim quod religionibus impediri sese diceret. Postea-
quam id obstinate sibi negari vidit, omni spe impetrandi
CAESAR, DE RELLO GALLICO, V. 55
adempta principes Galliae sollicitare, sevocare singulos

hortarique coepit, uti in continent! remanerent ; metii ter- 5
ritare : non sine causa fieri, ut Gallia omni nobilitate
spoliaretur; id esse consilium Caesaris, ut, quos in conspectu
Galliae interficere vereretur, hos omnes in Britanniam
traductos necaret ; fidem reliquis interponere, jusjurandume
poscere, ut, quod esse ex usu Galliae intellexissent, communi
consilio administrarent. Haec a coinpluribus ad Caesarem
deferebantur.
Caesar delays his departure in order to check disaffection. Dumnorix

flees, hut is overtaken and slain.
7. Qua re cognita, Caesar, quod tantum civitati Aeduae l
dignitatis tribuebat, coercenduni atque deterrendum, qui-
buscumque rebus posset, Duninorigeni statuebat ; quod 2
longius ejus amentiam progredi videbat, prospiciendum, ne
quid sibi ac rei publicae nocere posset. Itaque dies circiter 3
viginti quinque in eo loco commoratus, quod Corus ventus
navigationem impediebat, qui niagnam partem omnis tem-
poris in his locis flare consuevit, dabat operam, ut in officio
Dumnorigem contineret, nihilo tamen secius omnia ejus
consilia cognosceret ; tandem idoneam nactus tempestatem 4
milites equitesque conscendere in naves jubet. At omniums
inipeditis animis, Dumnorix cum equitibus Aeduorum a
castris insciente Caesare domum discedere coepit. Qua re 6
nuntiata Caesar intermissa profectione atque omnibus rebus
postpositis magnam partem equitatiis ad euni insequendum
mittit, retrahique imperat ; si vim faciat neque pareat, 7
interfici jubet, nihil hunc se absente pro sano factiirum
arbitratus, qui praesentis imperium neglexisset. Ille enim 8
revocatus resistere ac se manu defendere suorumque fidem

implorare coepit, saepe clamitans liberum se liberaeque esse
9 civitatis. nil, ut erat imperatuin, circumsistunt hominem
atque interficiunt ; at equites Aedui ad Caesarem omnes
revertuntur.
Caesar crosses over to Britain and lands unopposed.
1 8. His rebus gestis Labieno in continente cum tribus

legionibus et equitum milibus duobus relicto, ut poitus
tueretur et rem friimentariam provideret, quaeque in Gallia
gererentur cognosceret, consiliumque pro tempore et pro
2 re eaperet, ipse cum quTnque legionibus et pari numero
equitum, quem in continent! rellquerat, ad solis occasum
naves solvit, et leni Africo provectus media circiter nocte
vento intermisso cursum non tenuit, et longius delatus
aestii, orta liice sub sinistra Britanniam relTctam conspexit.
sTum riirsus aestiis commiitationem seciitus remis contendit,
ut earn partem insulae eaperet, qua optimum esse egressum
4 superiore aestate cognoverat. Qua in re admodum f uit
militum virtus laudanda, qui vectoriis gravibusque navigiis
non intermisso remigandi labore longarum navium cursum
5 adaequarunt. Accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus navi-
bus meridiano fere tempore, neque in eo loco hostis est
6 visus ; sed, ut postea Caesar ex captlvis cognovit, cum
magnae maniis eo convenissent, multitiidine navium per-
territae, quae cum annotinis privatisque, quas sui quisque
commodi fecerat, amj^lius octingentae vino erant visae tem-
pore, alitore discesserant ac se in superiora loca abdiderant.
Leaving a sfromj (juard witJi the ships he advances into the interior
and drives the enemy from one of their strongholds.
9. Caesar exposito exercitu et loco castiis idoneo capto, 1
ubi ex captTvis" cognovit quo in loco hostium copiae con-
sedissent, cohortibus decern ad mare relictis et equitibus
trecentis, qui praesidio navibus essent, de tertia vigilia ad
hostes contendit, eo minus veritus navibus, quod in litore
molli atque aperto deligatas ad ancoram relinquebat ; et
praesidio navi basque Q. Atrium praefecit. Ipse noctii2
progressus milia passuum circiter duodecim hostium copias
conspicatus est. Illi, equitatii atque essedis ad flumen 3
progressi, ex loco superiore nostros prohibere et proelium
committere coeperunt. Repulsi ab equitatu se in silvasi
abdiderunt locum nacti egregie et natiira et opere niixnitum,
quern domestic! belli, ut videbantur, causa jam ante prae-
paraverant ; nam crebris aiboribus succisis omnes introitiis 5
erant pi'aecliisl. IpsI ex silvis rari propiignabant nostrosquee
intra munitiones ingredi prt)hibebant. At milites legionis 7
septimae testiidine facta et aggere ad munitiones adjecto
locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis expulerunt paucis vulneri-
bus acceptis. Sed eos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi 8
vetuit, et quod loci natiiram Tgnorabat, et quod magna
parte diei consumpta miinitioni castrorum tempus relinqui
volC'bat.
As troops are setting oid in pursuit, veivs comes of serious damage
caused to the fleet by a storm.
10. Postridie ejus diei mane tripertito milites equitesque 1
in expeditionem misit, ut eos, qui fiigerant, persequerentur.
His aliquantum itineris progressis, cum jam extremi essent 2
in prospectu, equites a Q. Atrio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui
nuntiarent superiore nocte maxima coorta tempestate prope

omnes naves afflictas atque in litore ejectas esse, quod neque
ancorae funesque subsisterent, neque nautae gubernato-
3 resque vim tempestatis pati possent ; itaque ex eo concursii
navium magnum esse ineommodum acceptum.
Caesar returns, arranges for the repairing of these losses, and again
sets out against the enemy, now under Cassivellaunus.
1 11. His rebus eognitis Caesar legiones equitatumque
revocarl atque in itinere resistere jubet, ipse ad naves
2 revertitur ; eadem fere, quae ex nuntils litterisque cogno-
verat, coram perspicit, sic ut amissis circiter quadraginta
navibus reliquae tamen refici posse magno negotio videren-
3 tur. Itaque ex legionibus fabros deligit et ex continent!
4 alios arcessi jubet; Liibieno scribit, ut, quam plurimas
posset, iis legionibus, quae sunt apud eum, naves instituat.
5 Ipse, etsi res erat raultae operae ac laboris, tamen com-
modissimum esse statuit, omnes naves subdiici et cum
6castris una munitione conjungl. In his rebus circiter dies
decern consumit, ne noccurnis quidem temporibus ad labo-
7 rem niTlitum intermissis. Subductis navibus castrisque
egregie miinitis easdem copias, quas ante, praesidio navibus
8 reliquit : ipse eodem, unde redierat, proficiscitur. Eo cum
venisset, majores jam undique in eum locum copiae Britan-
norum convenerant, summa imperii bellique administrandi
communi consilio permissa Cassivellauno, ciijus fines a
maritinus civitatibus flumen dividit, quod appellatur Tame-
9 sis, a marl circiter milia passuum octoginta. Huic superiore
tempore cum reliquis civitatibus continentia bella interces-
serant : sed nostro adventu permoti BritannI liunc toti
bello imperioque praefecerant.
A description of the people, products and climate of Britain.
12. Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos 1

in insula ipsi niemoria proditum dicunt ; maritima pars ab 2
lis, qui praedae ac belli inferendi causa ex Belgio transierunt
(qui omnes fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus
orti ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt) et bello illato ibi reman-
serunt atque agros colere coeperunt. Hominum est infinita 3
multitfido creberrimaque aedificia fere Gallicis consimilia,
pecorum raagnus numerus. Utuntur [aut aere] autnummol
aureo aut taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis pro
nummo. Nascitur ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis 5
regionibus, in maritimis ferrum, sed ejus exigua est copia ;
aere iituntur importato. Materia ciij usque generis, ut in
Gallia, est praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem et gal- 6
linam et anserem gustare fas non putant ; haec tamen
alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt temperatiora
quam in Gallia, remissioribus frigoribus.
The geography of Britain.
13. Insula natiira triquetra, cujus iinum latus est contra 1

Galliam. Hiijus lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium,
quo fere omnes ex Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem
solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc pertinet circiter
milia passuum quingenta. Alterum vergit ad Hispaniam2
atque occidentem solem ; qua ex parte est Hibei'nia, dimidio
minor, ut aestiraatur, quam Britannia ; sed pari spatio
transmissus atque ex Gallia est in Britanniam. In hoes
medio cursix est insula, quae appellatur Mona ; compliires
praeterea minores subjectae insulae existimantur ; de qui-
bus insulis nonniilli scrlpserunt dies continues triginta sub
dbruma esse noctem. Nos nihil de eo percontationibus

reperiebamus, nisi certis ex aqua niensuris breviores esse
5quam in continent! noctes videbamus. Hujus est longitudo
lateris, ut fert illorum opinio, septingentorum milium.
eTertium est contra septentriones ; cui parti niilla est objecta
terra, sed ejus angulus lateris maxime ad Germaniam
spectat. Hoc milia passuum octingenta in longitudinem
7 esse existimatur. Ita omnis insula est in circuitii vicies
centum milium jâssuum.
The mamiers and customs of the Britons.
1 14. Ex his omnibus longe sunt hiimanissimi, qui Cantium
incolunt, quae regio est maritima omnis, neque multum a
2 Gallica difFerunt consuetudine. Interiores plerique frumenta
non serunt, sed lacte et carne vivunt pellibusque sunt
vestiti. Omnes vero se Britanni vitro inficiunt, quod
caeruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc horridiores sunt in
Spiigna aspectu ; capilloque sunt promisso, atque omni parte
4 corporis rasa praeter caput et labrum superius. Uxores
habent deni duodenique inter se commiines, et maxime
sfratres cum fratribus parentesque cum liberis ; sed, si qui
sunt ex his nati, eorum habentur liberi, quo primum virgo
quaeque deducta est.
The Romans are surprised ivhile building a camp, but drive off the
enemy.
1 15. Equites hostium essedariique acriter proelio cum
equitatii nostro in itinere conflixerunt, tamen ut nostri
omnibus partibus superiores fuerint atque eos in silvas
2collesque compulerint ; sed compluribus interfectis cupidius
Sinsecuti nonniillos ex suis amiserunt. At ill! intermisso
CAKSAR, DE BELLO GALLICO, V. 61
spatio imprudentibus nostris atque occupatls in munitione

castrorum subito se ex silvis ejecerunt, inipetuque in eos
facto, qui erant in statione pro castris collocati, aci-iter
pugnaverunt ; duabusque missis subsidio cohortibus a 4
Caesare, at(jue his priniis legionum duarum, cum hae
perexiguo intermisso loci spatio inter se constitissent, novo
genere pugnae perterritis nostris, per medios audacissime
perruperunt seque inde incolumes reeeperunt. Eo die Q. 5
Laberius Durus, tribunus militum, interficitur. Illi pliiri-
bus submissis cohortibus repelluntur.
Armor and M'eapous.

The disadvantages under which the Romans lay in fighting with the
Britons.
1 16. Toto hoc in genere pugnae, 'cum sub oculis omnium

ac pro castrTs dimicaretur, intellectum est nostros propter
gravitatem armorum, quod neque insequi cedentes possent
neque ab signis discedere auderent, minus aptos esse ad
2hujus generis hostem ; equites autem magno cum perlculo
proelio dimicare, propterea quod illi etiam consulto plerum-
que cederent et, cum paulura ab legionibus nostros removis-
sent, ex essedis desillrent, et pedibus dispari proelio con-
Stendei'ent. Equestris autem proelii ratio et cedentibus et
4 insequentibus par atque idem periculum Infeiêbat. Accede-
bat hue, ut numquam conferti, sed rari magnlsque inter-
vallis proeharentur stationesque dispositas haberent, atque
ahos alii deinceps exciperent, integrique et recentes defati-
gatls succederent.
The Romans are again attacked, hut inflict such a defeat on the
Britons that a large part of them disband.
1 17. Postei'o die procul a castrls liostes in collibus cQn-

stiterunt, rarique se ostendere et lenius quam pridie nostros
2 equites proelio lacessere coeperunt. Sed meridie cum Caesar
pabulandi causa tres legiones atque omnem equitatum cum
C. Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus partibus
ad pabulatores advolaverunt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque
snon absisterent. Nostri acriter in eos impetu facto rep-
pulerunt, neque finem sequendi fecerunt, quoad subsidio
confisi equites, cum post se legiones viderent, praecipites
4 hostes egerunt ; magnoijue eorum numero interfecto neque
sui colligendi neque consistendi aut ex essedis desiliendi
facultatem dederunt. Ex hac fuga protinus, quae undi(iue5

convenerant, auxilia discesserunt, neque post id tempus
umquain smniiiis nobiscum copiTs ho.stes contenderunt.
Caesar forces a passage across the Thames.

18. Caesar cognito consilio eorum ad flumen Tamesim l
in fines Cttssivellauni exercitum duxit ; quod flfimen uno
omnino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transTi'i potest. Eo 2
cum venisset, animum advertit ad alteram fluminis ripam
magnas esse copias hostium instructas. Ripa autem erats
aciitTs sudibus praefixis munita, ejusdemque generis sub
aqua defixae sudes ilumine tegebantur. His rebus cognitis 4
a captivis perfugisque Caesar praemisso equitatu confestim
legiones subsequi jussit. Sed ea celeritate atque eo impetus
milites ierunt, cum capite solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes
impetum legionum atque equitum sustinere non possent,
rlpasque dimitterent ac se fugae mandarent.
Cassivdlaunus, avoiding a pitched battle, harasses Caesar's line of

march.
19. Cassivellaunus, ut supra demonstravimus, omni de- 1
posita spe contentionis, dimissis amplioribus copiis, milibus
circiter quattuor essedariorum relTctis, itinera nostra serva-
bat, paulumque ex via excedebat locisque impeditis ac
silvestribus sese occultabat atque iis regionibus, quibus
nos iter facturos cognoverat, pecora atque homines ex agris
in silvas compellebat et, cum equitatus noster liberius2
praedandi vastandlque causa se in agros ejecerat, omnibus
viis semitisque essedarios e« silvis emittebat, et magno
cum perlculo nostrorum equitum cum iis confligebat atque
shoe metu latius vagarl prohibebat. Relinquebatur, ut

neqiie longius ab agmine legionum discedi Caesar pateretur,
et tantum in agris vastanclis incendiisque faciendis hostibus
noceretur, quantum labore atque itinere legionarii milites
efl&cere poterant.
The Trinohantes, a powerful British trihe, suhmit to Caesar.
1 20. Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum regio-

num civitas, ex qua Mandubracius adulescens Caesaris fidem
secutus ad eum in continentem Galliam venerat, cujus pater
in ea civitate regnum obtinueiat, interfectusque erat a
Cassiveilauno, ipse fuga mortem vitaverat, legatos ad
2Caesarem mittunt pollicenturque sese ei deditiiros atque
Simperata facturos ; petunt, ut Mandubracium ab injuria
Cassivellauni defendat, atque in civitatem mittat qui prae-
4 sit imperiumque obtineat. His Caesar imperat obsides
quadraginta frumentumque exercitui Mandubraciumque ad
eos mittit. Illi imperata celeriter feeerunt, obsides ad
numerum frumentumque nnseruiit.
Many other tribes now suhmit, and Caesar captures the ' toivn ' of
Cassivellauntis.
1 21. Trinobantibus defensTs atque ab omni militum in-

jiiria prohibitTs, CenimagnT, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci,
2Cassi legationibus missis sese Caesari dedunt. Ab his
cognoseit non longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivellauni abesse
silvis paliidibusque miinltum, quo satis magnus hominum
specorisque numerus conveneiit. Oppidum autem Britanni
vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt,
quo incursionis bostium vitandae causa con venire con-
4 suerunt. Eo proficiscitur cum legionibus ; locum reperit
egregie natuia atcjue opere munituin ; tamen hunc duabus

ex partibus oppugiiare coiitendit. Hostes paulisper inoratls
niTlitum nostrofum iinpetum iioii tulerunt seseque alia ex
parte oppidi ejecerunt. Magnus ibi Humerus pecoris re- 6
pertus, multique in fuga sunt comprehensi atque interfecti.
A sudden attack on the camp hy the sea is repidsed, and Cassivellatinus
sues for peace.
22. Dum haec in his locis geruntur Cassivellaunus ad l
Cantium, quod esse ad mare supra denionstravinius, quibus
regionibus quattuor reges praeerant, Cingetorix, Carvilius,
Taximaguhis, Segovax, nuntios mittit atque his iniperat,
uti coactis omnibus copiis castra navalia de improvTso
adoriantur atque oppugnent. li cum ad castra venissent, 2
nostri eruptione facta multis eorum interfectis, capto etiam
nobili duce Lugotorige, suos incolumes reduxerunt. Cas-3
sivellaunus hoc proelio nuntiato, tot detrimentis acceptis,
vastatis finibus, maxime etiam permotus defectione civita-
tum, legatos per Atrebatem Commium de deditione ad
Caesarem mittit. Caesar, cum constituisset hiemare in i
continent! propter repentinos Galliae motus, neque multum
aestatis superesset, atque id facile extrahi posse intellegeret,
obsides imperat, et quid in annos singulos vectigalis populo
Romano Britannia penderet constituit ; interdicit atque 5
imperat Cassivellauno, ne Mandubracio neu Trinobantibus
noceat.
Caesar retiirns to the mainland.
23. Obsidibus acceptis exercitum reducit ad mare, naves i

invenit refectas. His deductis, quod et captTvorum mag- 2
num numerum habebat, et nonnuUae tempestate deperierant
naves, duobus commeatibus exercituin reportare instituifc.

3 Ac SIC accidit, uti ex taiito navium mimero tot navigationi-
bus, neque hoc neque .superioie anno ulla omnino navis,
4 quae milites portaret, desideraretui- ; at ex iis, quae inanes
ex continent! ad eum remitterentur, et prioris commeatus
expositis militibus, et quas postea Labienus faciendas cura-
verat numero sexaginta, perpaucae locum caperent; reliquae
5 fere omnes rejicerentur. Quas cum aliquamdiu Caesar
f rustra exspectasset, ne anni tempore a navigatione exclude-
retur, quod aequinoctium suberat, necessario angustius
6 milites collocavit, ac summa tranquillitate consecuta, secunda
inita cum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigit omnes-
que incolumes naves perdu xit.
Kmiiiuu .S(>l4lier> on llic March.

NOTES ON ROOK IV, CHAPS. 20-38.
N.B.— The references are to the sections of the High School Latin Book.
The following abbreviations are used: of. = compare; ch., chap. =
chapter; fn. = footnote ; lit. = literally ; so. = supply, or understand; trans.
= translate or translation
CHAP. 20.
1 . exigua : emphatic from position, parte reliqua : abl. absolute
(548); equivalent to an etsj clause (543) ; trans, 'although only a
small part . . . and although . . . yet Caesar made an efifort.'
omnis: 'as a whole.' ad septentriones vergit: 'lies towards the
north.' bellis: for case see 159. hostibus subministrata : sc. esse
(514. iii) ; 'had been furnished to the enemy.'
2. si: 'even if.' gerendum : see 611. deficeret: 'did not
enable him,' lit.? (670; 687. h). usui : see 431. fore: see 327 ;
the subject is contained in the clauses si modo . . . cognovisset.
adisset: for adiisset (755. i. h). For the pluperfect subjunctive
used in indirect discourse, secondary sequence, for the future
perfect of direct discourse, see 687. h; trans, 'approached,' the
literal translation being 'should have approached,' not 'had
already approached.' genus hominum: 'the character of the
inhabitants.' quae omnia: 'all of which,' lit.? (586. vi. a).
fere: with omnia.
3. neque . . . quisquam: 'no one,' lit.? illo : adverb, iisipsis:
i.e.,mercatoribus. Gallias: 'Gaul.' The plural has reference to the
triple division of Gaul with which Caesar begins his Commentaries
on the Gallic War: Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres (page 13).
4. vocatis: trans, by 'although' (542. i. a), quanta esset . . . por-
tus : depending on repeWre^wê?'»^ (362). belli: 'in war' (586. ii).
quibus . . . uterentur : ' what manners and customs they had '
(356). qui essent . . . portus : ' what harbors suitable for . . .
existed.' majorum : ' larger than usual' (593. iii) ; the war-galleys
and transports being larger than the coasting vessels of those
regions, poterat : for the imperfect
67 see 678. h.
CHAP. 21.
1. Ad haec cognoscenda : with praemittit, not witli idoneum,
(611). priusquam faceret : ' before making ' (650. h). idoneum:
'a suitable person.' arbitratus : see 540. in.
2. Huic : for the case see 553. ut exploratis . . . revertatur :
for the subjunctive see 424 ; trans. ' to find out . . . and return '
(542. i. c). quam primum : see 668. i.
3. in: trans, 'into the country of.' inde . . . trajectus : the
straits of Dover are meant.
4. quam . . . classem : ' the fleet which ' (666. h. i). ad: 'for.'
Veneticum bellum : the jear before (56 B.C.) the tribes on the
north-west coast of Gaul, headed Vjy the Veneti, combined to reco%'er
their liberty, but were defeated by the Romans in a sea-fight.
5. qui polliceantur : trans. ' to promise ' ; see 388. dare :
irregularl}- used for se daturoa esse (512 ; 514. ix). imperio : see 553.
6. Quibus, eos : both referring to legati (550. ii. and fn.) ; trans.
quibus by ' these' (667). liberaliter pollicitus : ' (and) having made
liberal promises,' lit ? (704. c). permanerent : see 424. domum :
see 618.
7. una: adv. Commium : with viittit. superatis : referring to
'That daj' he overcame the Nervii ' (57 B.C.), with which people
the Atrebates were allied (see pages 24-30). constituerat : 'had
made.' ibi : ?'.e., among the Atrebates. his: of Gaul, not Britain,
magni habebatur : ' was valued highly '; for magni see 587.
8. quas . . . civitates : ' all the states he can,' lit. 'the states
which he can ' ; so. adire. possit : see 408. adeat : with the
same force as M< ac?ea<, 'to visit'; so hortetur and nuntiet (686. c
and fn. ). ut fidem sequantur : ' to embrace the alliance,' or (with
Holmes) ' to trust to the good faith,' depending on hortetur.
9. regionibus : ' country.' quantum, etc. : ' so far as one could
who, ' etc. ; more lit. ' so far as op[)ortunity could be given to one
who'; ioT tant It m facultat is quantum (6i}S. ii), 'according to such
measure of opportunity as could be given.' The whole clause has
the value of an adverbial ace. modifying the abl. absol. auderet :
for mood see 530. quaeque : = et quae, perspexisset : see 534. i.
NOTES OS CAESAR, COOK IV. 69
CHAP. 22.
1. parandarum : see (ill. moratur : for the tense see 273. c. de

. . . consilio : 'for their previous conduct,' lit. 'with regard to the
policy of previous time. ' They had joined the Belgian confederacy
against Caesar two years before, and the next year hud been in
alliance with the Veneti. quod, etc. : ' in that, being uncivilized,'
etc. consuetudinis : see 429. c. This ' custom ' was, as the Roman
poet Virgil expressed it :
' The ways of peace to proclaim,

Mercy to show to the fallen, the pioiul with battle to tame.'
populo : trans, by ' on ' (578). fecissent : for mood see (540. -que ;
joins excusare.nt and poUkcrentur. ea quae: 'whatever. im-
perasset : see on adisset, ch. '20, 2.
2. satis: 'quite.' posttergum: 'behind him.' has tantularum,
etc. : 'attention to such tri\i;d matters,' lit. ? (58(5. ii). ante-
ponendas : sc, e-sse. Britanniae : dat. (577) ; meaning the
expedition against Britain, iis imperat : ' requires {o7^ demands)
of them' (553. ii). Quibus : the hostages; trans, as in ch.
21, 6. eos : the Morini. in fidem recepit : ' received under his
protection.'
3. coactis contractisque : the former of impressing into service,
the latter of gathering to one place, quot : 'the number which,'
lit. ' as many as ' ; quot is subject of esse, quod, etc. : * all the
ships of war he had besides,' lit. ? (586. iii). This clause furnishes
the object of distribuit.
4. Hue accedebant : 'besides these there were,' lit. 'to this were
added.' ab : used adverbially =' away ' ; or trans, 'at a distance
of. ' milibus : see 598. passuum : see 586. iii. tenebantur quo
minus, etc. : ' were detained . . . and prevented from being able.'
Quo minus, lit. ' whereby the less, ' may also be written as one
word, possent : see 631.
5. ducendum : for the gerundive with do, here agreeing with
exercitiim, see 61.S.
CHAP. 23.
1. ad navigandum : see 444. tertia vigilia : the time from

sunset to sunrise was divided into four equal watches (vigiliae),
and the time from sunrise to sunset into twelve equal hours (horae),
the length of each varying with the season, solvit : sc. naves.
ulteriorem : ' farther,' i.e., up the coast. Tlie exact localities are
unknown.
2. A quibus . . . administratum : ' as these carried out their
instructions,' lit. ? For the impersonal passive see 556. For tar-
dius, ' too slowly,' see 593. iii. The result was that Caesar reached
3r'ita,m cum primis {not, cum omnihu») navihu><. expositas copias
armatas : ' the armed forces displayed.'
3. Cujus : 'this' (667). haec : 'as follows' ; more fully explained
hy atque. . . continebatur. ita anguste, etc. : 'so closely bordered.'
[Many editions read anyustis (with montibus), to be translated
'steep,' or 'close to the sea.'] uti : another form for ut ; distin-
guish from w^f. in: trans, 'to.' posset: for the mood see 371.
4. dum convenirent : depending on exspecfavif ; 'till . . . should
assemble,' or more freely 'for ... to assemble' (649. b). ad:
' until. '
5. quae fieri vellet : ' what he wished done' (517). monuit . . .
administrarentur : ' instructed them to do everything (promptly)
at the signal and at the (right) moment, as the science of warfare,
and especially naval warfare, required, seeing that this (latter)
was subject to rapid and uncertain changes.' ut ratio. . . litres:
ut = ' as,' and is repeated with each subject, postularent : for mood
see 665 and 670. ut quae: i.e., maritimae re»; 'inasmuch as
these ' ; ut might be omitted, and merely heightens the causal
force of quae and the subjunctive (665). monuit administra-
rentur: with the same force as m,onuit ut administrarentur; cf.
adeat, ch. 21, 8 (686. c and fu.). ad nutum et ad tempos: the
former referring to celerem,, the latter to instabilem.
6. uno : 'one and the same.' dato, sublatis : trans, by prin-
cipal clauses (542. i. c). litore : abl. absolute ; trans, by 'off.'
NOTES OS CAESAR, BOOK IV. 71
CHAP. 24.
1. quo genere : 'the sorb of force that,' lit. 'which kind' {i.e.,
of warriors), referring to both equitatu and essedariis (666. h. ii).
consuerunt: cf.-755. i. a. copiis : see 596. iii. egredi : 'from
landing' (518. i). prohibebant : for tense see 678. c.
2. has: referring to what follows, nisi . . . non : 'only,' lit.?
militibus autem . . . desiliendum erat : ' while the soldiers had to
leap down' (612. i) ; similarly coimisfendiim and pugnandum.
For the dative see 354. ignotis locis : ' who were unacquainted
with the ground ' ; lit. ' the ground (being) unknown ' ; abl. ab-
solute (548). So impeditis mambua. oppressis : dat. agreeing
with militibus.
3. cum illi : 'whereas the enemy.' exarido: modifying conjice-
rent. omnibus . . . locis : in contrast to ignotis . . . manibus,
section 2 ; ' having all their limbs free and being perfectly familiar
with the ground,' lit. ? insuefactos : ' who were trained (to this).'
conjicerent, incitarent ; an adversative force is combined with
the temporal (563. a).
4. generis : see 589. eadem . . . quo : for agreement see 508. i ;
for quo = ' as ' see 668. consuerant : see 755. i. a. uti, ute-
bantur : ' display ' or ' show. '
CHAP 25.
1. Quod : object of animadvertit (667. i). naves : subject of
removeri, incitari and coiisiitui. quarum : ' whose. ' inusitatior :
'less familiar,' i.e., than that of the 7uives onerariae. et motus,
etc. ; ' and (whose) movements were quicker for service,' i.e., 'and
which were more easily handled.' ad: 'on.' apertum latus: i.e. ,
the right side, unprotected by shields, quae res : ' a manoeuvre
which,' or 'this mancuuvre,' lit. ? usui : as in ch. 20, 2.
2. remorum motu : the Britons used only sails with their large
vessels, paulum modo : ' but only a little.'
3. atque ; 'and now.' cunctantibus : trans, by 'while' (540,
542. ii). qui aquilam ferebat : ' the eagle-bearer. ' For qvi = is qui
see 666. a. ut . . . eveniret : see 424. ea res : ' his (lit. that)
undertaking or attempt.' legioni : see 578. inquit: 'cried'; for

position and use see 514. vi. Desilite : the imperative, vultis:
from volo. praestitero : trans, freely by future ; for the force of
the future perfect see 682. h.
4. voce magna : ' in a loud voice ' (596. iii).
5. inter se : 'one another,' lit.? (662. ii). ne . . . admitteretur :
'not to incur,' lit? (424). dedecus ; i.e., the loss of the eagle.
universi : 'in a body' or 'all together'; section 6 shows that
Caesar is speaking only of those on the same ship as the standard-
bearer.
6. Hos item, etc. : 'when those in the nearest ships saw them,
they also,' etc. ; lit. 'when also from the nearest ships they saw
these.' hostibus : see 553, appropinquarunt : see 755. i. a.
CHAP. 26.
1. Pugnatum est : see 556. alius alia ex navi : ' the men from
the different ships,' lit. '[one man from one ship and] another
from another ship. ' For this idiom see 662. i. quibuscumque . • .
occurrerat: ' to whatever . . . they fell in with.' For the dat.
see 577. For the tense see 681. c. So conspexerunt, section 2,
and conspexerat, section 4.
2. vero : 'while.' ubi : 'whenever.' adoriebantur : trans, by
'would' (678. h). So circumsistehant and conjiciehant. plures:
nominative.
3. in universes : ' at the main body ' ; opposed to singulares.
4. item: '(and) also.' quos . . . his: freely, 'to whomsoever,'
transposing the clauses ; or ' whenever . . . any ... to them,'
without transposing, jussit, submittebat : notice the change of
tense ; the perfect expresses a single command ; for the imperfect
see 678. h. his : see 578.
5. simul : — simtil atque. suis consecutis : ' with their comrades
following' or 'followed by their comrades ' (550. i). neque : 'but
. . . not.' longius : 'any distance' (593. iii). ad pristinam,
etc. : ' to (complete) Caesar's usual good fortune,' lit. ? For dat.
see 582.
NOTES ON CAESAR, BOOK IV. 73
CHAP. 27.
1. proelio : trans, by 'in' (145). de : trans, 'to treat (or sue)
for.' daturos : sc. se (r)14. x). quaeque : as in ch. 21, 9. im-
perasset : cf. ch. 22, 1.
2. quern supra, etc. : ' who, as I stated before, was sent,' etc. ;
lit. ? (514. vi). demonstraveram a Caesare : notice that Caesar
the writer (first person) is always distinguished from Caesar the
commander (third person). English usage would require the per-
fect tense here.
.3. Hunc, illi : object and subject respectively of comprehende-
rant. egressum : modifying hunc ; trans. * on his landing ' r,r
'when he landed.' cum deferret : 'although he was bearing'
(563. a), modo : ' in the character of ' ; or freely, 'as' (590. iii).
turn : trans, by 'now.'
4. rei : 'act.' imprudentiam : i.e., their ignorance of the cus-
toms observed between nations, ut ignosceretur : ' that pardon he
granted (them),' or ' to be pardoned ' (424 and 557 ; see also 704. c).
5. quod . . . intulissent : see 640. cum . . . missis . . .
petissent : 'although they had sent . . . and sought,' lit.?
(563. a), petissent : see 755. i. h. ignoscere : sc. se : notice the
tense (327). imprudentiae : for dat. see 553.
6. illi : see 653. vii. arcessitam . . . daturos : sc. esse ; ' that
they would send for . . . and give up,' lit.? Tlie tense of arces-
sitam is relative to daturos, not to dixerant (540). diebus: see 621.
7. suos : subject of ^-emigrare. agros : ' their lands.'
CHAP. 28.
1. His rebus : ' by this means,' lit. ? post diem . . . ventum :
'three days after he came' = rfie quarto postquam, etc. ; post (the
adverb) coming before die quarto was felt to have the force of a
preposition, and made to govern the ace. quantum : the Romans
in reckoning from one date to another counted in both extremes,
where we include but one. est ventum : see .556. naves: subject
of solrerunf, a rare use. demonstratum est : ' mention has been
made.' (704. c.) superiore : in ch. 23, 1, called ulteriorem.
vento : see 596. iii.
2. viderentur: ' were in sight. ' posset: see 371. ô referren-

tur and dejicerentur. inferiorem : ».e., towards the S.W. propius
occasum : see 569. v. sui : 'to themselves' (586. ii); another
reading is suo, with the same trans. ,
3. quae tamen, etc. : ' and as (cum) these had nevertheless (i.e.,
in spite of the danger^ cast anchor, and were filling,' etc. ; or tamen
may apply to the whole sentence, and be opposed to the words
just preceding, 'however as these.' necessario . . . profectae
. . . petierunt: 'they were forced to put out . . . and make
for,' lit.? adversa nocte : 'in the face of the night,' lit. 'the
night facing them ' (54S).
CHAP. 29.
1. nocte : that of August 30-31, 55 B.C., according to astronom-
ical calculations, esset: 'there was' (371). qui dies : 'a time
which.' (666. b. ii). maritimos aestus maximos : 'very high
tides ' ; our spring-tides. consuevit : ' is wont ' or trans, by
'usually.' incognitum : the tides at the straits of Dover are 20
or 25 feet high, those in the Mediterranean insignificant.
2. uno : as in eh. 23, 6. naves . . . complebat : keep the
Latin order and trans, by the passive voice. So onei'arias ....
afflictabaf. quibus : ' in (lit. with) which.' transportandum . . .
curaverat : 'had had . . . brought over ' (613). ad: 'at.' neque
ulla : 'and no,' lit. ? administrandi, auxiliandi : the former re-
ferring to those on board, the latter to those on shore, admini-
strandi: sc. naves.
3. fractis : trans, both abl. absol. and cityn by 'as.' araissis :
trans. ' having lost ' or ' through the loss of. ' magna, etc. ; 'great
alarm inevitably (or as was inevitable) arose throughout, ' etc. ;
lit. ? id quod : ' a thing which ' (666. d) ; id is in apposition
with the clause magna . . . facta est, and quod is subject of
accidere (635). exercitus : for case see 586. ii.
4. neque aliae : trans, bj^ ' no other.' possent : see 530. omni-
bus constabat : 'it was generally understood'; more lit. 'it was
agreed among all'; for dat. see 579. h. hiemari oportere: 'that
thej^ must winter ' (556 and 634). in hiemem : ' for the winter.'
CHAP. 30.
1. This sentence may be conveniently broken into four in
Eno-lish, viz., after collocuti, tranfiportarerat and 'producere (506) ;
trans, as if the Iâtin rea(i collocuti mint ; intdlegehant tt co(jno><cehant ;
itaque duxerunt ; nam confidehaiit. principes : subject of duxeruvt.,
section 2. inter se : see 66'2. ii. Romanis deesse : freely, ' that
the Romans were without,' lit. ? quae: referring to casiroram. hoc
angustiora : ' all the smaller ' or ' more contracted for this reason. '
2. optimum factu : ' the best thing to do ' ; for the supine see
470. h. duxerunt : ' concluded. ' rebellione facta : ' to renew
hostilities and.' prohibere, producere: subjects of es.îe. frumento:
see 437. b; so reditu, rem: 'the campaign.' superatis: trans.
by 'if (54*2. i. a); so intercliids. The tense is relative to transi-
turum not to confidebant. confidebant : see 640.
3. rursus : not 'a second time,' but referring to the return to
their former attitude, agris: as in ch. 27, 7. deducere: 'to bring
down,' i.e., to the coast.
CHAP. 31.
1. ex eventu navium : ' from what had happened to his ships,'
(586. ii). ex eo, quod : 'from the fact that' (640. vii). fore, etc. :
' suspected that that would happen which (actually) did occur.'
accidit : for the mood see 670. i.
2. ad : ' for ' or to ' meet. ' subsidia comparabat : ' he set about
making provision' (678. c). quae . . . naves, earum. ■ =earnm
navium quae, ' of the ships which ' (666. h. i). quae : ' whatever' ;
sc. ea as subject of comporfari. res: 'purpose.' erant : for the
mood see 670. i. continent! : see on Book V, ch. 8, i.
3. cum . . . administraretur : ' as the soldiers worked,' cf. ch.
23, 2. studio : see 596. iii. amissis : trans, by ' although. '
reliquis . . , effecit : ' he made it possible to sail satisfactorilj-
with the rest,' or still more freely (with Hobifies) 'he managed to
have the rest made tolerably seaworth}',' lit. ' he brought it about
(or managed) that the voyage could be made,' etc. navigari :
see 556. posset : see 529. iii. effecit : notice the tense as com-
pared with the imperfect used in section 2 (680. b).
CHAP. .32.
1. geruntur : see 647. ex consuetudine : ' as usual ' ; to be taken

with «Ha, not m^ssa. frumentatum : the supine (470. a), ad: 'up
to.' interposita : 'having arisen,' i.e., between the time of the
surrender and the present, cum: 'as' or 'for,' explaining the
preceding words, hominum : ' of the people (or natives). ' ven-
titaret : ' kept coming ' ; a frequentative verb (758. ii). quam
consuetudo ferret : 'than usual,' 'than was customary,' lit. 'than
custom brought' (670). in ea . . . partem: 'was visible in the
direction in which' ; ioT partem see 666. c.
2. id, quod erat : 'what was actually the case.' /d is explained
by the appositive clause aliqiiid . . . consilii. aliquid . . . consilii :
'some new plan' (.586. iii). initum : sc. esse, in stationibus : 'on
guard ' ; the plural because of the four gates of a Roman camp.
ex: 'of (.586. v). in stationem succedere : 'to take their place
on guard ' ; the singular of the general idea of guarding, reliquas :
i.e., four of the ten cohorts in the legion, armari : 'to arm them-
selves' (6.56. iv).
3. paulo longius : 'some little distance' (593. iii). conferta :
trans, by 'as,' giving the reason for ex omnibus partihtis.
4. una erat reliqua : ' only one remained. '
5. disperses : sc. nosfros ; trans, by a ' when ' clause ; so occu-
patos. incertis ordinibus ; ' whose lines were in disorder,' giving
the reason for perturhaverant ; it was difficult to find the proper
places in the cohorts. The pluperfects in sections 4 and 5 tell
what had happened prior to Caesar's arrival in section 3.
CHAP. 3.3.
1. hoc: 'as follows.' ex essedis pugnae : ' of chariot fighting ' ;

per omnes partes : ' in all directions.' ipso terrore equitum :
' by the very (or mere) terror caused by their horses '; for the gen.
see 429. c. ordines: i.e., of their opponents, equitum : i.e., their
own. Caesar had no cavalry with him. insinuaverunt : see 642.
2. ita: 'in such a way.' illi: 2.13., those who had dismounted to
fight on foot, premantur, habeant : trans, by the pres. indie. ,
NOTES ON CAKSAK, BOOK IV. 77
and for tlie mood see ()73 uiul .S71 respectively, and also 476; or
trans, by ' should ' and 'would' respectively, und for the mood
of pre77iaiifur see 478. 2.
3. tantum efficiunt : 'become so expert,' lit.? loco: 'ground.'
per : 'along.' consuerint ; see 755. i. a, and for the mood 371.
CHAP. 34.
1. quibus rebus : abl. of means, perturbatis nostris : may be
dative with auxiliumtuiit [518), or ahl. absolute, novitate: trans.
by ' because of ' (595). adventu : see 159.
2. quo facto : 'in spite of this,' more lit., 'although this was
done.' ad: 'for,' depending on alienvm. suo loco: 'on his
own ground ' (618. v). brevi . . . intermisso : ' after a .short
interval,' lit.?
3. haec : referring to the whole incident, occupatis : trans, by
'while.' qui erant reliqui : ' those who remained,' i.e. , the Britons
spoken of in ch. 32, l,joars . . . rema?iere< (666. a), discesserunt :
i.e., from their homes to join their countrymen (see ch. 3(), 3).
4. secutae sunt: 'there followed' (118). continerent, pro-
hiberent : for the mood see 530.
5. quanta ' what an excellent ' or ' how favoralile. ' faciendae :
'for obtaining' (611). sui liberandi : see 611. iv. expulissent:
for the mood and tense cf. on nrZ/xse/, ch. 20, 2.
CHAP. 35.
1. idem . . . fore: 'that the same thing would happen.' ut

. . . effugerent : ' namely, that . . . would escape,' in apjiosition
with tdem (694). si: 'even if.' essentpulsi: for the mood and
tense cf. expidissent, ch. 34, 5. dictum est : cf. on demonstratiim
est, ch. 28, 1.
2. diutius : 'any longer,' i.e., than the beginning of the battle.
(593. iii).
3. secuti . . . occiderunt ; sc. nostri. tanto spatio : freely, ' as
far,' lit. 'by way of (i.e., over) as great a space' (596. ii. a).
quantum . . . efficere : ' as their speed and endurance allowed,'
Cursits = ra,te of running, yiVeif = powers of endurance.
CHAP. 36.
2. His numerum duplicavit : ' from these he required double the

number,' lit. , ' for these he doubled,' etc. die : ' the time,' or ' the
season ' ; dies is sometimes fem. in the sing., chiefly in the sense
of a fixed date, propinqua . . . navibus; trans, by 'as' (548).
hiemi . . . subjiciendam : ' tliey should risk sailing in stormy
weather,' lit.?
3. mediam noctem : 'midnight' (175).
4. quae: 'the ships.' ex . . . quae: we should saj- 'two of
the transports,' lit.? quos reliqui : 'as the others,' lit. 'which
the other (crews reached)' ; re/upii, masc, by sense construction
(.510, fn. ). infra: i.e., towards the S. W.
CHAP. 37.
1. Quibus navibus : the two just mentioned, castra : that of
Sulpicius Rufus, ch. 22, 6. proficiscens : 'on setting out' (540).
primo : adverb, non ita magno : ' with a not very large,' lit. ?
si . . . noUent: 'if they did not wish to be killed' (670); for sese,
see 518. iv.
2. ad ciamorem : 'in answer to the shouting.' hominum : as
in ch. 32, 1 : with jnilia (586. iii). suis auxilio : ' to aid his men '
(431).
3. amplius horis : ' more than,' etc. fforis may be the abl. of
comparison, equivalent to quam horas (242), or the abl. of time
within which (621. i), uninfluenced bj' amplius (593. ii). paucis :
'but a few.'
4. Postea quam : answering to ^jHtoo, section 1 ; generally
written as one word.
CHAP. 38.
2. siccitates : trans, by the singular ; in Latin the plural of an
abstract noun (here due to the plural pallidum) is used to denote
various instances of a quality or its existence in different objects.
quo . . . haberent : ' had no place to which to retreat,' or 'had
no place of retreat,' more lit. ' had not whither they could retreat'
(530). quo . . . usi : trans, immediately after paludum, to

which quo refers. For the agreement of qno cf. 510. i. perfugio :
'as a place of refuge' {.^'m. i). fuerant usi: see 683. d. in
potestatem pervenerunt : ' fell into the hands,' lit. ?
3. omnes : nominative, in silvas : see 618. vi.
4. in: 'among' or 'in the country of.' neglexerunt : add

in trans. ' to do so. '
5. His rebus : referring to the whole of the summer's campaign.
ex litteris Caesaris : 'in consequence of Caesar's despatches.'
dierum : see 3S3. supplicatio : 'a public thanksgiving,' celebrated
by solemn sacrifice in the temples of Rome. At the end of the
campaign two years before, Caesar had written : " for these acts a
thanksgiving for fifteen daj^s was decreed, an honor which up to
that time no one had received."
Roiuau War Galleys

NOTES ON BOOK V, CHAPS. 1-23.
CHAP. 1.
1. consulibus : see 548. discedens ab: 'on leaving.' Italiam :

the province of Cisalpine (iaul {Gallia Citerior), in which Caesar
spent each winter, attending to its administration, ut : 'as,' in
which sense it takes the indie, legîonibus : see 577. quam
plurimas possent : sc. aedijicare ; 'as many as they could ' (66S. i).
For the mood of possent see 408. hieme : ' during the winter '
(621. i). uti aedificandas curarent : 'to have built' (613). For
the tense of curarent see 524. i.
2. Ad: 'for.' onerandi : trans, by 'in.' subductiones : cf. on
siccitates, IV, ch. 38, 2. facit humiliores : sc. eas. quamquibus:
'than those which'; sc. eas (242. a. i). nostro mari : the name
Mediterranean was not then in use. id eo magis : ' all the more
so'; with icZ sc. facit ('he does'), and cf. on hoc, IV, ch. 30, 1.
minus magnos : 'smaller.' fieri: 'are caused.' onera . . . trans-
portandam : for the agreement see 508. i. reliquis maribus : ' in
other waters,' meaning the Mediterranean, the various parts of
which were given separate names by the Romans.
3. actuarias : pred. adj. ; nares ac/uariae were swift galleys,
impelled by oars as well as b^' sails, fieri : for the infin. pa.ss. with
impero see 518. v. quam ad rem : 'to which end.'
4. Ea quae sunt : ' what is. ' Hispania : Spain was rich in iron
and material for ropes.
5. Ipse : in contrast with the legati of section 1, who were left to
carry out his orders, conventibus : the governor of a province
was also its supreme judge. lUyricum : another of Caesar's three
provinces, finitimam : i.e., to the Pirustae. audiebat : 'he heard';
the tense implies that the news came more than once.
7. nihil: 'none,' lit.? publico consilio : ' with the sanction of
the community {or state) ' ; as opposed to the work of irresponsible
^ 80
NOTES ON CAKSAR, BOOK V. 81
individuals, demonstrant : co-ordinate with mittunt, not with

doceant. omnibus rationibus : ' in every way.' de : 'for.'
8. ad: 'li}'.' diem: for the gender see on IV, ch. 36, 2.
fecerint : 'they do.' For the perf. subj. representing the fut.
perf. indie, in primary sequence, see 687. h.
9. ad diem: 'at tlie (appointed) day.' dat : 'he appoints.'
aestiment : ' assess. '
CHAP. 2.
2. circuitis . . . invenit; 'he visits . . . and finds.' studio: with
instructas.. in summa inopia : ' (although) amidst,' or freely ' in
spite of,' or 'altliough tliere was,' etc. cujus : sc. generis naves;
trans, freely ' which,' as though it were quod, the object oidemon-
stravimus. longas : sc. naves, neque multum, etc.: 'and that
they are also ready to be launched ' ; lit. 'and that it is not far
from this but that,' etc. (630. i. d). diebus : see 621.
3. Collaudatis : more emphatic than laudatis. (49, N. B. )
negotio : see 577. quid fieri velit : cf . on IV, ch. 23, 5. omnes :
sc.7iaves. portum Itium : the exact locality is unknown, milium:
see 383. b ; modifying trajecfum. huic rei : ' for this purpose,' i.e.,
for bringing the fleet safely to its appointed place, satis militum :
'an adequate force,' lit. ? (586. iii).
4. concilia : Caesar regularly established these councils or as-
semblies among the conquered tribes, whom he thus kept in
official relations with himself, veniebant, parebant : trans, by
'would not' (678. h). ,
CHAP. 3.
1. plurimum : adverb, equitatu: see 414. supra: Book III
speaks of 'the Treveri, who are next to the river Rhine.' The
last words of chap. 2 show why he here dwells on their position.
2. duo : 'two (rivals).' inter se : 'with each other' (662. ii).
3. alter: here 'the latter,' lit. 'the one.' cognitum est : see
556. se . . . futures : with confirmavit. in officio : ' true to their
allegiance,' lit. ? populi ; objective gen. (586. ii) ; trans, by
'with,' not 'of.'
4. cogere : depending on instituit, and connected by {iis)que

with parare. per: 'by reason of.' in armis esse: 'be under
arms,' or 'bear arms.' ingenti magnitudine : see 383; modify-
ing g'wae with the force of an appositive adj. ; freely 'which is of
vast extent and/ etc. medios : see 175.
5. Cingetorigis : cf. on populi, section 3. de suis privatim
rebus petere : ' to make requests on their own behalf/ lit. ? pri-
vatim :the position makes it almost equal to the adj. privatis.
civitati : see 578 ; in contrast wath suis privatim rebus, non pos-
sent : ' they felt unable '; for the mood see 640. i. ne : ' lest' or
' that'; for the subjunctive see 629.
6. sese noluisse : sc. 'saying' or 'to say/ implied in leyatos
■mittit (691); se.se refers to the subject of mittit. idcirco : ex-
plained byquo . . . laheretur. quo . . -. contineret : see 525. h.
ne . . . laberetur: 'lest . . . should' (386). discessu: abl. of time,
suggesting also the cause.
7. permitteret : see 688. in castra : see 618. \di. suas, civitatis :
both modifying yb?-)!!mas.
CHAP. 4.
1. qua de causa : 'why.' institute: ' original/ lit. ? omnibus

. . . comparatis : modifying the preceding words.
2. in: 'among.' filio: in apposition with Ms. evocaverat:
sc. Caesar, consolatus : sc. est ; because of the enforced exile
(as hostages) of himself and his kinsmen.
3. nihilo: see 598. principibus, hos : the same persons ; see 550.
ii. fn. quod: conjunction, cum . . . turn: ' not only . . . but
also.' merito . . . fieri: 'that he was treating him according
to his desert/ for a «eêW = se /acere, see 556. merito: see 415.
magni interesse : see 554. h. ii ; the subject is the clause
uuctoritatem, . . . valtrt. cujus . . . perspexisset : ' seeing that
he had observed his/ etc. ; or trans, ejus ciijns ' of a man whose' ;
for the mood see 665. suos : referring to ejus (657. i). tam :
omit in trans.
4. factum: noun. suam . . . minui: in apposition with id
/actum; 'that . . . should be lessened. ' quifuisset: 'whereas (or
NOTES OX CAESAR, BOOK V. 83
while) he Imd been' (tit»")), inimico animo : 'ill-disposed' {HH'A).

hoc dolore : 'at this grievance' (59.5); more lit. 'through indig-
nation at this.'
CHAP. ,5.
2. factae erant, erant profectae : for the mood see 070. i.
eodem : adverb, omnibus rebus : ' in all respects,' lit. ' witli all
things.'
3. numero : modifying milium; for the abl. see 414. milium :
modifying eqnitafits (38.3) ; trans. ' the cavalry, four thousand in
number.'
4. obsidum loco: 'as hostages,' lit. ? (618. v). cum abesset :
'while he was absent,' or ' during his absence,' for the fut. ind. of
the actual thought (687. h • 676. h).
CHAP. 6.
1. ante . . . dictum est : ' we have spoken before.' Book I tells

how four years before Dumnorix had stirred up hostility to Caesar
among the Aedui. Caesar had pardoned him, but had ever since
carefully watched his conduct, eum : sc. esse, animi : ' pride '
or ' ambition ' ; for the case see 383.
2. Accedebat hue quod : ' besides this 'or 'in addition ' ; more
lit. ' to this was added the fact that ' (640. vii). deferri : notice
the tense (327). quod dictum : 'a statement which.' neque : 'but
yet . . . not.'
3. factum: sc. esse, or as in ch. 4, 4. Ille : 'Dumnorix.'
omnibus: 'all manner of.' petere contendit : ' sought earnestly,'
lit. ? quod . . . timeret: 'on the ground that he was unaccustomed
. . . and dreaded'; for the mood see 640. navigandi : see 589.
diceret : for the mood see 672. i.
4. id : the request to be left behind, sibi: 'him'; indirect object.
5. territare : ' he kept alarming ' ; historical infin. (604) ; for
the form see 758. ii. fieri, esse : in trans, supply ' saying ' from
territare (691). ut . . . spoliaretur, ut . , . necaret : see 694
and fn. nobilitate : see 437. quos : trans, after its antecedent
hos (504. a), vereretur : see 670. ut . . . traductos necaret:
'to take over . . . and murder' (542. i. c; 550. ii).
6. reliquis : i.e., the other ^rmci/je-'* than himself, interponere,

poscere : cf. on territare, section 5. quod: 'whatever.- intel-
lexissent : for the mood and tense cf. on adisset, IV, ch. 20, 2.
ut . . . administrarent : giving the contents of the oath (522. c).
communi consilio : 'liy concerted action,' or more freely 'unite in
carrying out,' etc. deferebantur : not once only, hence imperf.
CHAP. 7.
1. tantum dignitatis tribuebat : ' had such respect,' lit? (586. iii).
coercendum : sc. esse, quibuscumque . . . posset : ' by whatever
means he could ' ; for the mood see 670.
2. longius: 'still farther,' ?.e., than at present, prospiciendum :
sc. Cfise sfatnehat (556). quid nocere : 'to do any harm'; for the
ace. see 571. i. sibi: i.e., Caesar, ne quid . . . posset: see 525. a.
3. commoratus : 'while waiting,' or 'as he was Maiting'; for
the tense see 540. fn. omnis : omit in trans, ut . . . contineret :
see 522. c : so cognosceret.
4. milites : the infantry, belonging to the Roman legions, as
opposed to the caval^}^ who were native auxiliaries.
5. impeditis : 'while . . . were occupied.' insciente Caesare :
' without Caesar's knowledge' (548). domum : ' for home' (618).
6. omnibusrebus: 'everything (else).' retrahi: cf. on^FeW, ch. 1,3.
7. vim faciat : 'offers violence' or ' makes resistance'; for fut.
indie, of direct discourse (687. h). se absente : 'in his {i.e.,
Caesar's) absence.' qui. . . neglexisset : ' seeing that he,' etc.;
for the mood of. on perspexisset, ch. 4, 3. praesentis : ' in his
presence '; lit. ' (of him) while present.' imperium : 'authority.'
8. enim : 'in fact.' Another reading is n«ê??i. clamitans : see
758. ii. liberum, liberae civitatis: both predicates of se esse;
trans, 'a free man and a citizen of a free state' (174).
9. erat imperatum : see 557. hominem : 'the fellow.'
CHAP. 8.
1. continente : elsewhere in Caesar continenfi with the regular
ahl. ending of an I-stera. pro tempore et pro re: 'as time and
circumstances might suggest,' lit. ' in accordance with,' etc.
NOTES ON CAESAR, BOOK V. 85
2. pari quern: 'the same as' (6G8). ad: 'about.' provectus, etc. :
'was carried forward . . . but as theM-ind fell . . . could not keep,'
etc. longius : 'too far' (593. iii). orta luce: 'at sunrise,' lit.?
(550. i). sub sinistra: 'on the left'; the current had carried the ves-
sels out of llieCliannel into the Xorth Sea. relictam: 'beliindliim.'
3. qua: '-where'; adv. See IV, ch. 23, 6. egressum : a noun.
4. admodum laudanda : 'deserving of great praise' or 'most
praiseworthy'; (450.?'). vectoriis . . . navigiis: 'with transport
ships, and those, too, heavily laden.' non intermisso : 'without
relaxing,' or trans. l)y principal clause co-ordinate with adae-
quarunt, for whi(4i see 755. i. a.
5. Accessum est navibus : 'the ships renched,' lit. ? (55fi) ; iiari-
huK is abl. of mer.n-. neque hostis : ' but r.o enenu .'
6. cum: 'altliough' (");;.']. «). quae cum annotinis, etc. ; 'of
which, including those of the previous year . . . eight hundred
were in sight'; for the nom. g»«e sec 586. vi. a. quisque : pro-
bably confined to rich ofificcrs and Gallic nobles, sui commodi :
'for his own convenience'; a predicate possessive gen. (586. i).
here expressing purpose. Some editions read sni commodi causa.
amplius octingentae ; for the case see 593. ii.
CHAP. 9.
1. castris : for the dat. see 404. ad : 'by' or ' near.' qui . . .
essent : ' to protect the ships,' lit. ? (431 and 388). de tertia
vigilia : 'early in the third watch'; cZe suggests that a portion
of the watch had passed. The third of the four night watches
would begin at midnight, eo minus: cf. on eo TiiagU, ch. 1,2.
navibus : see 578. relinquebat : notice the tense, et : omit in
trans. ; another reading is ci.
3. equitatu : see 596. iii. ex loco superiore : belonging to the
whole clause, not to 2»'ohihere. ; the north bank was higher than
the south, nostros prohibere : ' to check the advance of our men.'
4. egreg'ie munitum : ' well protected.' opere : ' by art,' lit.
' by fortification ' ; explained by section 5. ut videbantur : ' as it
seemed,' or ' apparently,' lit. ? (514. vii). causa : ' with a view to.'
6. ingredi prohibebant : cf . on IV, ch. '24, 1 .
7. testudine : a testudo was formed hj the soldiers holding their

shields over their heads so that they overlapped and formed a
continuous cover, which received its name from its resemblance
to a 'tortoise shell.' aggere : this was to put them on a level
with those defending the walls. ad: 'against' or 'close to.'
paucis: as in IV, ch. 37, 3.
8. eos : i.e., militef:, suVjject of prosequi, fugientes : object of
prosequi ; see 544. a. longûs ; cf. on ch. 8, 2, or on IV, ch. 26,
5. munitioni : see 404.
Testutlo (From Trajan's Column).
CHAP. 10.
1. postridie ejus diei mane: 'on the very next morning,' lit.
' on the morrow of that day in the morning.' in : 'on,' lit. ' with
a view to.' expeditionem : .'strictly, a rapid march of a flying
column of expediti (ch. 2, 4).
2. aliquantum itineris : 'some distance,' or 'a considerable
distance '; lit ? (586. iii). extrenii : 'only the last (or rearguard),'
i.e., of the troops sent out. in litore: another reading is in
litus (618. vi). neque subsisterent : 'would (or did) not hold';
for the mood see 670 ; for the tense see 678. h.
3. eo concursu : 'owing to the vessels thus colliding' or more lit.
'from the colliding thus resulting' ; eo refers to what is implied
in the preceding lines.
CHAP. 11
1. revocari : i.e., from pursuing the enemy, resistere : here
meaning ' to halt.' Another reading is itinere desistere (437)..
2. eadem fere quae : ' much the same state of affairs as ' (668).
sic : ' to this extent,' or ' with this qualification,' here in a limit-
ing sense, restricting the force of the previous words eadem . . .
perspicif., and explained by the following nt clause (529. v).
amissis, etc.: with concessive force; trans, b}' 'while.' reliquae
posse viderentur : ' the rest, it seemed, could,' lit. ? (514. vii).
4. scribit ut instituat : see 526. ii. quam plurimas posset : cf. on
eh. 1, 1. iis legionibus: 'with the aid of,' etc. (596. i). posset,
sunt : for the moods see 670. i. For the change of tense see 687. b. ii.
5. multae : for the agreement see 508. i. operae ac laboris :
trans, by 'involving'; see 586. viii. commodissimum : ' the best
plan.' naves subduci : see 124 or trans, by changing the voice.
6. ne nocturnis, etc. : freely ' without suspending the soldiers'
work even at night,' lit. ? ad : lit. ' with respect to.'
7. quas ante : sc. reliquerat.
8. summa imperii, etc. : ' the chief command and direction of
the campaign,' lit. 'the chief part of the command and of the
directing of the war.' summa : a noun, abl. absol. communi
consilio : 'by common consent.' dividit: trans, by changing the
voice, amari: i.e. , from the south shore where Caesar had landed.
9. Huic cum, etc. : ' between this man and the other states . . .
there had been (or had arisen)' : for the dat. see 577, as also for
hello imperioqne.
CHAP. 12.
1. quos . . . dicunt : qiios is subject of 7iatos (esse); proditum
(esse) depends on dicunt, and has for its subject quos natos (esse).
Trans. ' of whom they themselves state there is a tradition that
they were born,' or more freely ' who, according to their own
tradition, were born.' Another reading is ipsa, with in!<ula.

memoria : abl. of means.
2. pars : sc. incolitur. qui omnes : ' all of whom ' (586. vi. a).
iis : 'the.' quibus . . . pervenerunt : freely 'from which they
have sprung and have come there.' civitatibus : see 666. c.
3. aedificia : sc. stmt, consimilia : appositive, not predicative.
Gallicis : sc. aedificii»; ' those of the Gauls.'
4. aut . . . aut : ' partly . . . partly.' ad . . . examinatis : ' of
a fixed weight,' lit.? pro : 'as.'
5. mediterraneis : the tin mines of Cornwall are referred to,
Caesar mistaking the distant west, of which he had heard, for an
inland district, maritimis : iron was once mined in the south of
England, now chiefly in the north, ejus: i.e., iron, which, being
a hard metal to work, has generally been neglected by native
tribes, even where it is abundant, importato : in emphatic posi-
tion,the
' bronze they use is imported ' (502. a), cujusque :
' every,' lit. ? praeter, etc. : an error on Caesar's part.
6. fas : sc. esse, haec : neut. plur. referring to the animals
just mentioned, animi : 'amusement,' lit. ' the feelings.' Loca :
' the climate,' lit. 'the country.' remissioribus : 'less severe'
(261. d) J for the case see 548.
CHAP. 13.
1. natura : 'in shape' (414). triquetra: sc.est. cujus : 'of it.'

alter: ' one,' corresponding to i?i/erio»". ad: 'at.' quo: adverb,
appelluntur : ' put in.'
2. alteram: sc. latua ; 'the second side.' ad Hispaniam : as
the ancients had no compasses, and seldom sailed out of sight of
land, they easily fell into error as to the relative position of distant
places, qua ex parte : see 618. viii. dimidio minor : ' half as
large,' lit. ? (598). pari spatio, etc. : freeh' ' at the same distance
as the passage from Gaul to Great Britain ' ; lit. ' of the same
length of passage across as is (the passage across) from Gaul to
Britain.' For the abl. spatio see 383; with eat sc. transmissus ;
for atque see 668.
3. hoc medio cursu : ' the middle of this passage,' i.e. , to Ireland
(175). Mona: this name was afterwards given to Anglesea,
but probahly the Isle of Man is here meant, subjectae : so. efise.
insulae : the Hebrides or Orkney islands probably, nonnulli :
though Caesar was the first Roman to land in Britain, it had
been visited by Greeks. sub: 'at the time of.' bruma: for
bremma = brevissima, sc. dies, esse: the subject is ?ioc<e??i.
4. Nos : contrasted with nonnulli. For the plural see 652. ii ;
of. the xxfiQ oi demonslraviruus \n ch. 2, 2 and ch. 3, 1. reperie-
bamus : trans, by ' could ^; the tense implies frequent attempts
during Caesar's stay, nisi: 'except that.' certis mensuris : 'by
exact measurements.' ex aqua : 'by water,' i.e., with a water-
clock or clepnydra, which worked on the principle of the hour-glass.
5. ut . . . opinio: 'as their belief goes'; freely 'as the.y
believe.' illorum : referring to ?to/t?;?^Z^« of section 3. milium: sc.
passuum ; for the case see 586. viii.
6. Tertium : sc. I'lim. angulus : the same as alte.r angidus,
section 1. maxima: 'on the whole.' milia : see 231; another
reading is nii/imn, as in section 5. in : ' in '; the ace. because
of the notion of extending ovêr space.
7. vicies centum : ' two thousand ' (727. d). milium : for the
case cf. on section 5.
CHAP. 14.
1. qui: see 666. a. quae regie: see 666. h. ii. omnis: 'entirely.'
2. Interiores plerique : ' most of those in the interior' ; plerique,
an adj. modifying interiores, which is used as a substantive, lacte,
pellibus : see 145. sunt vestiti : see 656. iv, and 680. c. hoc :
' thus,' lit. ? aspectu : see 414.
3. Sunt : freely ' they have. ' capillo, parte ; .see 383. rasa :
trans, freely by the active voice.
4. Uxores communes : aec. Caesar is probably in error on
this point. deni duodenique : 'groups of ten or twelve.' For
-(/we, lit. 'and (in other cases),' cf. in English 'three and four
times a day.' inter se : omit in trans.
5. siqui: sc. Z?'ftfiri,- 'if anj^' (457). habentur: 'they are regarded,'
with pied. nom. liberi (Ô'd. c). quo; mlv. ~ ad qnos ; 'to whom.'
90 iMATRICULATIOX LATIN.
CHAP. 15.
1. tamen ut : 'yet so that.' omnibus partibus : ' ever j'where,'
' at all points. ' fuerint, compulerint : for the tense see 529. ii.
2. compluribus : i.e., of the Britons, cupidius : see 593. ill.
3. illi : see 653. vii. spatio : i.e., of time; cf. section 4. castro-
rum : a camp was made at the end of each day's march.
4. missis: trans, by 'when.' subsidio : 'to their aid' (431).
atque his : ' and these too.' primis : apparently the first cohort
of a legion was its best, cum: 'although.' intermisso loci spatio :
' with or (more lit.) leaving an interval.' inter se : with intcrmi'<80.
perterritis : tran.s. by 'as.' per medios: 'between tliem,' i.e.,
through the perexiguum spatium. seque . . . receperunt: not
meaning that 'the}'' got away,' as the last words of section 5 show,
but that 'they got back again' to their original position.
CHAP. 16.
1. dimicaretur : see 556. nostros : the legionary soldiers, as
contrasted with equites, section 2 ; subject of esse, cedentes : ace. ;
'the retreating enemy' (544. a), possent : see 670. ab signis
discedere : they had been trained to fight in solid ranks only,
minus : ' not well' or 'ill.' ad : 'to face.'
2. autem: 'while.' proelio : see 145. illi: 'theenemy.' cade-
rent : see 670. cum : ' wlienever. ' removissent : for the mood
and tense see 642 and 687. /'. nostros : here = equites.
3. Equestris : with proelii. autem: 'moreover.' ratio: 're-
gular method,' or 'ordinary style'; in opposition to the unfamiliar
tactics described in the last line of section 2. cedentibus, inse-
quentibus : either dat. of the participle, referring to the Romans,
or perhaps abl. absolute with Britannia understood. In either
case Caesar is thinking of the danger to his own native cavalry,
due to the superiority of the British horsemen, par atque idem :
'exactly the same'; emphasis is secured by repetition ; cf. ch.
22. 5. inferebat: 'brought' or 'involved' (678. h).
4. Accedebat hue ut . . . proeliarentur : cf. on ch. 6, 2 ; see
528. h and 698. d. intervallis : see 596. iii. stationes : ' reserves
or supports.' alios alii: 'one another' (662. ii). exciperent :
' relieved.' -que : ' and thus.'
NOTES OS CAESAR, BOOK V. 91
CHAP. 17.
1. rari : ' here and there ' (705. d). lenius : ' with less vig-or. '
2. tres : an unusualW hirge force; cf. IV, ch. 32, 1. cum:
'under.' sic uti . . . absisterent : 'so as to attack even the
standards,' etc. ; lit.? Thej' did not hesitate to attack even the
main body escorting the actual foragers, signa, as in ch. Ifi, 1,
represents the regular formation of the legionary soldiers.
3. subsidio: for abl. (= 'in') with con^si see 600. rf. praecipites :
predicate ace. egerunt : see 649. a.
4. sui colligendi : see 611. iv.
5. Ex: 'after.' quae . . . auxilia : the ninjm-es copiae of ch.
11,8. discesserunt : ' dis1)anded.' summis copiis : 'with their
full force,' or ' in full force ' (596. iii).
CHAP. IS.
1. consilio : that, apparently, wliich is described in ch. 19.
Tamesim : for the ace. in -im, see 718. i. in fines : see 618. vii.
hoc: 'here,' 'at this'; sc. loco.
2. animum advertit : a,\so written aiiimadrertit. ad: 'on.'
3. praefixis : driven into the face of the bank, defixae : driven
into the bed of the river.
5. ea, eo: 'such' (653. ii). cum . . . exstarent: 'although
they had only their heads above the water,' lit. ? (598). -que : ' but. '
CHAP. 19.
1. ut demonstravimus : with deposita spe. supra: ch. 17, 5,
amplioribus copiis : ' the greater part of his forces,' lit. ? relictis :
trans, freely by ' kept.' servabat : for the force of this and the suc-
ceeding imperfects see 678. h. quibus: 'where,' or 'through which.'
2. cum: 'whenever.' ejecerat: for the mood and tense see 642.
liberius : with ejecerat : for the meanjng see 593, iii ; so lat.iua and
longius, section 3. viis : see 596. ii. periculo equitum : ' danger
to cavalry'; for the gen. see 586. ii. hoc metu: 'through fear of
this' or 'by the fear thus inspired,' lit. ? Cf. hoc dolore, ch. 4, 4.
3. Relinquebatur ut . . . pateretur : ' the onlj^ course left Caesar
was to forbid his men to leave,' etc. For id pateretur as subject
92 MATRICULATION LATIX.
clause see 694 ; for discedi see 556. tantum noceretur : freely ' to
do as much harm' (571. i ; 557). in : 'in the way of,' freely ' by.'
labore atque itinere : 'by laborious marching' (hendiadys), con-
trasted with the dashing- cavalry raids. The whole clause may be
rendered freely ' as the legionaries' powers of enduring hard
marching would allow.'
CHAP. 20.
1. Trinobantes : with mittunt, section 2. ex qua . . . vita-
verat : this parenthesis may be translated after leyafos . . . mit-
tunt, section 2, and broken at cvjus pnfer, thus : ' The Trinobantes
sent, etc. ; from this state, etc. ; his father, etc. ; they promise,
etc' fidem secutus : 'attaching himself to' or 'seeking the
protection of,' lit.? cf. IV, ch. 21, 8. continentem Galliam : ' the
mainland of Gaul' (588). obtinuerat : avoid 'obtain' (705. c).
ipse: 'while he himself,' or 'but who himself (664. 1).
2. sese dedituros : sc. se as subject, sese being object (514. x).
3. Cassivellauni : ' on the part of C or 'at the hands of C
(429. c). mittat qui praesit : 'to send (someone) to govern' (666. a).
4. exercitui : see 578. ad numerum : ' to the required number.'
Note the asyndeton in the last sentence (as also with ipse in sec-
tion ).
1 Note, too, his, eos and illi used of the same persons.
CHAP. 21.
1. defensis : i.e., against Cassivellaunus. militum : cf. on Cas-
sireUauiii, ch. 20, 3.
2. his : sc. legcitis, from legationihus. quo : adverb, satis
magnus : ' a considerable.' convenerit: for the mood and tense
see 670 ; 687. b.
3. autem: 'now.' oppidum vocant : 'call it a town'; the object
of vocant is found in the clause cum . . . munierunt. The Gauls,
on the other hand, dwelt in regular towns, silvas impeditas :
'a piece of woods difficult of access.' munierunt: see 642.
4. opere : cf. on ch. 9, 4. ex : ' on ' (618. viii). hunc: 'it';
lit. ' this (place).'
5. morati : ' after holding out." non tulerunt : 'could not with-
stand.'
NOTES ON CAESAR, BOOK V. 9.3
6. repertus : sc. eM. multi : ' many (of the enemy).' in fuga :
'while trying to escape.'
CHAP. 22.
1. quibus regionibus- praeerant : 'and over which . . . ruled'
(577). his: i.e., the kings, navalia castra : seech. 11, 5.
2. incolumes : ace. with smos ; siu'.is here identical with noslri.
3. per : ' through the mediation of (596. i). de : 'to offer.'
4. neque multum : 'and little.' id := non 77mltum aeaiatis, ' tha,t
little.' in annos singulos : 'yearly,' lit. 'for the years one by
one.' vectigalis : see 586. iii. penderet : 'should pay'; for the
mood and tense see 625. c, and 687. b.
5. interdicit atque imperat : emphatic repetition (cf. on ch. 10,3);
'he strictly forbids ... to harm,' or 'he expressly orders . . .
not to harm.' neu : 'or,' lit. ? (526. i. )
CHAP. 23.
3. tanto numero : see IV, ch. 22, 3 and 4, and V, ch. 2, 2, and
ch. 8, 6. tot navigationibus : ' although there were {or in spite of)
so many passages' (548). portaret : 'had on board'; the sub-
junctive may be by attraction (673) (so remifterentur, section 4, but
not curaverat, which is not so essential a part of the sentence)
or it may perhaps be characteristic (530).
4. et . . . et: dividing these empty vessels into two classes, to
the latter of which mitterenfur, not r emitter entur, would more
strictly apply ; trans. ' both those which had made the first trip
. . . and those which,' etc. prioris commeatus : sc. ex nainbiis
(383), postea : i.e., after Caesar had set out for Britain with the
fleetbuilt during the winter, faciendas curaverat : cf. on ch. 1, 1.
numero : for the abl. see 414. sexaginta : ace. agreeing with
quas. locum caperent : 'reached their destination,' i.e. , Britain.
caperent, rejicerentur : with sic accidit uti (371).
5. quod: 'for.' necessario collocavit : cf. on IV, ch. 28, 3.
angustius : trans, by 'rather' or 'somewhat' (593. iii).
6. summa : here trans, 'dead.' consecuta : see 550. i. cum
solvisset : freely ' he set sail . . . and. ' inita vigilia : ' at the
beginning of the watch,' abl. absol.
Transport .ship.
INDEX OF POINTS OF SYNTAX AND ACCIDENCE
IN CAESAR, B. G. IV. 20— V. 23.
A. Case Constructions.
Nominative: in apposition, iv. 22, 1. — in predicate, iv. 32, 1;

V. 9, 6 ; 11,8; 13, 3 ; 14, 5 ; 16, 4 ; 17, 1.— of personal
pronoun, iv. 25, 3 ; v. 13, 4 ; and ille or illi often.
Genitive: (a) possessive; in predicate, v. 8, 6. — with postridie, v.
10, 1 ; with causa, v. 9, 4 ; 12, 6, and often with gerund
or gerundive.
(b) subjective ; iv. 27, 3 ; 33. 1 ; 34, 1 ; 35, 2 ; v. 2, 2 ; 3, 6 ;
8, i2; 8, 3; 10, 3; 11, 6; 22, .3.
(c) objective; iv. 20, 4 ; 22, 2 ; 28, 2 ; 29, 3 ; 31, 1 ; 32, 1 ; 37,
1; V. 3, 3 ; 3, 5 ; 6, 4 ; 9, 8 ; 19, 1 ; 19, 2.— with adjec-
tives iv.
; 22, 1 ; 24, 4 ; v. 6, 1 ; 6, 3.
(d) partitive; with neuter.s, iv. 21, 9 ; 22,3; .32,2; v. 1, 7;
2, 3; 7, 1; 10,2; 22, 4 (twice).— with milia, iv. 37, 2
and often passuum, as v. 2, 3 ; 13, 7. — with superlatives ;
V. 3, 1 ; 15, 4; 20, 1.— in predicate; v. 7, 8.
94
INDEX OP SYNTAX AND ACCIDENCE. 95
(e) qtiality ; iv. 22, 1 ; 38, 5 ; v. 2, 2 ; 2, .3 ; 5, 3 ; 12, 5 ; 16,

1; 18,3; 23, 4.— in predicate; v. 6, 1 ; 11, 5; 13, 5;
13, 7.
(f) price; iv. 21, 7 ; v. 4, 3.
Dative: (a) indirect object ; iv. 22,1; v. 6,4; 18,5; and of ten. —
with adjectives ; iv. 20, 2 ; 21, 7 ; 29, 1 ; v. 9, 1 (?) ; 12,
3. — with special intransitive verbs, iv. 21, 2; 21,5; 21,
8 ; 27, 5 ; v. 1, 1 ; 2, 4 ; 7, 2 ; 19, 3 ; 22, 1 ; 22, 5 (twice).
[Impero with dat. and ace, iv. 22, 2 ; v. 1,6; 20, 4]. —
with compound verbs ; iv. 25, 6 ; 26, 1 ; 28, 2 ; v. 2, 3 ;
11, 9; 16, 4; 22, 1.; and combined with ace, v. 1, 1 ; 9,
1; 11, 9.
(b) interest ; iv. 25, 3 ; 26, 4 ; 36, 2 ; v. 3, 5 ; 9, 1 ; 20, 4.
(c) purpose ; iv. 29, 4 ; 31, 2 ; v. 1, 4 ; 2, 3 ; 9, 1 (?) ; 9, 8 ;
15, 4.
(d) interest mid piirpose {double dative) ; iv. 20, 2; 25, 1; 37,
2; V. 9, 1; 11, 7.
(e) possession (with desum), iv. 26, 5 ; 30, 1.
(f) apparent agent ; iv. 24, 2.
Accusative: (a) predicate ace; iv. 21, 7 ; 23,2; 26, 2 ; 26, 4;
37, 1 ; v. 1, 2 ; 1, 3 ; 16, 4 ; 17, 3 ; 21, 3 ; 22, 2 ; 23, 1 ;
23, 6.
(b) limit of motion ; iv. 21,^6; v. 7,5.
(c) extent of space ; iv. 23, 6 ; v. 9, 2 ; 10, 2; 11, 8; 13, 1;
13, 6.
(d) duration of time ; iv. 34, 4; v. 7, 3 (twice); 13, 3.
(e) adverbial ; v. 1, 3 ; 2, 2 ; 3, 1 ; 7, 2 ; 14, 1 ; 19, 3.
(f) with propius ; iv. 28, 2.
Ablative : (a) separation ; iv. 21, 9 ; 24, 1 ; 30, 2 (twice) ; 34, 5 ;
V. 6, 5 ; 11, 1 (?).
(b) cause ; iv. 34, 1 ; v. 4, 4.
(c) comparison ; iv. 37, 3 (?).
(d) means or instrument ; iv. 22, 4 ; 24, 2 ; 25, 1 ; 25, 2 ; 26,
4 ; 27, 1 ; 28, 3 ; 29, 2 ; 29, 4 ; 31, 3 ; 32, 5 ; 33, 3 ; 35,
1; 35, 3; 37, 1; v. 1, 5; 1, 8 ; 5, 2 ; 6, 3; 6, 5 ; 7, I ;
8, 4 ; 8, 5 ; 9, 4 ; 11,4; 12, 1 ; 13, 4 ; 14, 2 ; 15, 1 ; 16,
2 ; 17, 1 ; 18, 5 ; 19, 1 ; 19, 2 (twice) ; and often.— with
utor often ; in iv. 38, 2, with double abl.
(e) measure of difference ; iv. 22,4; v. 13,2; so multd, v.

4, 4 ; nihilo, v. 4, 3 ; 7, 3 ; and pauIo, iv. 23, 2, and often.
Hoc or eo with comparatives, iv. 30, 1 ; v. 1, 2 ; 9, 1 ;
14, 2.
(f) specification ; v. 3, 1 ; 5, 3 ; 13, 1 ; 14, 2 ; 23, 4.
(g) manner and attendant circumstances ; iv. 2.5, 4 ; 27, 3 ; 28,
1 ; 31, 3; 33, 1 ; v. 1, 7 ; 2, 2 ; 11, 2; 16, 2; 16, 4; 18,
1; 18, 5; 23, 2; of accordance; v. 1, 7 ; 4, 3 ; 6, 6 ;
11, 8.
(h) accompaniment ; iv. 24, 1 ; v. 9, 3 ; 17, 5.
(i) qiMlity; v. 3, 4 ; 4, 4 ; 13, 2 ; 14, 3.
(j) p'ace where ; iv. 34,2; v. 5,4; 15, 1 ; 18, 1 ; 19, 1 ; with
confido, v. 17, 3.
(k) timevhen; iv. 20, 1; .34, 1 ; v, 3, 6; 23, 6 ; and often
with words expressing time ; (but not consulibus, v. 1,
1 ; mce, V. 8, 2 ; vigUia, v. 23, 6).
(1) time ivithin which ; iv. 27, 6 ; 37, 3 (?) ; v. 2, 2.
(m) ahsolide ; concessive ( = although) ; iv. 20, 4; 31, 3; 34,
2; V. 11, 2; 2.3, 3.— conditional ( = (/■) ; iv. 30, 2.— with
pres. partic. ; iv. 25,3; v. 7,7; 16, 3 (?). — with deponent
perf. partic. ; iv. 26,5; v. 8,2; 10, 2 (twice) ; 23,6.—
with noun or adj. as predicate ; iv. 20, 1 ; 23, 6 ; 24, 2 ;
24, 3 ; 28, 3 ; 32, 5 ; 36, 2 (twice) ; v. 1, 1 ; 7, 5 ; 12, 6 ;
15, 3; 23, 3.— with negative; v. 8, 4 ; 11, 6. — referring
to object in ace; iv. 21, 6 ; v. 4, 3. — with subject
omitted ; v. 16, 3 (?).
B. Modal Constructions.
(a) Final or purpose clauses : adverbial ; with ut or ne ; v. 3, 6
4, 1 -^ 8, 1 ; 10, 1 ; 23, 5 ; with quo ; v. 3, 6. — relative ; iv.
21, 5 ; 22, 1 ; V. 1,7; 1, 9 ; 9, 1 ; 10, 2 ; 20, Z.— substantival
iv. 21, 2 ; 21, 6 ; 21, 8 ; 25, 3 ; 25, 5 ; 27, 4 ; v. 1, 1 ; 4, 2
6, 3 ; 6, 4 ; 6, 5 ; 6, 6 ; 7, 2 ; 7, 3 ; 8, 3 ; 11,4; 20, 3 ; 22, 1
22, 5 (with neu); with ut omitted; iv. 21, 8; 23, 5.— with
vereor; v. 3, 5. — with qu5minus, iv. 22, 4. — with quia,
v. 2, 2.
(b) Consecutive or result clauses : adverbial ; iv. 23, 3 ; 28, 2 ;
33, 2; 33, 3; v. 11, 2 (restrictive); 1.5, 1 ; 17, 2; 18, 5.—
substantival; iv. 29, 1 : 31, 3; 35, 1 ; v. 6, 5 ; 16, 4 ; 19, 3;
23 3 and 4.
INDEX OF SYNTAX AND ACCIDENCE. 97
(c) Relative clauses of characteristic; iv. 21, 9; 29, 4 ; 34, 4;

38, 2 ; V. 23, 3 and 4 (?),
(d) Indirect questions ; iv. 20, 4 ; 21, 9 ; 23, 5 ; 34, 5 ; v. 2, 3 ;
3, 3 ; 4, 1 ; 8, 1 ; 9, 1.— deliberative ; v. 22, 4.
(e) Relative claOses [see also under a, c, g, i.]. — often with qui or
ut(=a.s)aud the indie. — in itidirect discourse in subj.; iv.
21, 8 ; 22, 1 ; 23, 5 ; 27, 1 ; 32, 1 (twice) ; v. 1,1; 6, 5 ; 6,
6 ; 7, 1 ; 11, 4 ; 21, 2.— in subj. by attraction, v. 23, 3 and
4 (?). — in indie, tliough with indirect discourse; iv. 30, 1 ;
31, 1 ; 31, 2; ,32, 2 (twice) ; 35, 1 ; v. 5, 2 (twice) ; 11,
4. — with quicumque, iv. 26, 1 (indie.) ; v. 7, 1 (subj. in in-
direct discourse).
(f) Temporal clauses : ubi and indie; iv. 25, 1 ; 26, 2 (frequen-
tative); V. 9, 1. — simul (atque) and indie; iv. 26, 5; 27,
1 ; V. 3, 3. — posteaquam and indie; iv. 37, 4 ; v. 3, 5 ; 6,
4. — postquam and indie; iv. 28, 1. — dum {-lohile) and
indie; iv. 22, 1 ; 32, 1 ; 34, 3; v. 22, 1.— dum ( = until)
and sul>j.; iv. 23, 4. — quoad and indie; v. 17, 3. — prius-
quam and subj. ; iv. 21, 1. — cum, frequentative and indie;
iv. 33, 1 ; V. 19, 2 ; 21, 3 ; with subj. in indirect discourse ;
v. 16, 2.— cum and subj.; iv. 25, 4; 25, 6 ; 26, 4 ; 28, 2;
32, 3 ; 37, 1 ; 37, 2 ; V. 1, 6 ; 2, 2 ; 10, 2 ; 16, 1 ; 17, 2 ; 18,
2 ; 22, 2 ; 23, 5 ; 23, 6 ; in v. 5, 4, in indirect discourse for
the fut. indie
(g) Causal clauses : often with quod and indie. — with quod and
subj. in indirect discouise ; iv. 22, 1 ; 27, 5 ; v. 6, 3
(twice, diceret exceptional); 10, 2 ; 16, 1 ; 16, 2. — with
quoniam and sulij., in virtual indirect discourse ; v. 3, 5. —
with cum and subj.; iv. 23, 2; 28, 3 ; 29, 3 ; 30, 1 ; 31,
3 ; 32, 1 ; 38, 2 ; v. 17, 3 ; 22, 4.— with qui and subj.; iv.
23, 5; V. 4, 3; 7, 7.— with ^\ioA = the fact that; v. 6, 2.
(h) Conditional clauses : in direct discourse ; iv. 25, 3 ; v. 13,
4. — in indirect discourse ; iv. 20, 2 (twice) ; 33, 2 (perhaps
attraction) ; 34, 5 ; 35, 1 ; 37, 1 ; v. 1, 8 ; 3, 7 ; 7, 7.
(i) Concessive or adversative clauses : with etsi and indie; iv.
20, 1 ; 31, 1 ; 35, 1 ; V. 4, 1 ; 11, 5.— with cum and subj.:
iv. 24, 3 ; 27, 3; 27, 5 ; V. 8, 6 ; 15, 4 ; 18, 5.— with qui and
subj. ; V. 4, 4.
(j) Infinitive: complementary; with polliceor, iv. 21, 5; with
imperd, v. 1, 3; 7, 6.— with prohibeo, iv. 24, 1 ; v. 9,-6;
19, 2. — with vereor, v. 6, 5.
V?S MATRICULATION LATTN.
171 indirect discourse; introduced informall}^ r. 3, 6 ; 6, 5. —

with subj. ace. omitted, iv. 27, 1 ; 27, 5; v. 20, 2. — with
statuo, V. 7, 1; 11,5. — substantival; iv. 30, 2; v. 4, 3 ;
4, 4; 11, 5; 12, Q.— historical ; v. 6, 5 ; 6, 6.
(k) Gerund : genitive ; with causa, v. 6, 2 ; 17, 2 ; 19, 2 ; with
other nouns, iv. 29, 2 ; v. 1, 2 ; 6, 4 ; 8, 4 ; 17, 3 ; 17, 4 ;
with adjective, v. 6, 3. — accusative ; M^th ad, iv. 23, 1 ; 23,
4; 29, 3; V. 5, 2.— ablative; with in, iv. 32, 5.
(1) Gerundive: as mere predicate adj., v. 8, 4. — passive peri-
phrasticiv.
; 22, 2 ; 24, 2 ; 36, 2 ; v. 7, 1 ; 7, 2.— gerundive
construction ; genitive, with causa, iv. 22, 1 ; 30, 2 ; v. 12,
2 ; 21, 3,— with other nouns, iv. 22, 2 ; 34, 5 ; v. 11, 8.—
with sui, iv. 34, 5 ; v. 17, 4. — accusative, with ad, iv. 20,
2 ; 21, 1 ; 22, 3 ; 29, 4 ; 31, 2 ; 34, 2 ; v. 1, 2 ; 1, 4 ; 7, 6.—
ablative, with in, iv. 27, 4 ; v. 19, 3. — predicatively, with
euro, iv. 29, 2 ; v, 1, 1 ; 23, 4 ; with do, iv. 22, 5.
(m) Supine : in -um, iv. 32, 1 ; in -u, iv. 30, 2.
(n) Participles : used as substantives, iv. 27, 3 ; v. 4, 3 ; 4, 4 ;
6, 3 (?) ; 9, 8 ; 16, 1 ; 16, 3 (?) ; 16, 4 ; 20, 2 ; 20, 4.— used
as adj. and compared, v. 12, 6. — as predicative complement,
iv. 23, 2 ; 26, 2 ; 26, 4 ; 37, 1 ; v. 2, 2 ; 16, 4 ; 23, 1.—
present part., iv. 25, 3 ; 26, 2 ; 26, 4 ; 37, 1 ; v. 1, i j 7,
7 (twice). — perfect partic. with future reference, iv. 27,
6; 30, 2; v. 6, 5 ; 22, 1. — perfect partic. with force of
present, v. 7, 3 ; and often with verbs of thinking.
C. Use of Tenses.
Present : historical present : with primary sequence, iv. 21, 2 ;
21, 5; 21, 8; and often with secondary sequence, iv. 21,
9 ; V. 1, 1 ; 11, 2 ; 22, 4 ; with shift of sequence, v. 7,
7; 11, 4. — present subj., in indirect discourse for fut.
indie; v. 7, 7.— with dum ( = ivhile) ; iv. 22, 1 ; 32, 1 ; 34,
3 ; V. 22, 1.
Imperfect : as past progressive, iv. 29, 2 ; v. 3, 2. — of repeated
or habitua} action (or repeated failure), iv. 20, 4 ; 25, 3 ;
26, 1-4; 31, 2; V. 1, 5; 2, 4 ; 6, 6 ; 10, 2; 13, 4; 16, 2 ;
16,3; 19,1; 19, 2.— inceptive, iv. 31, 2 (comparubai).—
conative ; iv. 24, 1 ; v. 9, 6. — with peculiar force, accedebat
and relinquebatur,^ iv. 22, 4 ; v. 6, 2 ; 16, 4 ; 19, 3. — imperf.
suljj. in indirect discourse for fut. indie; iv. 20, 2 ; v. 5, 4.
1 In view of the literal meaning of tJiese verbs, we should expect the
pluperfect.
INDEX OF SYNTAX AND ACCIDENCE. 99
Perfect : rendered by present (consuevi), iv. 24, 1 ; 29, 1 ; 33,

3; V. 1,2; 7,3; 21, 3. — -in frequentative clauses, iv. 33,
1; V. 14, 5; 21, 3. — |)erf. sul)j., in clause of result; v.
15, 1. — perf. subj., in indirect discourse for fut, perf. indie;
V. 1, S.
Pluperfect : rendered by past (consueveram), iv. 24, 4 ; v. 1, 1. —
in frequentative clauses, iv. 26, 1 ; 26, 4; v. 16, 2; 19,
2. — plupf. subj. in indirect discourse for fut. perf. indie.,
iv. 20, 2 ; 22, 1 ; 27, 1 ; 34, 5 ; 3.5, 1 ; v. 6, 6.— usi fuerant,
iv. 38, 2. — dispositas haberent, v. 16, 4.
Future perfect : iv. 25, 3.
D. Miscellaneous.
(a) impersonal passive ; iv. 23, 2 ; 24, 2 ; 26, 1 ; 27, 4 ; 28, 1
(twice) ; 29, 4 ; 31, 3 ; 35, 1 ; v. 3, 3 ; 4, 3 ; 6, 1 ; 7, 2 ; 7,
9 ; 8, 5 ; 1'6, 1 (twice) ; 19, 3 (thrice).
(b) passive with reflexive force ; iv. 32, 2 ; v. 14, 2.
(c) videor and dicor used personally ; v. 2, 4 ; 9,4; 11,2.
(d) necesse est, iv. 29, 3 ; oportet, iv. 29, 4 ; interest, v. 4, 3.
;e) quam with superlative; iv. 21, 2 ; v. 4, 3; with possum
added, v. 1, 1 ; 11, 4.
(f) comparative with standard of comparison unexpressed ; iv.
20, 4 ; 23, 2 ; 25, 1 ; 26, 5 ; 30, 1 ; 32, 3 ; 35, 2 ; v. 7, 2 ;
8, 2 ; 9, 8 ; 15, 2 ; 16, 1 ; 19, 2 (twice) ; 19, 3 ; 23, 5.
(g) amplius with quam omitted ; iv. 37, 3 ; v. 8, 6.
(h) distributive numerals; v. 6, 4 ; 14, 4; 22, 4. — numeral ad-
verb; V. 13, 7.
|i) relative pronoun and pronominal adjective [see also under
Modal Constructions, a, c, e, g, i].
with coordinating force ; iv. 23, 3 ; 24, 4 ; and often ; in adver-
bial dependent clause; iv. 23, 2; 25, 1 ; 28, 2 ; and often. — with
antecedent omitted (=is qu7) ; iv. 22, 3; 25, 3; 27, 1 ; 31,
2 ; 34, 3 ; V. 1,2 (twice) ; 2, 3 ; 6, 6 ; 14, 1 ; 20, 3.— with
antecedent repeated ; iv. 32, 1 ; v. 2, 3 ; 12, 2 ; 13, 3. —
with antecedent following; iv. 26, 4 ; 31, 2 ; v. 6, 5 ; 17,
5. — with antecedent incorporated into relative clause; iv.
21, 4; 21,8; 24, 1 ; 29, 1 ; 31, 2; v. 6,2; 14, 1; 22,
1.— quicumque, iv. 26, 1 ; v. 7, 1. — idem qui, iv. 24, 4 ;
35, 1 ; 36, 4; V. 11, 2; 11, 7.— par qui, v. 8, 2 [par atque,
V. 13, 2]. — tantus quantus, iv. 35, 3 ; v. 19, 3; with tantus
omitted, iv. 21, 9.
(j) is {=such): V. 18, 5. — h5c metu = hujus rei metu ; v. 19,

2 ; similarly 4, 4.
(k) ille, marking change of subject ; iv. 24, 3; 27, 3; 27, 6; 33,
2 ; 37, 2 ; V. 6, 3 ; 7, 8 ; 7, 9 ; 9, 3 ; 15, 3 ; 15, 5 ; 16, 2 ;
20,4.
(1) indefinite pronouns and pronominal adjectives : quis (qui) ; v.
7,2; 14, 5.— quisquam ; iv. 20, 3 (tvi'ice). — iillus ; iv. 29,
2; 32,1; v. 23, 3.— niillus; iv. 28, 2; v. 13, 6.— aliquis;
iv. 26, 2 ; .32, 2.— nonniilli ; v. 3, 5 ; 13, 3 ; 15, 2 ; 23, 2.—
alius ; iv. 26, 3 ; 29, 4 ; v. 11, 3 ; 21, 5 ; repeated, iv. 26,
1 ; 28, 2; v. 16, 4.— alter ; v. 3, 3; 1.3, 1 ; 18, 2; { = the
second) 13, 2. — ceteri ; v. 6, 1. — quisque ; v. 8, 6; 12,5;
14, 5. — uterque ; iv. 26, 1.
(m) inter se : (=one another) ; iv. 25, 5 ; 30, 1 ; v. 3, 2 ; 14, 4.
(n) post diem quartum quam ; iv. 28, 1.
(o) cum . . tum ; v. 4, 3.
(p) ne . . . quidem ; v. 11, 6.
(q) inquit ; iv. 25, 3.
(r) medius ; iv. 36, 3 ; v. 3, 4 ; 8, 2 ; 13, 3.
(s) adjective with adverbial force; v. 9, 6 ; 16, 4 ; 17, 1.
(t) plural of abstract nouns ; iv. 38,2; v. 1,2.
(u) first plural = /; nos, v. 6, 1; 13, 4 ; cf. also, v. 2, 2 ; 3, 1;
19, 1 ; 22, 1.
(v) concords: apposition; v. 3,4; 4, 2; 20, 1 (twice). — agreement
with nearer noun; iv. 24, 4 ; v. 1, 2; 11, 5. — sense con-
structioniv.
; 36, 4.
E. Accidence.
(a) third declension, I-stems ; accus. in -im, v. IS, 1 ; abl. in -i,

navi ; iv. 21, 9, and often ; continent!, iv. 31, 2, and often,
but continente, v. 8, 1.
(b) jiisjiirandum ; v. 6, 6 ; res piiblica, iv. 25, 3 ; v. 7, 2 ; vis,
vires, iv. .35, 3; v. 7, 7 ; l", 2; fas, v. 12, 6; locus, loca,
v. 8, 6, and often.
(c) firmiter ; iv. 26, 1.
(d) nobiscum ; v. 17, 5 ; secum, iv. 32, 2 ; 35, 1 ; v. 5, 4 ; 6, 1.
(e) frequentative verbs ; iv. 32, 1 ; v. 6, 4 ; 7, 8.
(f) contracted verbal forms ; iv. 20, 2 ; 22, 1 ; 24, 1 ; 24, 4 ; 25,
6 ; 27, 1 ; 27, 5 ; 33, 3 ; v. 1, 1 ; 8, 4 ; 21, 3 ; 23, 5.
VOCABULARY
acutiis, a, uiii, sharj), jiointed.

ad, prep, with ace, to, towards;
a, ab, prep, with abl., (a before with a view to, for; according
consonants ; ab before vowels to; near, by, in, among.
and consonants), away from, ad.ieqiio, are, avi. alum, equal.
from, at a distance of; by; on
the side of, at, on, in. ad-dueo, ere, -dfixl. -diirtuni,
bring, bring in; draw towards,
ab-4ir>, ore, «Urti, -dltiini. hide. pull taut; induce, influence,
conceal.
abl-es, -ells. t.,ji7'. force.
adeiupliis, a, iim,from adliiio.
ab-Jleir». ere, -jeei. jeetHiii. ad-eo, ire, -ii (-ivi), -Itiiiii. visit;
throir airuy. reach, get at; approach.
ab.s-oidu, ere, -cidi, -eisuni, cut, ad-lgu,
cut away. cast. ere, -egi, -actum. hu7-l,
ab.seii»«, -eiilis, (pres. part, of ab- ad-liiio,' ere, -emi, -eniplum, take
saiii) absent. mruy, destroy.
ab-»ilstrt, ere, -stltl, withdraw, adilus, u«i, m., approach, access,
keeji au-ay from, hesitate to means of approach, landing-
attack.
absnni, abesse, aful, he ab.sent, ad-Jlelo,
place. ere, -Jeei, -jeetuiu, cast;
be wanting; be far, be distant. throw up,inle up.
ac (shorter form for atqiie. used ad-juvo, jire, -juvi, -Jfituiii,
only before vowels), and, and assist, help; be of assistance.
further: in comparisons, than,as. admlnlstro, are, avi, alniii,
ae-oed». ere, -eessi, -eessniu, ap- carry out, execide, attend to,
proach, draw near, come up; manaye.
(used as passive of addf») he
added. ad-nilttr», ere, -misi, -niissum,
ac-cidft, ere, -eldi, befall, happen. allow, incur,
admoduiii, adv., suXf'er.
very, very nuich,
occur. exceedingly.
ae-elpio, ere, -cepi, -ceptuni, ad-orior, iri, -ortns sum, attack.
receive, admit; suffer, meet tinth; assault.
accept; hear.
aeelivlISs, -tatls. f., ascent, slope. .4dnatnei, orum, m., the Adua-
steepness. tGaul.
uci, a tribe in the north-east of
aeeoniiiiodo, are, avi. atniu. Jit,
tit on, adjust. adulesceiis, -enlls, m., young
man ; the younger.
acles, ei, f., line of battle.
acrller. adv., (aerlus, aeerrlme), atlveiitus, us, m., arrival, ap-
fiercely. hotly. keenly, desperately. proach, coming.
adversHS, a, niii, opposite, facing.
aetnarlns, a, uni, for rowiny,
swift. adversiis, prep, with ace, againJ<t.
101
102 VOCABULARY.
nil-verto, ere, -verti, -vepsnni, alleuii.s, a, niu, unfavorable.

turn towards; aiiliuiiiii ad- allquaiiidlu, adv., for some time.
vert©, observe, notk-e. allqaantiis, a, nni, some; neut.
advoir», are, fivl, atuni, fly to, as subst., some portion, a con-
rush -upon, siroop down. siderable part.
aetllflcliim, i, n., building, home- allqni, qua. qnod, some, any.
stead.
aedlfico. are, avi, aluin, build. allqnls,
th ing. qold, someone, som£.-
Aednu!«, I, m., an Aeduan; in allter, adv., otherwise, in a differ-
plur., the Aedui, a tribe in the ent manner.
centre of Gaul.
aegre, adv.,(aespliis, aegerrlme), alius, a, ud, other, another; dif-
ferent; alloK . . . alius, one . . .
scarcely, icith difficulty. another; alll . . . alll, S07ne . . .
aequallter, adv., uniformly. others.
aequlnoctluni, i, n., equinox. al«, ere, alui, altnni, feed; rear,
keeji.
aes, aerls, n., bronze, copper.
acslfis, -iatl.s, f., summer. Alpes, luiii, f. plur., the Alps.
aesllnio. are, avi, atiiiii, r,<itimatc, aller, era, ernni, the other; the
value, assess. second.
aestuarluiii, I, n., estuary, inlet. altltud-o, -Inl.s, f., height; depth.
ae8ta<«, Os, m., tide. alius, a, uni, high, lofty; deep;
neut. as subst., altnui, I, n., the
aeta.s, -tatls, f., afje, years. deep, deep water, the sea.
atTer», alTerre, attuli, allatiiiii, Ainblani, oram, m., the Amhiani,
bring. a tribe in the north of Gaul.
af-figo, ere, -fixi, -fixuni, fas- amentia, ae, f., madness, folly.
ten, attach.
afTirmo, are, avi, atuni, declare, aiiticltla,
ance. ae, f., friendship, alli-
assert.
afflxus, a, iiiii, from afGg». aiiiltto,
lose. ere, -niisi, -iiilssnni,
afllicto, are, avi, atiiiii. buffet, aiiipllns,compar. adv., jn-ore, (a «J/)
toss about ; damage, wreck.
further, besides.
afflit'iiis, a, uiii, from afillgo. aiuplus, a, um, large, great.
af-fligo, ere, -flixi, -llivtuni, an, conj., or.
shatter, damage, wreck.
Anoalltes, nni, m., the Ancalites,
Afrleus, I, m, south-u-est ivind. a tribe iti Britain.
ager, agri, m., field, land, country, ancora, ae, f., anchor.
territory.
Andes, Inni; m., the Andes, a tribe
agger, eris, m., mound. near the mouth of the Loire.
ag-gredlor, i, -gressas »«ani, angnlus, i, m., corner, angle.
attack.
aggregS, are, avi, atuiu, attach, auguste, adv., closely.
join. angnstns, a, uni. narrow, small,
agnieii, -inliils, ii., army on the contracted; neut. as subst.,
march, line of march, cohivm; critical position.
iioTl<«siniuMi aguieii, the rear. anlmadver-to, ere, -ti, -sum,
ago, ere, egi. fieluiii, drive; bring notice, observe.
up, advance; do, carry on. animus, i, m., soul, mind, heart,
alaerlta>>, -tfitl»», f., eagerness, en- spirit, will ; feelings ; courage.
thusiasm, ardor, keenness, dash. annfitlnus, a, nni, of the year
albas, a, nni, white. before.
VOCABULARY. 103
annus, i, m., year. Arduenna, ae, f., the Ardennes,

ilnser, eris, in., goose. a forest in thenorth-east of Gaul.
ante, prep. w. ace, before; adv., aridu!^, a, iiin, dry; neut. as
before, formerly, previouslv ; subst., dry land.
above. Arlovlstni^, I, m., a chief of the
antea, adv., before, previously. Germans.
ante-fPtlo, ere, -ccssi, ccssuni, anna,
tackle, oruin,
equipment. n. plu'r., arms;
precede ; surpass.
antenna, ae, f., yard. arnianienta, oriini, n. plur.,
tackle, rigging, fittings.
ante-i»on«>, ere, -p«>siii, -po.siliini, arniatiira, ac, f., armor.
place before, prefer, regard of
luoj'e iinportance them. arnio, are, avi, iitnni, arm,
antlqultus, adv., in olden times, equip, fd out; perf. part, in plur.
long ago. as subst., armed men.
Ap., a contraction for Applus. aspectiis, us, m., appearance.
aper-lo, ire, -ui, -tuiu, open; perf. at, conj., but; yet, at least.
part. pass, apertu.s as adj., open, atqne, con.i., and, and further ; in
unprotecteil , uncovered, exposed; comparisons, than, as.
clear; unchecked. Atre-bas, -batis, m., an Atreba-
appello, are, fivi, atnni, call. tian; in plur., the Atrebates, a
ap-pellu, ere, -piili, -pulsuni, tribe in the northern part of Gaul.
bring in to .s7(o?t. Atrins, I, m., Quinttts Atrius, an
ApplHJ^,
nonien. i, m., a Roman prae- officer of Caesar'.'!.
at-tlngo, ere, -tigi, -tactuni,
apporir». Are, avi, ritnni, bring. touch, border on.
approplnqiid, are, avi, atuni, anctorl-tfis, -tiitls, f., infltience,
approach, draw near, come near. weight, prestige ; p)Ower.
appnisn.s, a, iiiii, from appello, anrtaeter, adv., boldly, confidently,
ere. fearlessly.
aptus, a, uni, suited, suitable, ft. audeo, ere, ausns .snni, dare,
venture, attempt.
apnd, prep. w. ace, at, with, audio, ire, ivi, ituni, hear, listen
among, near, in the presence of. to, hear of.
aqua, ae, f., neater. Aulns, 1, m., aRomanpraenomen.
a«|iiila, ae, f., eagle, the standard aureus, a, um, of gold, golden.
of a Roman legion.
Aquitrinta, ae, f., Aquitania, the aurigia, ae, m., charioteer.
south-western part of Gaul. ansns, a, niu, from andeo.
Aquitiinus, i, m., an Aquitanian; ant, conj., or, or else; repeated,
in phir., the Aquitani, a people either . . . or.
dwelling' in the south-western auteiii, conj.. but, irhereas, while;
part of Gaul. moreover, now.
Ar-ar. -aris, m., the Arar, a river auKlllor, ari, atus sum, give aid,
flowing south into the Rhone. help, assist.
arbiter, tri, m., arbitredor. Judge . anxllluui, i, n., aid, help, assist-
arbltror, ari, atus sum, think, ance, resc^te; resource, support;
consider, judge. in plur., auxiliaries, reinforce-
ments.
arbor, oris, f., tree. aver-to, ere, -ti, -saiu, turn away,
areess-o. ere, -ivi, -ituni, sum- turn aside.
mon, setul for, fetch ; invite, call Axona, ae, f ., a river in the north
of Gaul, joining the Seine.
104 VOCABULARY.
B cauipus, i, ra., field, plain.

barbarns, a, nni, foreign, uncivi- Cantlnin, I, n., Kent, in the south-
lized, rude, barbarian; m. as east of England.
subst., barbariiH, I, m., a eaplllus, I, m., hair.
foreigner, barbarian, or native. eaplo, ere, cepi, captnni, take,
Belgae, arniii, m. pliir., the Bel- catch, seize; get, occupi/, reach,
gians, a people occupying the make ; take ujj, adopt, form.
north-east of Gaul. eaptivus, i, m., captive, prisoner.
Belglniii, I, n., Belgium, the
country of the Belgae. enptns, fis, m., capacity, natui-e.
belllcosus, a, uiii, warlike. eap-iit, -Itis, n., head, pci-son.
earo, earnls, t., flesh, meat.
bells, jire, avi, aliiiii, make war,
earrns, i, m., cai-t, ivagon.
fight. Carvllln.s,
Kent. i, m., a king ruling in
BellovacI, oriiiii, m. plur., the
Bellovuci, a tribe in the northern
part of Gaul. €assl, ornni, m. plur., the Cassi, a
belliiin, i, n., war, hostilities, tribe in Britain.
campaign. <'asslvellaunus, I, m., a British
chief.
bene,
well. adv., (melius, optlnie), eastelluni, i, n., fort, stronghold,
beiiefieluiii, i, u., kindness, redoubt.
fa V07: castra, wriiiu, n. plur., camp, en-
Blbrax, -aetls, f., a town of the campment.
Keaii, in northern Gaul. esT.sas, tts,- m., happening, emer-
Blbrori, oriiiii, m. plur., the Bi- gency, contingency; accident,
broci, a tribe of Britain. chance.
biiii, ae, a, two each, two. eansa, ae, f.. caii.se, reason, motive,
provocation ; in abl. sing., /or iAe
brevls, c, shn7-t ; as adv., brevi, sake of , f 07' the purpose of.
in a short time, quickly.
brevltas, -tails, f., shortness. ceiio, ere, ecssi, ees.snni, retreat,
Britaiiiii, Ariiiii, m. plur., the give w.way, 7-etire; yield; with-
dra
Britons.
eeler, erls, ere, swift, rapid.
Britannia, ae, f., Britain.
Britannlriis, a. nni, British, of ••eleritas, -tatls, f., siiriftness,
or with the Britons. speed, 7'a))idity, mobility.
bruuia, ae, f., the trinter .solstice. eelerlter, adv., (eelerlus, eeler-
BrritHs, I, m., Decim us Brutus, n riinf'), swiftly, quickly, rapidly.
lieutenant with Caesar. <'eltae, sirnui, m. plur., the Celts,
or Gauls, one of the three great
nations inhabiting Gaul.
I'enlniagni. ornni, m. phir., the
€., an abbreviation of <>rilus (or Cenimagni, a tribe of Britain.
€alus|. eentuni, a h undred.
cado. ere, eeehli, easnni, fall, be eeiitnrlo, -onls. m., centmHon (an
slain.
officer in the Roman army).
caeruleus, a, uiu, blue, dark blue.
€aesar, -arts, m., Caius ,/idius eepi, from eaplo.
Caesar, the Roman general. eertaiiieii, -minis, n., coldest,
CTilns, i, m., see Gains. striiiinlc, e7igagement.
Caleti, ornni, m. plur., the Caleti, «•erte, adv., certainly, at least, at
a tribe at the mouth of the Seine. all events.
VOCABULARY. 105
certiis, a, nni, certain, fixed, speci- co-gnrtsi-o, ere, -giiovi, -itiiltiini,

fied, exact, sure, definite; verti- perceive, learn, find, out, as-
wi'ciu facer»', to iiifo7-ni. certain, becouic acijuainteil irith;
cftei'i, ae, a, the others, the rest. in perf. tenses, knoic, be (ucare.
<"iiigotorTx, -isjls^ in., 1. ac.liicf of e.ogr>, ere, eoegi, eorietiiin, collect,
the Treveri ; 2. a king of Kent. (jather, (/et tot/ether; compel,
clrcilor, adv. and prep. w. ace,
about. force. -liorlis, f., a, cohort, one-
co-Iiors,
tenth of a legion.
cli'ciiltiis, a, 9IIII, perf. part, of
4'lr«'uiii«'o. eoliorlatlo, -oiils, f., encouraging,
(id<lri ss, (ijij)e(d.
4'lr«'iiiliis,
circuit. fis, m., circumference,
eolioi'lor, fii'i, alns siiiii, en-
el rcii Ill-do, -«lare, -deiii, -ilaliiiii, couraiie, address, urge, call upon.
.s' arro und, encircle. eollatiis, a. niii, fioni eoiiTero.
«•Ir«-iiiii-«'fi, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itiiiii or coIlaii«id, are, avi. aliiiii, praise,
«■Irciiltiiiii. (fo around, malce the extol, highly commend.
rounds (if. visit.
rlrciiiiiiiifiiilo, ire, ivI, itiiiii, eol-llgO, ere, -legi, -lecliini,
surrouni/. invest, blockade. gather; with .so, collect oneself,
recover, ra lly.
circHiii-slsto, ore, -sicti, .sur- eollis, is, m., hill.
round.
eoiloe», are, avi, ntuni, jilace,
clreiiiii-slo.
round. -slfire, -steti, sur- station; arrange, stow.
eirciini-veiilo, -ire, -veiii, -tcii- colloquium, i, ii., interview, con-
tiiiii, surround, outflank; betray.
ference.
«•i.>i, prep. w. ace, on this side of. col-loqiior, i, -ioeritiis sum, con-
eiterlor. Ins, (comparative) hither, verse, confer, take counsel, have
nearer. an interview.
elto, adv., (eilliis, eltlssliiie), colO, ere, eoliii, cultnin, till,
cultivate.
qulckli/, nimbhj.
color, oris, m., color.
eilrfi, prep. \v. ace, on this side of.
elvitas, -tati.si, f., state. coiiiiiieatns, ns, m., supplies, pro-
visions; passage, trip, relay.
elaiii, adv., secretly.
coniiiieiKld, are, avi, atiiiu, com-
elaiiillo, arc, avi, atiiiii, keep viend, entrust.
shout inn, cry out. coniiiiinns, adv., hand to hand,
elaiiior, -orl.s, in., shout, shoutiup, in close combat.
cry.
coin-niitto, ere, -iiiisi, -iiiissnni,
elassls, is, t., fleet. join; trust; w. proelinni, begin.
<'Iaii«lliis, Coninilns, I, m., a king of the
consul in i,Him.,
B.C.Appius Claudius. Atrebates.
claiido, ere, olaiisl. riaiisniii. coniinode, adv., easily, to advan-
close; w. agnieii, h7nng up the tage, effectively, conveniently.
rea r.
coininodns, a, nin, convenient,
ellens, -enlls, m., dependant, vas- suitable, advantageous, favor-
sal.
cofielns, a, nm, from eogo. able; neiit. as snbst., coniiiK»-
diiiii, i, advantage, profit.
eoegi, from eogo. coniiiioror. firi, atns sum, .stay,
e«epi, Isse, eoepliis snni, bcf/cut, wait, delay.
hatê bef/un. coin-iiioveo, ere, -nioTi, -iiirttniii,
coerceo, ere, iil, itiiiu, restrain, move, stir, alarvi, disturb ; m-
check, coerce. fiuence, impress.
106 VOCABULARY.
coiiiiiiuiils, e, common, general, coii-flcio, ere, -fSci, -fectnm, fin-

Joint, concerted. ish, carry out, complete, accom-
coiiiniatHtlo, -oiii.s, f., change, plish; b7-ing to a close, in passive,
turn. be over; be spent, exhausted,
icorn out.
coinparo, are, avi, atniii, prepare,
arrange for, provide, procure, eoii-f Ido, ere, -fisus sum, trust,
raise, get. rely on, have confidence, be con-
com-pellu, ere, -pall, -pulsniii, fident, feel sure.
drive, drive in, gather. coiifiriuu, are, avi, atam,
strengthen; establish; declare,
coni-perlo, Ire, -perl, -pertuni, give an assurance; encourage,
leai'n, find out, discover. reassure, rouse.
coinpl-eo, ere, -evl, -etuiii, fill, eOiif isns, a, nm, from coiilido.
fill up; man.
couiplure.s, a, several, many, a eoiifligo,
contend, engage,ere, -flixi,
fight. -llietum,
great many.
eoiifliieus, entls, m., confluence.
coniporto, are, avi, atniu, bring
in, collect. eoii-gredlor, i, -gres-sas sum,
engage, contend, fight.
coiupre-hendo, ere, -lientli, -hen-
MHiii, seize, grasp, catch, capture, eoii-jlelo, ere, jeei, -jectuni, hurl,
take. cast, throw; put, place.
coiupull, from conipello. ewiijuiietliu, adv., jointly, to-
<-oii-«-l«16, ere, -«•i«li,/«?/. gether.
e«>ii-cI(lo, ere, -eiill, -eisuui, cut eoii-Jiiiigo, ere, -jOnxI, -jQne-
down, slay; perf. part, as adj., tuni, join, connect, unite.
cut up, broken. eoiijariitld, -onis, f., conspiracy,
conelUo, are, avi, atniu, \cin combination, league.
over, reconcile. eonjurw, fire, avi, atniu, take a
coiiellluiii, I, n., meeting, assetn- (joint) oath, conspire, combine.
bly, council. eoiior. ari, atns snm, try, attempt,
couclsus, a, nin, from eoiirido. undertake, make an attempt.
eoiicarsus, us, m., rushing to- eon-scendo, ere, -seendi, -seen-
gether, collision. .suiii, climb up; embark on, go
condlelo, -onls, f., terms, agree- on board.
ment.
eou-serlbo, ere, -scripsi, -serlp-
Condrusi, oriiiu, m. plur., the tiiui, enlist, enroll, levy.
Condrusi, a tribe in the north- eonsector, ari, atu.s .snm, follow
east of Gaul.
coii-dueo, ere, -duxi, -<Ini*tnni, up, pursue.
gather, assemble. eonsecutus, a, nm, from eonse-
cfiiifereio, ire, -fersi, -fertuni, quor. from consido.
con.sedi,
jMick closely ; perf. part, eoiifer-
tus, a, uiii, crowded togethe?; eOii.sensns,
sent. us, m., agreement, con-
in close array, in close order, in
masses.
eou-sentlo, ire, -sensi, -seusnm,
coiiTero, eoiiferre, contiili, eol- combine, conspire.
latiiiii, gather, collect, bring in.
convey; with se, betake oneself; fon-sociHor, i, -seculus sniii,
w. eiilpani, lay. follow, overtake ; attain, obtain,
secure; succeed.
coiitertiis, a, wm, from cowfereio.
fOn-sido, ere, -sedi, -.sessum,
confestlm, adv., immediately, at encamp,
settle. take up a position,
VOCABULARY.
107
conslllnni, I, n., plan, design, contlnens, enlls, f., the continent,

intentio7i, resolve, purpose; the maitdand.
judyment, prudence, discretion. contlnenter, adv., continually.
coii.sliiilUs, e, ve7"y similar, like. con-ttneo, ere, -tliiHi, -tentuni,
coii'Slsto, ere, -still, take vp po- contain, hem in, restrain, keep,
sition, stand, get (or keep) a foothold; bound, surround, occupy;
ing; stand still, halt, stop, make pres. part, as adj., contlnens,
a stand.
-cutis, continual, incessant.
coii.'sAlor,
speak kindly. s'lri, situs .snnt, console, coiitlnnus, a, uni, successive,
without intcrr^tption.
conspectus, us, m., sight, view,
presence. contra, 1. adv., against, in op-
coii-spiclo, ere, -spexi, -spectnni, position; 2. prep. w. ace, op-
catch sight of, observe, see. posite, against.
conspicor, ari, atus sum, catch eon-tralio, ere, -traxi, -tractuui,
sight of, observe, see. collect, gather together, assemble.
coiispiro, are, avi, atnni, corn- contnll, from confer©,
bine, conspire. Join a movement. con-venlo, ire, -veni, -ventuni,
constauter, adv., uniformly. come together, meet, assemble,
coiistlti, from conslsto. gather.
constlt-uo, ere, -ui, fituni, es- conventus, Os, m., meeting, assem-
tablish, ai'range, appoint, fix; bly ; assise.
decide, resolve, determine; place, conver-to, ere, -ti, -sum, turm,
station, drain up. change, alter.
con-sto, are, -stlti, -statum, stand convocR, are, fivi, atuiu, call
firm; impersonal use, it is cer- together, call, summon, asseynble.
tain, agreed. co-orlor, Iri, -ortus sum, arise,
con-.sucsco, ere, -suevi, -suetum, spring up, break out.
become accustomed ; in perf. ten- copla, ae, f., supply, abundance,
ses, be accustomed, be wont.
plenty,
troops; quantity;
resources, instores. plnr., /o»"ces,
consuetfi-do, -dlnls, f., custom,
habit, way.
coplosus,
\oealthy, a, urn, well-supplied,
ciiii-sul, -sulls, m., consiil, the
chief magistrate of Rome, of coram, adv., face to face, in
whom there were two, elected
for a year. ■person, with one's own eyes.
consul-o, ere, -ui, -tuni. considt; army). us, n., horn; wing (of an
corufi;
w. dat., consult the interests of,
take thought for. corp-us, -oris, n., body, person.
consulto, adv., designedly, on Corns, 1, m., the noHh-west %vind.
purpose. C4»tidirinus, a, nm, daily.
cftn-siinio, ere, -sitnipsi, sflnip- cotidle, adv., daily, every day.
tuin, spend; consume, exhaust ;
lose, destroy. Cotta, ae, m., Lucius Auruncu-
couten-do, ere, -di, -turn, hasten, leius Cotta,
lieutenants. one of Caesar's
-make
exert one's oneself, way, take pushactive
on; strive,
ste2ys, Crassus, i, m., Publius Crassus,
make every preparation; strîg- one of Caesar's lieutenants.
gle, fight, contend, encounter. creber, bra, brum, frequent,
contentlo, -on Is, f., struggling, nurnerous, repeated, close to-
contest, rivcdry.
contestor, siri, atus sum, call gether.
crudSllter. adv., cruelly.
upon, invoke. culpa, ae, L, fault, blame.
108 VOCABULARY.
cam, prep. w. abl., with, together «le-duco, ere, -duxl, -dnctuin,

icith. lead away, take away, with-
cum, conj., when, whenever, lohile; draw, remove; bring (down);
launch; lead (hoyne), marry.
as, since; although; cum pri-
ninifu, as soon as; cuni . . . tuui, defatlgo, are, slvi, atuni. uêary,
both aticl, not only but also. exhaust, \cear out.
canetor, iiri, atus sum, hesitate. defectlo, -ouls, f., revolt.
cupldc, adv., eagerly. de fendo, ere, -feudi, -feusum,
cnplditfis, -tatls, f., eagerness, defend, protect.
eager desire. defeusor, -oris, m., defender.
cupldn»^, a, nm, eager, desirous, dc-fero, -ferre, -tnli, -latum,
fond. carry, bring, convey; report;
cup-lo, ere, -ivi, -Itani, be eager. give, confer ; in pass, drift.
euro, are, avi, atnm, attend to, de -flclo, ere, -feci, -fectum,
take care; with gerundive, fail, give out. be wanting,
cause to be (done), have (done). run short; revolt, forsake, break
off.
cnrrns, us, m., chariot.
de-flgo, ere, -fixl, -fi.vuni, fx,
enrsns, us, m., running, speed,
pace; course; voyage, passage. set, fasten.
custodla, ae, f., guard, picket, delnceps, adv., in turn, in suc-
cession.
patrol. delude, «adv., then, thereupon,
next.
de, prep. w. a,hL, from, doiunfrom; ile-jiclo, ere, -jeci, -jectum, cast
in accordance loith, for ; of, oid down; ca7-ry down, sweep doivn ;
of; about, concerning, of. disappoint.
de-eedo, ere, -cessi, -eessuni, delatns, a, um, from defero.
withdraw, depart. delectus, a. um, and delegi from
decern, ten. dellgo, ere.
de-cerno, ere, -creTi, -cretum, dellgo, are, avi, atuui, fasten, tie,
decide, determine; decree, order. make fast, moor.
decerto, are, avi, situui. fight a de-ligo, ere, -legi. -lectuni, pick
decisive battle, decide the issue. out, choose, select.
declmus, a, uni, tenth. dellt-esco, ere, -ui, hide, lurk, lie
concealed, lie in wait.
Declmus, I, m., a Roman praeno-
men. de-meto,
cut, reap.ere, -niessni. -messuni,
decllvls, e, sloping.
decretus, a, uiu, from «leceruo. demlgro, sire, avi, atiiui, depart,
«lecrevi, from deceruo. move away, abaiulon.
de-curro, ere, -curri, (-cncurri), deuioustro, sire, s~(vi, sitiini, point
-rursuiu, run dotvn. out. show, explain, state, men-
tion.
dedec-us, -oris, n., disgrace. demiini, adv., at last, at length.
dedl, from do. deui.
de<lldl, from dedo. ten. s»e, a, ten each, in groiips of
dedltlelus, a, iiiu, surrendered; densus, a, um, dense, close, thick.
m. as suhst. , prisoner. deper-eo, -ire, -li, peiHsh, be lost,
dedltlo, -unls, f., surrender, sub- be destroyed.
mission, capitulation. de-pono, -ere, -posui, -posltuni,
de-d5, ere, -dldl, -dltnni, sur- lay doivn, lay aside, give up,
render, give up. abandon ; place, put.
VOCABULARY. 109
«ir-porl», Aro, avi, aliiiii, carTy diiiiiiiiiim, I, n., half.

off, remove. dl-iiiillo, ere, -misi, iiiissiim,
«h'ltosllus, a, xtm, from dcitoiio. send otd, despatch; dismis.%
send away, disband; abandon,
«l«"|U'oror, ari, a(us .sum, hefj off,
'petition agaiitst, request (not).
dPscr-0, ere, -ui, -tniii, denert, dl-rlpir»,
quit. ere, -ripiii, -reptiim,
abandon, forsake. plun(le7:
dSsidero, Tire, iivi, atiiiii, desire, dls-eodo, ere, -eessT, -cessiim, r/o
miss, lose. avdji, 'iritliil)'((ii\ i/i'/iiirf, more
a^raj/, <l isjicrsf ; with al», hare,
dS-sllir», ire, -sllui, -siiltuni, abandon, desert.
leap down. discessus, us, m., departure,
dc-slsto, eve, -stlli, -isliluiii, withdrawal.
cease; abandon, give up.
dSspectns, lis, m., view (dovm). dls-jieio, ere, -jeei, -Jeetiim,
despero, sire, avi, atniii, give up «lis-piir,
hope, despair ; despair of. tear off'.-parls, unequal.
destliio, fire, avi, atom, fasten. dl-spergu, ere, -spersl, spersum,
scatter, (disperse.
desfitl, from de.slsto. dis-poiio, ere, -posiii, -positiini.
desuni, deesse, dCfni, be lacking, place at intervals, dispose, post,
be missing, be xi-anting , fail. arrange, set, array.
deterreo, ere, ni. itnn», frighten. dlsslpo, fire, avi, fitum, scatter,
intimidate, deter, discourage, disperse, rout.
prevent. distrib-HO, ere, -iii, -iitiim, (tllot,
de-tlneo, ere, -tliiiii, -tentiini, assign, distribute, divide.
detain, hinder, delay. dill, adv., (diatliis, difitissime),
de-traliO, ere, -traxi, -tractuiii, long, for a long time.
take from, snatch from. diver-to, ere, -ti, -snm, separate,
detrliuentniu, i, n., loss. isolate.
de-trfidrt, ere, -trflsi, -trfisuiii, dl'Tldo, ere, -visl, -visum, divide,
stiHp off, remove. separate.
detail, from defero. divlnus, a, um, divine, of the
deiis, I, m., god.
de-veiiir». Ire, -veni, -ventniii, do.gods.
dare, dedi, datum, give,
come (doum). grant, at low ; w. In fngam, jmt ;
dexter, tra, trniu, right. 'operam*liire,takepains,seetoit.
dlc«>, ere, dixi, dlctain, say, state, doe-eo, ere, -ui, -turn, teach,
mention; ajipoint, name. info7-m, shoir, state.
dietiiiii, i, n., remark, statemeiit. dolor, -oris, m.. grief, pain ;
annoyance, vexation, resentment.
dies, ei, m. (rarely f.), day; ad doinestlcus, a, um, at home; w.
diem, punctually. bellum, intestine, civil.
difrero.dlfferrcdlstali.dilsltnm, nomitiuM, I, m., Lucius Domitius
differ, be different. Ahenobarbus, consiil, 54 B.C.
dlfiicnltas, -tatls, f., difficulty. domus, fis, f., house, home.
dlsiiltai>>, -tatis, f., worth, dignity, dultito, are, avi, atiim, hesitate;
honor. doubt, have doubts.
dllisenter, adv., carefully, exact- dureiiii, ae, a, tu-o hundred.
ll/, punctually, scrupulously. duco, ere, duxi, duetnm, lead,
dimieo, are, iivi, atom, fight, drarp, bring, take ; consider,
struggle, contend, engage. think.
110 VOCABULARY.
Ham, conj., ivhile ; until. eo, ire, 1! (ivi), ituiii, go, march,
Diiniiiorix, -igl8, ni., a leader of pas.^, proceed, advance.
the Aedui. eo, adv., thither, there, to that
«luo, ac, o, tico. place, to them (it, etc.); w. com-
«luodecliii, twelve. paratives, the (more), all the
(more).
<laodet*lMiii8, a, uni, twelfth. ertdeiii, adv., to the saine place, in
diioilcMi, ae, a, twelve each, twelve. the same direction.
«liiodevigliitl, indecl., eighteen. eqii-es, -Itis, m., horseman, horse-
diipl-ex, -Icis, twofold, double. soldier ; in plur., cavalry.
«liipUco, arc, fivl, atuiii, double. eqiiester,
cavalry. tris, tre, of cavalry,
Uurus, I, in., Quintus Laberiim
DuTiis, a military tribune with eqiiitatii.s, its, m., cavalry.
Caesar. equiis, I, ni., horse.
dux, dncls, m., leader, guide. ereptiis, a, nni, from eriplo.
e-rlpio, ere, -rlpni, -reptuni, take
away, destroy.
e, see ex. eruptio, -onls, f., sally, sortie.
Ebnroii(>!s, un», m. plur., the essedarlus, S, m., charioteer,
Ebiiro7ies, a tribe in the extreme chariot-fighter.
north-east of Gaul. essediiiii, I, n., or esseda, ae, f.,
c-dOco, ere, -dfixi, -dnctiini, lead chariot, war-chariot.
out, lead forth. Esiibli, oriini, m. phiv. , the Esubii,
ef-flcio, ere, -fPri, -fectniii, make, a tribe in the north-west of Gaul.
cause, produce; bring about, et, conj., and; et et, both —
accomplish, InHng to pass; com- anil.
plete, Jin ish. etiani, conj., also, further ; even,
ef-fiislo, ere, -fugi, -fiigltuiii, still.
escape.
eisi, conj., even if, although.
cgeO, ere, ni, be in need, lack ; e-veiiio. Ire, -veiii, -veiituni,
pres. part, as adj., egens, -eiitls,
needy. turn out, result.
eveiitus, fis, m., outcome, result;
egestiis, -tatl.s, f., need, poverty,
destitution. experience.
evoeo, are, avi, atuni, call out,
ego, mel, /. summon, invite.
e-gredlor, I, -gressns sum, go ex (sometimes ebef ore consonants),
out, depart, leave, quit; land,
disembark. prep. w. abl,/?-o??i, out of; of;
after; in cordance
consequence of; in on.
idith ; of direction, ac-
egregle, adv., excellently, well, ad-
mirably, strongly. evagito, are, avI, atiini, harass.
egrcgliis, a, mil, eminent, marked. exainlno,
test. are, avi, atiini, weigh,
<"gre.«!.sii.s, a, uin, from egredior.
egressus, fis, ni., landing. exardeseo, ere, -arsi, -arsuni,
e-Jlelo, ere, Jeri, -jeetniii, fling blaze forth, become enraged, be-
come incensed.
out, drive out, cast up; w. se,
rush. ex-eedo, ere, -eessi, -eessnin, go
eJnKiiiodI, of such a nature, sticli. out, move away, withdraw, leave,
e-nilttrt. ere, -ini.sl, -nil!>i!Siiiii, ex-elpio, ere, -cepi, -eeptum,
send Old, hurl, cast.
quit. come upon ; take up ; suc-
catch,
culm, conj.,/or, now. ceed, relieve.
Ill
VOCABULARY.
I'xcllo, arCjavi.atniii, 7'0usc,incilc.

ex-cludo, cpc, -flfisi, -«•lusiiiii,
cut off, shut out, jn-evenf. faber, bri, m., ico'^kman, engineer.
excurslo, -uiils, f., saU]i, sortie. faeile, adv., easily, readily.
cxcuso, arc, fivi, atiini, excuse; racllls, e, easij.
w. se, apologize: faelo, ere, leei, laetmu, (pass., fio,
ex-eo, -Ire, -il (ivi), -Itnni, i/o out, lieri, laelussuiii), make; do, act;
go fort It, leave, proceed. form, build, construct; w. proe-
exercltsltir», -oiils, f., ti-aininy, 'liuiii,.AY/'''."
come to jtass,i" happoi,
passive, taA-cp/ace,
result.
exercise, practice.
faetuui, i, n., deeel, act, action.
exePC'Ko,
season. are, avi, atuiii, train, raeiilti'is, -lalls, f., opportunity,
exercltiis, us, m., army. chance, pou-er; supplj/, abund-
ance.
exigiiltas, -latlN, f., smallness. fagiis, 1, m., beech.
small extent or size; shortness.
exlgniis, a, iini, s^nall, scanty. t'alir», ere, felelli, falsuiii, de-
ceive, cheat; disappoint.
existliiio, are, avi, iituni, think,
believe, consider; estimate, falsus, a, um,/o?.sr.
.judge. lalx, falcis, f.. sickle, hook.
cxpcdio, ire, itI, Itnm, free; get raiiilUarllas, -tati!«, f., intimacy,
readii; perf. part, as adj., ex- friendsh ip.
pcdltiis, a, mil, uncnctimbered, fas n. indecl., Wcfti (by divine law).
free, rapid, quick, easy ; in light
marching or-der. ielieiter, adv., happily, success-
expedltlo, -oiils, f., expedition. fulh/. Sets, fertile, fruitful.
ferax,
ex-pellO,
drive out. ere, -pull, -piilsiiiM, ferS, adv., almost, nearly, about,
exper-ior, irl, -tiis sum, tri/. practically ; genercdly, for the
most part; w. negatives,. scarceZj/.
explorator, -toris, m., scout. fero, ferre, lull, latum, bear,
explSro, are, avi, alum, examine, bring, carry; endure, take,
reconnoitre, find out. stand; run, go; sljjua fcrre,
ex-pr>iir>, ere, -posiii, -posltniii, advance; w. aiixllliim, lend.
dis2)lay; disembark, land. ferrens, a, iiiii, of iron, iron.
exporto. are, avi, atiiiil, cen-rij ferriiiii. i, n., iron.
off, remove. rertilltas, -latis, f., fertility, rich-
expuguo, are, avi, atuiii, storm, 71 ess.
take by storm, capture.
ferus, a, um, irild, fierce, fero-
expnlsus, a, uiii, from expello. cious.
ex-sistO, ere. -stili, -stltuiii, fidelis, e, faithful, loyal.
spring tip, arise, come on. fides, ei, f., faith, pledge, word;
exspeeto, are, avi, fituiii, look for, fa ithfulness, devotion, loyalty,
aweiit, wa it for; wait to see, trait. fidelity; protection, allegiance;
exstitl, from exsisto. tidem faeere, give a pledge,
exstd, are, stand out, project. gain belief.
ex struo, ere, -striixi, -structuiii, ligura, ae, f., shape^ build.
raise, build. nUus, i, m., son.
ex-trali», ere, -traxi, -traetnni, fiuLs, is, m., end, limit; in plur.,
drag out, waste by delay, spin border's, territory, land, district.
out, fritter away. finltlmus, a, um, neighboring,
exf reiiiii$i, a, nni. superl.,/aTÂe.s(, adjacent, bordering ; niasc. plnr.
most distant, last, eoctreme. as subst., neighbors.
112 VOCABULARY.
fio, fieri, fai'tas suni, pass, of

faclu, be made, be done; take
place, Gains, I, or Cains, i, m., a Roman
sult. come to pass, happen, re- praenomen.
tlrniltcr, slAy., firmly, steadily. galea, ac, f., helmet,
nriiiiis. a, mil, strong, powerful. Vallla, ae, f., Gaul. 1. The Roman
Ilccto, ere, flc.vi, flexani, turn. provinces of Gaiil, Gallia Cisal-
Ileo, ere, flevi, fletiiin, iceep, be pina, or Citerior, the northern
in tears. part of Italy ; and Gallia Trans-
alpina or Ulterior, the south-
flo, are, avi, atnin, blow. eastern part of France. 2. The
fluetaK, lis, m., wave. country vvestof the Rhine and the
Alps and north of the Pyrenees,
ilunieii, -uilnls, n., river. thus including France, Switzer-
fore, fut. infill, of suiu. land, Belgium, and part of Hol-
fiirnia, ae, f., shape, form, build. land and Germany. 3. The cen
tral and largest of the three parts
fors. forte, f., (other cases want^ into which Gaul in the previous
ing), chance; in abl., by chance, sense is divided, the Belgae and
percha nee, perhaps. the
two. Aquitani holding the other
fortls, e, brave, courarfeons.
fortlter, adv., bravely, gallantly, Oaliieus, a, itni, of Gaul, of the
stoutly. Gauls, Gallic.
fortuita, ae, f., fortune, chance, galliiia, ae, f., hen.
■ good fortune, sxiccess ; in plur., Ciallns, I, m., 1. a Gaul; 2. Mar-
possessions, foHunes, interests. cus Trebius Gallus, one of Cae-
fo.ssa, ae, f., trench, ditch, tnoat. sar's officers.
fraiigo, ere, fregi. frfirtnni, gens, gentis, f ., tribe, race, nation.
break, shatter, wreck; crush. geiins, -eris, n.. race, family;
fremitus, us, m., din, noise. kind, sort, class.
fris-ns, -oris, n., cold, frost, cold Cierniania, ae, f., Germany, the
weather. region east of the Rhine.
trolls, fro litis, f., forehead ; front. 4>ernianiens, a, nni, German, of
or with the Germans.
frQiueutarius, a, uni, of grain ;
res frunientaria, supply of Ciernianns, i, m., a German.
coi'n, grain, provisions. gero, ere. gessi, ge.stnni, man-
fruiiieutor, ari, situs sum, get age; carry on, wage, undertake;
grain, forage. ilo ; in pass., take place, go on.
rruiiieiitiini, I, n., grain, corn, gladins, i, m., sword.
crojis, pi-ovisions. gratia, ac, f., favor, good-will;
frfistra, adv., rn. vain, without ef- influence, credit, popidarity;
gratituxle, thanks.
fect.
fiiga. ae, f.. tiight, rout; escape; gravis, c, heavy; severe, serious.
ill fiisani eon vertere, con jieerc
or «tare, put to flight. gra vitas, -tatl.s, f., weight.
fiigio, ere, fugl, fugitum, flee, gravitcr, adv., heavily, severely,
escape. bitterly, seriously ; gravlter fer-
fuiitla. ae, f., sling. keenly.
re, be annoyed, be offended, feel
fiiiuli-tor, -toris, m., slinger. gnberiiator, -tort.s, m., pUot,
faiiis, is, m.. 7'ope, cable; rigging. helmsman.
futfirus, a, nm, from sum. gusto, are, avi, atnin, taste, eat.
VOCABULARY. 113
H IdoiieiiH, a, iiiii, suitable. Jit, com-

petent, convenient, favorable.
habeO, ere, ni, lliini, have, pos-
sens, occupi/ ; keep; hold; treat, Igltiif, therefoi-e.
rcga rd , consider ; w. oratloueni, iguoi'O, fire, avi, iituni. not know,
deliver, viake. . be vnacquainted
knowledge of. with, have no
Helvfliiis, a, iini. Helvetian, of Igno.seo, ere, IguOvi, ignotum.
the Hi I vet ii; masc. plur. assubst ,
the Hrlvetii, a tribe of Gaul forgive, pardon, overlook, w.
dat.
dwelling in modern Switzerland.
lllfitiis, a, mil, from liilero.
liiberiia, oriiiii, n. phir., winter
camp, irinter-quarte7's. iUe, Ilia, illiid, that, he.
Hlberula, ac, f., Ireland. ilir», adv., to that point, thither,
there.
liic, hae*-, lioc, th is ; he ; the fol-
loiring ; the present ; often loose- lll.rrleum, i, n., a district along
ly, that; hot"., neut. abl. as adv., the eastern coast of the Adriatic.
in this u'ctj/, on this account, and Impedinientuni, I, n., hindrance;
w. comparatives, the.
in plur., baggage, baggage-train.
hic, adv., here, herein. Impedlo, Ire, ItI, Itnni, hinder,
hleiiio, are, fivi, atniu, irinter, obstruct, hamper, interfere toith,
pass the iriiiter. make <li£icult or impossible,
bleiiis, blenils, f., winter, stormy entangle, i mbarrass; perf. part,
weather. as adj., liiipeditns, a, iini, dif-
ficult, impassable, inaccessible,
lll!«I>aiila, ae, f., Spain.
impenet7'able.
boiu-u, -inls, m. and f., inan. per- im-pello, ere, -pull, -pnl.siim,
son; in plur., people, popula-
tion, inhabitants. incite, induce. '
Imperator, -torts, m., comniander
bora, ae, f., hotir (one-twelfth of (in chief).
the daylight).
Imperatnni, i, n., order, com-
horrldas, a, nni, horrible, friqht- mand, bidding.
ful. Imperitns, a, iim, inexperienced,
hortor, ari, atns siiiu, urge, en- unacquainted, w. gen.
courage, exhort, cheer on. Imperlniii, i, n., command, order;
bosp-es, -itls, m., guest, friend. power, supreme poirer, control,
bostls. Is, m., enemy. siipreme command ; ride, su-
bfic, adv., to this, to. this point, to premacy, authority, discipline.
th is place, h ithrr, here. liiipero, are, utT, fitiini, levy
buinfiiins, a, nni, civilized, re- upon, demand, require, order to
furnish; order, command, rule,
fined, issue commands.
bniiilll.s, e, low, shallow. Inipetro, are, avl, atiim, obtain,
biiniUltas,
b}nld. -tatls, f., lowness, low gain one's request, prevail on.
Impetus, fls, m., attack, onset,
charge; msh, violence, dash.
imploro, sire, avl, iitniu, beg,
entreat, beseech.
ibi, adv., there. lui-pono, ere. -posol, -posltum,
Icelus, i, m., a leader of the Remi. place or put {on).
Idelreo, adv., oji that account, for Imports, are, avi, situm, bring
this reason.
in, introduce, impoj't.
Idem, eadeiii. Idem, the same; Improvisus, a, nni, unforeseen;
also. de Iniprovlso, unexpectedly.
114 VOCABULARY.
lniprndrii>i, -eiitl!», unsuspectitu/, lurcnis, a. mil. loir; oonipar.

off oitc'.s (jKard. Inferior, /o?/-er; superl. IiiHiuns
IniprfMleiitia, ae, f., iynorance, or liiius, lowest, at the foot or
th o }i(jh tlrss ness, indiscretion. 6fr.sc.
Iniiis, a, nni, superlative of lii- lu-ficlo, ere, -feci, -feetniii, stain.
fenis. Infiiiiii.s, a, nni, superl. of In-
In, prep. (1) w. abl., in, at, v^hin, ferus.
on; among, in the country of; Infliiltn.s, a, nm, endless, bound-
(2) w. ace. into, to; tovarda. less, unlimited, vast.
against, vpon, on; iintil ; for,
irith a view to. Iiirirmllfis, -tiltis, f., xreakness;
Inaiil.s, e, empty. fickleness, inconstancy.
Iiiflriiius a, mil, weak, unsound.
liiceiidliiiu, I, n.,fi/-e. lu-flno,
In-cendo, ere, ceiuli, -ceiisnin, empty. ere -fliixl, -flnxaiii, ôw,
set on fire, bnrn.
infra, adv., below, further down.
incertns, a, nm, uncertain, uji-
trusticorthy, confused. ingeus, cutis, huge, vast.
In-elplo. ere, -eepi, -eeptiiiii. lu-grcdlor, i, -grcssn.s .siim,
begin. enter, jienetrate.
liicito, arc, fivi, atiiiu, urge on, liiliiiien.s, a, iini, unfriendly, hos-
drive forward, impel, set in mo- tile ; luasc. as subst , enemy.
tion ;arouse, excite ; perf. part, Iniqmiis, a, nm, uneven, unfavor-
w. eqnii.s, at full speed. able ; unfair, unjust.
liieo<;iiltiis, a, niii, unknown. Inlllnni, I, n., beginning; frontier,
liirol-o, ere, -ui, inhabit, dwell, borders.
live. liiltiis, a, nm, from Ineo.
liicolnnil!», e, safe, unharmed, in Ill jlelo, ere, -jeei, -Jectmii. put
safety, irithout loss, in; inS2}ire, instil.
Inconiniodiiiii, i, n., misfortune, Injuria, ae, f., tcrong, injustice,
disaster, loss, damage. icrong-doing, injury, harm, vio-
Incredlbllls, e, incredible, ex- lence, outrage.
traordinary. In-nasi-or, I, -natns sum, be bom
Increpllo, arc, avi, iituni, rein, spring up in.
proach, upbraid, taunt. lu-nitor, i, -nl.9ns or -nixns .sum,
Inonr^lo, -oiils, f., raid, inroad, lean on.
invasion. liiopla, ae, f., want, scarcity, lack,
IncQô. are, siTi, aliini, blame, deficiency.
attack, censure. luoplnans, -aiitls, not expecting,
liide, adv., from that place or unprepared, off one's guard.
country, thence; then, next. say.
Inqiiam. liiqiilt, defective verb,
Ind-u», ere, -ni, -utuni, pid on.
IiidOtloiuariis, I, m., a chief of Inscicns, entl-s, 7iot knowing, be-
the Treveri. ing unaware.
In-eo, -ire, -II (-ivi) -Itiiiii, enter liiseleiitla. ae, f.. ignorance, lack
upon ; \v. coiisllliiiii, adopt, of ucquuintance (with).
form; w. words of tinie, begin.
inseliiK, a, nm, ignorant, un-
yiferr», infcrrc, Intnli, lllatniu. a ware.
bring in, put in or upon; cause, iu-seqiior, I, -seeutus >iu.m,follow
inflict, inspire, rouse; w. bel-
Inni, make, wage (offensive); w. up, pursue.
slgna, advance; w. causani, ad- lu-scro, ere, -serul, -septum,
vance, allege. insert.
VOCABULARY. 115
Insldlac, arum, f. phir., ainbush, Interneclo, -f»nis, f., destruction,

treachery. extermination.
Insignia, e, notable; n. as subst., Inter-pwno, ere, -posnl, -positum,
inislgiic, is, badge. introduce, interpose, in pa.ss.,
lusluiio, fire, avi, atuiii, insinu- intervene; pledge.
ate ; w. se, work one's way in. iiiter-seindo, ere, -scidi, -scis-
In-sistu, ere, -stiti, stand, keep siim, break down, destroy.
one's footing, get a foothold. inler-sum, -esse, -fui, be between,
Instabllls, e, unsteady, change- be engaged in, take part in ; as
able, irregular. impersonal verb, interest, it is
lustlt-uu,. ere, -iiI, -atuiii, under- of importance, it concerns.
take, arrange, begin, set to, set intervallum, i, n., interval, dis-
about; adopt, decide on; equip, tance.
get ready ; draw up. iiiterventns, lis, m., coming on.
Instltutuiu, i, n., custom, practice. intra, prep. w. ace, ivithin.
In-sto, are, -stltl, -stiltuin, press intrr>-fiacr>, ere, -dbxi, -ductum,
forward; threaten. lead in, bring in.
in-Htvuo, ere, -struxl, -strOctuiu, iutruitus, us, m., entrance, ap-
draw up. ai'range; build, set up,
equip. proach. adv., xinthin.
liitrorsus,
Insue-facld, ere, -feci, -factiiiu,
train. liituli, from infero.
lusiietiLS, a, uni, unaccustomed. infisitatus, a, um, unusual,
lu.sula, ae, f., island. strange,
wonted. novel, unfamiliar, un-
Integer, gra, gruni, untouched, iniitiliSi e, useless, unserviceable,
fresh, nil wearied. unsuitable.
lulel-lego, ere, -lexi, -lectiiiu, in-veniA, ire, -Teni, -Tentnni,
understand, be aware, perceive, come upon, find; learn.
observe, see, know, learn.
Inter, prep. w. ace, between, iuvictus, a, nin, unconquered, in-
among; Inter se, one another, vincible.
to or xoith one another. invito,
duce. are, sivi, atuni, invite, in-
Inter-eedo, ere, -cessl, -cessani,
come, arise or be between. ipse, a, nm, himself, he himself,
itself, etc. ; very.
Inter-eludo, ere, -cIQsI, -elOsuui,
cut off. ir-ri«Ieo, ere, -rlsl, -rlsuni, ridi-
Inter-tlico, ere, -dixl, -dictum, cule, jeer at.
forbid, warn. is, ea, id, that; he, she. it, they; w.
Interea, adv., tneaniohile, in the rel., the; such; abl. eo as adv., so
meantime. much, the, on that account.
Interest, from Intersum. Ita, adv., so, thus, in this way, as
Inter-flcio. ere, -feci, -fectnm, _ follows, accordingly.
Italia, ae, f., Italy.
slay, put to death, kill.
Interliu, adv., meanwhile. itaque,
ingly. !aAw., there fore, so, accord-
Interior, comparative adj., inner, item, adv., likewise, also, in the
interior; plur., those living in the same way.
iiderior.
Uer,itineriH,n.,ro7de,march,road,
inter-mltto, ere, -misi, -missani, journey; magnum iter, a forced
leave off, interimpt, stop, break march; iter facere, to march.
off, discontinue, postpone, cease,
neglect; let pass, in pass., go by, iterum, adv., ograui, a second time.
elapse; put between, in pass., Itins, adj. with portns, a harbor
intervene. on the north-east coast of Gaul.
116 VOCABULARY.
lat-us, -erls, n., side, flank.

jaceo, ere, ui, Itiini, lie, befallen. Ifitiis, a, nui, from fero.
jacld, ere, jeci, jactniu, throw, latus, a, um, broad, wide, exten-
cast, hurl; throw np. siiê.
laiido, are, iivl, atuni, praise,
jam, adv., ?iOM', at loir/th, alreadu; co«i7>ie«ri; gerundivelaudaiidus
w. negatives, any more, lonrjer. as adj., praiseworthy.
jnbeo, ere, JussI, jii.ssuiu, oj'dcr, laxO, are, iivi, atum, loosen, ex-
bid, command, direct. tend, open out.
jndleo, are, avi, iitiini, judge, legatlo, -oiils, f., embassy.
decide, consider, think.
legiatus, i, m., ambassador, envoy;
Jiigiiiii, i, n., yoke. lieidenant (general), an officer
Jumeutniii, i, n., beast of burden. next in rank to the commander-
in-chief.
jiiiigo. ere, juiixi, jnMntnnx, join ,
unite. legio, -onls, f., legion, a body of
Jura, ae, m., a mountain range in soldiers of the nominal strength
Eastern Gaul. of 6000, divided into ten cohorts.
jOs, juris, n., right, rights, law. leglonfirlus, a, uni, of a legion,
legionary.
juMJnraiiduni, jurl.sjfiraiidi, n.,
oath. leuls, e, gentle, light.
Justus, lenlter, adv., gently, with little
mate. a, uni, just, fair, legiti- vigor.
Jilxta, adv., near, close by. lep-HS, -oris, m., hare.
levls, e, light.
liber, era, eruni, /ree, independ-
ent; unrestricted, undisturbed.
L., an abbreviation for Lucius. llberaliter, adv., generously, gra-
Laberlus, i, m.. Quint us Laberius ciously, kindly.
Durus, a military tribune with libere, adv., freely, without check
Caesar. or restraint.
Lablenus, I, m., Titus Labienus, liberi, onim, m. plur., childrên.
one of Caesar's lieutenants. libero, are, sivl, Atum, fi-ce, set
labor, -oris, m., toil, hardship,
labor, exertion. llbertas, -tatls, t., liberty, freedom.
labor, i, lapsus sum, slip; err, do free.
wrong, fall away, go astray. Liger, -eris, m., the river Loire,
in the central part of Gaul.
laboro, are, avi, fitum, toil; be in lingua, ae, f., tongue, language.
difficulty, be hard pressed.
labrum, 1, n., lip. llngnla, ae, f., tongue of land,
headland.
Ific, lactls, n., milk. lis, litis, f., lawsuit; damages.
laeess-o, ere, -ivl, -Itnni, provoke, llttera, ae, f., letter, character; in
harass, attack, assail.
plur., letter, despatches.
lap-Is, -Idls, m., stone. lit-us, -oris, n., shore.
lassltu-do, -«lluls, f., fatigue, ex- locus, i, m.; in plur., loea, oruni,
haustion.
n.; place, spot, point, position,
late, adv., ôidely, far, fur afield. grouiul, .situation, country; in
lateo, ere, ui. lurk, lie concealed, plur., ground, district, region,
be in ambiish. country, parts.
latltfi-do, -dlnls, f., breadth, locutus, a, um, from loqnor.
width. louge, adv., /ar; long.
VOCABULARY. 117
loiiftliiquus, a, iiiii, distant, re- maiin.s, 0.s, f., hand; band, force;
mote. maun, by force.
loiigltu-tlO, -dliilM, f., length. marc, marlM, n., sea.
loiiguriu.s, i, m., long pole. marltlmiis, a, iiiii, on or of the
loiisiiH, n. mil, long; iiavls loiiga, sea, on the coast, maritime,
naoal.
icar-ship, gall eg.
loqiior, i, loculiis sniii, speak. materia,
terial. ac, f., timber, wood, ma-
Lufliis, I, 111., aRomaii praeiiomuii.
mature, adv. (matdrlus, iiifitur-
Liii!;ot(»r-i.v, -igls, in., a Briton of rliiie), early, soon.
rank.
matur», are, avi, atiiiii, hasten,
iriiia, ae, f., moon. make haste.
Ifix, lucl.s. f., light, dawn; prima maturu.s, a, uui, caj'ly.
lux, daybreak, dawn.
maxliiie, superlative adv. (see
iiiagiioperc), very greatly, very
M much, chiejty, most, especially.
M., an abbreviation for Marcii.s. uiaxiiuu8, a, uni, superlative of
iiiricliliiatlo, -oills, f., machine, uiaguus.
c II (/inc. uietllocrls, e, moderate.
iiiagis. comparative adv., (see medlterraueiis, a, iiui, inland,
iiiasnopere), more, rather. central, interior.
iiiagnltu-do, -«lliils, i., greatness. medlus, a, um, middle, central ;
justness, great size; size, extent. intermediate; generally rendered
iiirignopci-e, adv. (niagis, iiiax- by middle or half-way.
lueuibruui, I, n., limb.
iiii«'), greatly,
earnestly. very, strongly,
uieuiorla, ac, f., memory, recollec-
inrigiins, a, nni (lusijor, nisixl- tion, remembrance, tradition.
iuii»«), great, large; loud; serious, MeuaplI, oriim. m. plur., the
extensive; iiiagiii, as adv., Menapii, a tribe in the extreme
highly, greatly. north-east of Gaul.
major, comparative of luagniis ; iiiensura, ac, f., measure.
in m. plur. as subst., elders,
ancestors, fathers. iiicrcator, -toris, m., trader, mer-
chant.
malafia, ac, f., calm, lull.
lucrldtriiiiis, a, uiii, of onidday,
malofii'liiiii, i, r., mischief, aid-
rage, harm, molesting. of noon.
mcridles, cl, m., m.idday, noon;
iiial», iiirille, maliii, prefer. the south.
mriliis, i, m., must. sert.
uicrltum, I, n., service, merit, de-
iiiaiidatHiu, I, w.. order, command,
III a n date; message. meto, ere, uicssui, uiessnm,
iiiaiitlo, arc, avi, atnm, order, reap, cut grain.
iii^friict; entrust, give up, com- metus, ti.s, m.,fear.
mit, betake.
Mandiibracliis, I, m., a Briton of mens, a, uni, my, mine.
high rank among the Trino- mil-cs, -itis, m., soldier, man; as
baiites. collective, the soldiers, soldiery.
mfiiic, adv., in the morning. iiiilitarls, e, military, of war.
iiianrO, ere, iiiaiisl, mrinisiiiii, lulllc. indeclinable adj.; in plur.,
stay, remain, abide. luilla, liim, n.; thousand.
maiilitiiliis, I, m., maniple, com- mlnliue, adv., superlative of pa-
pany (one-third of a cohort). riiiu, by no means, least.
118 VOCABULARY.
minor, comparative of parTns. mnltnm, adv. (plus, plurlmum),

iiilii-iio, ere, -ui, -utniii, lessen, much, often, very.
diminish. mnltns, a, urn (plus, plurlnius),
minus, adv., comparative of pa- much ; in plur., many; mnlto as
rnni, less; not very, not so well ; adv., much, far.
not. munlo. Ire, ivl, Ituni, fortify,
mlttr». ere. niisi. nilssuni, send, entrench, protect, defend, secure.
dcsiJrt^c/i; hurt, throw. muuitl«>, -onls, f., fortification,
mubllls, e, fickle, changeable. entrenchment; foriifying. con-
mobllltas, -tatls. f., quickness, struction fortified
; wo7'ks, de-
activity; unstable character. fences. i, ni., wall.
luoblllter, adv., easily. murns,
niotleror, firi. alas snm, manage,
check, control.
modo, adv., only, merely, N
modns. i, m., manner, kind, .ôrt,
fashion, style, character. nactns, a, nm, from nanclseor.
moeiila. Inm. n. plur., icalls, nam. conj.,/o?', now.
fori ificat ions. uamque, conj.,/or.
mole.ste. adv., greviously ; mo- nancispor, i, naetns or naiictns
leste ferre, to be annoyed, be snm.fi nd. get, come upon, obtain,
vexed, be irritated. secure.
mollis, e, soft; smooth, level. niiseor, i, natns snm, be born;
Mona, ae, f., an island in the Irish arise; of metals, be /owjirf.
channel. nfitio,
moneo. ere, ni, Itnni, warn, ad- nation.-onls, f., race, people, tribe,
vise, remind, urge. ufitura. ae, f., nature, character,
mous. montts, m., tnounfain; formation.
mountain range. nfitns, a, nm, from nascor.
mora, ae, f., delay. iifitus, us, m., birth.
Morinl. ornm, m. plur., the iianta, ae, m., sailor.
Morini, a tribe in the north of
Gaul. nautlcns, a, nm, naval, nautical.
moror, ari. atns snm, delay, wait, nfivalls, e, navcd, of ship.^.
striy, linger ; hinder, retard. navlcula, ae, f., .<imall boat, skiff.
mors, mortis, f., death. nfivlgatlo. -onls, f., sailing, navi-
mos, niorls, m., manner, custom, gation, voyage.
way: in plur., habits, character. navl<:Inni, i, n.. ship, vessel.
Mosa. ae, m.. the Metise, a river in niivlgo, are, avi, fitnni, sail.
north-eastern Gaul. nfivis, is. f.. ship, boat, ves.sel;
inolns, us, m., movement, 'motion, navis longa, warship; navls
change;
re volt. ujyrviing, disturbance, onerarla, transport.
moveo, ere, movl, motani, move, lie, conj., that not, lest; w. verbs
.^hift. of urging, asking, etc., )iot to; w.
verbs of fearing, that, lest.
moK, adv., soon. ne.even.
adv., not; ne..quldeni, not
mnll-er, -eris, f., woman.
mnltltfi-<lo, -rtlnls, f.. great num- -ne, enclitic interrogative particle,
ber, larqe body. muUitudc; num- in indirect questions, whether.
ber, amount; the commonpeople. nee, see neqne.
VOCABULARY. 119
necessiirlas, a, niii, necesaary, nonnullus, a, uni, some.

indispensable; iieressilrlo, abl. iioniis, a, nni, ninth.
as adv., of necessity, unavoid-
ably, perforce. nos, plur. of ego.
nece.sse, indecl. adj., necessary, no.seo. ere, novi, nr>tniii, learn ; in
inevitable. perf., know ; part, iioliis. a, nni,
iioco, known, well-knou-n, familiar.
death,are, sTvi, atiiiii, /.■///, put to
murder. noster, tra, trnm, our; m. plur.
as subst., our men, troops or
MOglcgo, ere, -lexi, -lectuni, neci-
Icct, slight, disregard. fo7-ccs. nine.
iioveni,
iiego, are, sTvi, iituiu, deny, say
. . not ; refuse. \ovlo«irinnni, i, n., a town of the
Suessioiies.
nesfttliini, i, n., business, enter-
novitsls, -tatls, f., novelty, strange-
culty. prise, ivork ; task, trotMei, diffi- ness.
nemo (nenilnls), rn., gen. and abl. noTn.s, a, nni, new, fresh, novel,
not in use, no one, nobody. strange; in superlative, latest,
iieqiiriqiiaiu, adv., by no means. last, rea?'.' .novae res, political
change, change of government,
iieqiie, or sometimes nee. before revolution.
consonants, adv. and conj,, oHrf nox, uoetls, f., night.
not, nor; when repeated, neither
. . nor. nfido, are, avi, atuni, lay bare,
leave defenceless.
Nervli, ornui, m. plur,, theNe7-vii,
nflllns, a, nni, no, none; in gen.
a tribe in the north-east o'f Gaul. dat. and abl. supplies cases of
neu, see neve. nemo, no one.
neuter, tra, trnni, neither; in
plur., neither side. nnmerns, i, m., mimber; amount.
neve or nen, or not, and that not, .\nmida, ae, m., Nutnidian, from
and not to, nor. the north coa,st of Africa.
ulliil, n. indecl. nothing ; ace. as nnnimns, I, m., coin, money.
adv., not at all. nnnuiiiam, adv., never.
nllillnni, i, n., nothing; nlbllo, nnne, adv., noir.
abl. as adv., none, no, w. com- nfintlo, sire, avi, iltiini, an-
paratives. nounce, report, bring word, tell.
nisi, conj., if not, unless, except. nriiitlns, i, m., messenger, news,
nobllls, e, noble, of high birth, report, message, tidings.
as subst.. a man of rank; well- nfiper, adv., lately, recently.
known , famoti s.
iintiis, us, m., nod, signal.
iiol>illiri>4. -tfitis, f., high birth,
rank; the noliility, the nobles.
noeeo, ere, ui, llnni. harm, in-
jure, do harm to. molest, w. dat.
noetfi, <ibl. as adv., by night. ob, prep. w. ace, on. account of,
because of, for.
nftlo, nolle, nolnl, be tmwilling.
be reluctant, not wish, not want. ob-jleio, ere, -Jeei. -jertiini, place
in the way, ojipose; pass., lie
nonien, -minis, n., name.
nomliiatlm, adv., by name. opposite.
ob-ses, -sldls, m., hostage.
nonilno, are. sivl, atnm, name, obsidio. -onis, f., .siege, blockade;
call, mention.
non, adv., not, no. pressure.
obstinate, adv., steadily, firmly,
nundnni, adv., not yet. persistently.
120 VOCABULARY.
obtciupei'o, are, iivi, atniii, sub- ently.

opportune, opportunely, conveni-
mit to, obey, w. dat.
ob-t.lneo, ere, -tinni, -tentiiiii, opportunltas, -tsitls, f., conveni-
hold, possess, occupy, viaiiitain. ence, advantage.
ucc:l«)iis, lis, HI., setting; soils opportuuHS, a, iiiii, opportune,
oecasus, sunset, the west. aclvantageous, favorable ,
oc set.
rldo, ere, -eicli, -easiiiu, /aW; op-prlmo, ere, -pressi,- pressuni,
overwhelm, crush, .surprise; bur-
oc-eitio, ere, -eldl, -eisiiiii, slay, den, tveigh down, encumber.
kill. oppuguiltlo, -oiils, f., assaidt,
oceiilto, sire, avi, ritiiiii, hide, attack.
conceal. oppilgiio, are. avi, atum, attack,
occultns, a, nin, concealed, secret; assault, storm.
lu occulto, »1 secret, in hiding. (ops), opis, f., help, aid.
©ecu patio, -dills, f., engagement, optlme. adv., superlative of bene,
occupation. well, excellently.
occiipo, fire, fivl, ritiini, seize, get optlmiis, a, um, superlative of
possession of; occupy, engage. bonus, best.
oceiirro, ere, -enrrl (-eiieurrl), op-US, -erls, n., icork, fortification,
-vnrsnm, fall in with, meet, come fortifying, .structure ; trade,
upon, find, w. dat. handicraft; opere w. munltus,
Oceaniis, I, m., (often with mare), by art.
the Ocean. ora, ae, f., shore, coast.
octavus, a, niii, eighth. orallo, -r»uls, f., speech, address,
oetlngentl, ae, a, eight hundred. w07-ds.
octo, eight. orator, -torls, m., ambassador.
oetodcclin, eighteen. orbls. Is, f , circle.
octuglnta, eighty. or-do, -dluls, m., rank, line; ar-
ocnlas, I, m., eye. rangement, order.
orlor, irl, ortus sum, W.se, arise,
ofllelnni, I, n., service, duty, alle- spring, be horii ; part, orlens.
giance; lu olOclo, loyal. -entls, asad.1.,r2.s'm£r; orlens sol,
oniiiino, adv., altogether, in all; sunrise, the east.
w. negatives, at all. orno, arc, avi, fituin, equip, sup-
omuls, c, all, every, whole.
oncrarlus, a, uni, for burdens; ply, furnish.
oro, arc, avi. rituiii, pray, beg,
uavls ouerarla, a transport. entreat, beseech.
ouero, are, fivi, atum, load. ortus, a, um, from orlor.
on-ns, -erls, n., burden, tveight, osteii-do, ere, -di, -turn, show,
bidk; cargo, freight. point out, explain, declare; di.s-
opera, ae, f., icork, exertion, play.
trouble, pains; operaui dare,
take pains, sec to it, do one's best.
opinio, -onis, f., opinion, impres- P.. an abbreviation for Publlns.
sion, idea; expectation, belief.
pabulator, -tfirls, m., forager.
oportet, ere, oporlnit, impersonal pabulor, arl, situs snni, forage.
verb, it behoves, it is necessary;
render freely by ought. pslbuliim, i, u., fodder, forage.
oppldaiins, a, nm, ofatoirn; ni. psleo, sire, slvi, sltum, tranquillize,
plur. as subst., toivnspeople. subdue, reduce.
opplduui, I, n., town. paene, adv., almost.
VOCABULARY. 121
pagus, I, m., district, canton, clan. pello, ere, pepull,

dislodge, repulse, ■pnS.snnx, drive,to
defeat, put
pal-As, -udis, f., vi/irsh, siramp.
paiido, erv, paiKli, passiini, flight, rout.
spread out, out si retch. pendr», ere, pependi, pensum,
weigh; pay.
par, pnrls, equal, like, the same; a
match. per, prep. w. ace, through; hy
means of, by; by iray of, over,
parens, -entls, m. and f., parent. along; by reason of.
paror», fro, iii, Itiini, obe}/,siib77iit, per-aso, ere, -egi, -»i-U\m,fliiish,
be obedient, be siibmis.'iive, w. dat. bring to an end.
paro, are, avi, atiiiii, prepare, per-eipio, ere, -eepi,-eeplnm. get;
I'qiiiii, (let rendu, arranr/e; pro- hear, listen to.
cure, pet, acquire; w. belltiiii,
prepare for war ; part, paradis, pere«»iilaU<>, -onls, f., inquiry.
a, iiiii, as adj., ready, prepared. per eiirro, ere, -eurri (eneurri),
pars, partis, f., part, portion, -cursum, lun along.
section; quarter, direction, side. pcr-dueo, ere, -dfixl. -dnelum.
partlm, adv., partly. carry or bring over, bring; irin
over.
parviiliis, a, iiiii, very small,
slight, trifling. per-eo, -Ire, -li (-ivi), -ilum,
perish, be killed.
passim, adv., in all directions.
perecinllo, are, jivi, atum, ride
passus, a, iiiii, from pando or through, ride or drive about.
from pallor.
perexisiins, a, uui, very small.
passns, lis, m.,pace{Rve feet); one
thousand paces made one mile. per lero. -Cerre, -lull, -lalnni,
endure, submit to; curry, report.
pater, -trls, m., father.
pallor. 1, passiis sum, suffer, per lielo, ere, -feci, -fectniu, ^m,-
isli, complete.
allow, per III It; bea); endure,
withstand, cope with. perfns'a, ae, m., deserter.
perfuKluiu, I, ii., refuge, place of
patrliis, a, nni, of one's fathers, refuge.
anccstiâl.
panel, ae, a (sing-, not in Caesar), perienlosns, a, um, dangeroiis.
few, but few. perieuluiu, i, n., danger, risk,
paueltas, -tatls, f., small number. peril; test, tried, attempt.
panlatlm, adv., gi-adually, by de- perlatns, a, nni, from perl'ero.
grees. pcr-nianeo, ere, -miinsi, -nian-
panllspcr, adv., for a short time. snm, continue, remain, abide,
hold fast.
panlo, adv., et little, slightly,
somewhat. perinltirt, ere, -misi, -niissnm,
panlnm, adv., a little, slightly. give II /I, yield, entrust, leave ; al-
low, grant permission, j)ermit.
pax, paels, f.,pc«cc.
per-movefl, ere, -nioTl, -molnm,
pec-H.s, -oris, n., cattle; flesh, meat. ■move, influence, induce; alarm.
ped-es, -lUs, m., foot-soldier; in perpanei, ae, a, (a) very few.
plur., infantry. perpetuus, a, nm, continuous,
pedester. Iris, Ire. on foot, on or unbroken; In perpetunm, for
by land; of infantry. ever.
pedltatus, us, m., infantry. per-rumpo, ere, -rupi, -ruptum,
bi'eak thro\Lgh, force one's way.
E'edlns, i, m., Quintus Pedius, owe per-sequor, i, -secutus sum, pin--
of Caesar's lieutenants. sue.follouiup; attack; w. bello,
pellls. Is, f., skin, hide. make tear on.
122 VOCABULARY.
per-splclo, ere, -spexi, -spectiini, poena, ae, t, penalty, pimishment.

see, see through; j)erceive, under- potlieeor, eri, Iliis sunt, promise,
stand; observe, examine, inspect, make ap)romise, undeHake.
surveu; learn, ascertain, Jind
out, become acquainted xcith. pond-ns, -erls, n., tveight.
per-siiruleo, ere, -snasi, -snasuni, pr>iio, ere, posiil, posltiini, place,
jjersitade, induce, w. dat. .êt, station; pitch; lay down; w.
perterreo, ere, ni, Itniii. terrify, eastra, jiUch ; in pass., be situ-
ated, be dependent.
frighten, alarm, dismay, un- pons, ponds, m., bridge.
nerve; inpass., be pan.ic-st?Hcken.
per-tliieo, ere, -tlniii, -teiitnni, poposfi, from poseo.
extend, stretch; tend; concern, popiilor, ftri, atiis sum, ravage,
relate, belong to. lay icaste, devastate.
pertiirbatir», -ouls, f., alarm, con- populiis, 1, m.., people, nation.
fusion, panic. porta, ae, f.,gate.
perturbo, are, StI, ritiiiii, throw porto, are, sivi, sltani, carry,
into confusion, disconcert, dis- bring, convey.
turb, alarm; in pass., be at a port us, fis, m., harbor, poH.
loss.
per-veiiio, ire, -veni, -Teniuiii, posco,
inand. ere, pitposei, ask for, de-
come, reach, arrive.
positiis, a, uiii, from pono.
pes, perils, m., foot; pedihiis, on
foot, by land; pedeiii relerre, possesslo, -oiils, f., possession,
to fall back, retire, retreat. occupation.
pet-o, ere, -ivi, -itiini, ask, request; pos-slileo, ere, -seill, -sessum,
seek, ask for, beg, sue for ; make possess, hold.
for, aim at, attack. possiiiii, posse, potui, be able,
Pletones, nni, m. plnr., the Pic- can, be possible; be potverful or
tones, a Gallic tribe at the mouth strong, have weight or influence.
of the Loire. post, 1. adv., afterirards, after;
pliaiii, i, n., javelin, spear. 2. prep. w. ace, after, behind.
postea, adv., afterwards.
I'irfistae, ariiiii, m. plur., the
Pirustae, a tribe in Illyricum. postea«iuaiii, conj., after, when.
plaiiKles. ei, f., plain, level space. posterns, a, uiii, next, following.
piriiiiis, a, uiii, level, flat, evenly postpoiio, ere, -posiii, -posltnni,
sluicing. postpone, set aside, disregard.
plel>es, or plelts, plehls, f., the postquam, conj., after, when.
com ni07i people, the //la.sscs. postriille, adv., the next day, on
I>leiiiis, a, iim, full. the mon-ow.
plerlqiie. pleraeqiie, pleraqiie, postiilo, fire, avi, atiiui, ask, ask
t hi- most, the majority, the greater for, demand, require.
number. poteiis, eiitis, partic. of possum
pleriiiiMiue, adv., generally, usu- as adj., powerful, influential.
ally, in most cases. potestfis, -tatls, f., power, control;
pli]iiil»iiiii, I, n.,lead ; pliiiiibiini opportunity.
album, tin. potior, sioniri,
of. Itiis sum, gain posses-
plfirliiuini, adv., most, vcrymueh.
pirirjiiiiis, a, mil, superlative of potiil, from possum,
»111 1 1 IIS, most, very many. praraeuiiis, a. uni, sharpened at
plus, plurls, comparative of the cm/, poiided.
iniiKiis, more; in plur., several, prae-eeiir», ere, -eessi, -eessiim,
many.
surpa.'is.
VOCABULARY. 123
prae-ceps, -clpltls, headlonu ; priulo, adv., at-first.

abru2}t, steep. prininiii, adv., first, in the first
praeciplto, sire, avi, aluiii./t/i.r/, place; cum or ul>l prliiiiiiii, as
h ii.rl. soon as; quant prlinuiii, as
prae-clfidfl, ere, -clfisi, -elfisuni, soon as possible.
close, barricade, primus, a, uiii, superlative of
pracda, ac, L, plunder, booty. prior, first, foremost, in the van ;
iu prJmls, especially, particu-
larly.
praedifo, are, sivi, atiiiii, an-
nounce, proclaim, assert.
priu-ceps, -clpls, va., leading man,
praedor, ari, ains sniii, plunder, leader, chief.
(jet jilunder, pilla{je. princlpatus, ils, m., leadership,
praefeettis. i, m.. officer, com- chief po.<iition, first place, lead,
mander (especially of cavalry), supremacy.
prefect. prior, lus, comparative, former,
prae-lieio, ere, -feci, -tavtum, mit earlier.
or set over, place in covimand of,
give charge of, w. ace. and dat. pristlnns, a, iiiii, former, pre-
vious; offormer days, old-time.
prae-figo, ere, -flxi, -fixiiiii, fix prius, comparative adv., earlier,
before, place at the edge. sooner; prius. . .quam, before,
prae-iulttr», ere, -nilsl, -iiiIkkiiiii, w. negatives, until.
send in advance, send on before prlnsqnam, conj., before.
or ahead, send forward.
privsltim, adv., individuallu, as
praeparft, are, avi, ninm, prepare private ind ividuals.
or get ready beforehand.
privatus, a, um, private.
prae-ruiiipo, ere, -rfipi, -rup- pro, prep. w. abl., before, in front
tuiu, break off.
of; on behalf of, for; instead of ,
prae-scribo, ere, -seripsi, -.s«Tip- in place of, as; in accordance
tnnx, prcscr ibe , gice directions. with; in proportion to; inviewof.
praeseiis, -eiiti.s, partic. of prae- pro-cedo, ere, -cessi, -ccssuni, go
Nniu, present. forward, advance.
praesldliini, I, n., guard, gariH- procul, adv., at a distance.
son, (protecting) force; protec- pro-cunil»o, ere, -culnii, lie down,
tion, support, escoH.
fall, sink down.
prae sto, are, -stltl, -stltiini or pro-curro, ere, -cucurri (-cnrri),
-stfituiii, exhibit, show, display;
dischai-ge, do; excel, be superior; -cursum, run or rM,s7( foricai'd,
rush out, charge.
praestat, impersonal, it is better.
prae-siini, esse, -fni, be over, be at pro-do, ere, -didi, -dltnni, give
head of, hare commarul of; be in. forth; hand down; betray.
charge of, supe^Hntend, w. dat. pro-dfico, ere, -dfixi, -dnctum,
lead
tract.forth or out ; jirolong, jrro-
praeter,
past; except, "pi'ep. besides.
w. ace, beyond,
proelior, ari, filus sum, fight.
praeteresT, adv., besides, moi'eover.
preces, mil, f., (sing, defective and proelium.i, n., batile, engagement,
not found in Caesar), prayers, fighting, fight.
entreaties. profectio, -onis, f., departure.
preiiiw, ere, pressi. pressnm, profectus, a, uiii, from proii-
press, press hard ; harass, ciscor.
oppress. pro-ficiscor, i, -iectus sum, set
(prex), precis, f., see preees. out, depart, start, go, proceed.
pridle, adv., the dity before, on profligo, are, avi, atuui, rout,
the precious day. put to flight.
124 VOCABULARY.
pro-ruglS, ere, -ffigi, -fiigltuin. prr>-vl4leo, ere. -vidi, -visnni,

Jlce, escape, make one's escajie. provide (for), secure, procure,
pro <;re(Ilor, I, -gressas .sum. (/o make provision.
forward, advance, proceed, yo. provlncla, ae, f., province; espe-
prohlbeo, ere, ul, Itam, restrain, cially "the province' of Gallia
Transalpiiia.
keep, pi-event, hiruler, check ; cut
off; protect. proTolo, are, avI, atum. ru-ih
forth, rush out, dart forth.
pro-JIclo, ere, -jet-i, -Jectniii,
th ro ir doim or a iva y, hurl, fliny ; proxlme, adv., superlative of
abandon, renounce. prope, lust, most recently, lately.
pro-niltto, ere, -misl. -nilsHiini. proxlmiis, a, iim, nearest, next;
let (jrow ; part, prumi.s.su.s, a, last, recent; see proplor.
mil, as adj., lo}ig,Jlowing. pabllons, a, nm, public, officud,
prr>-nioTeo, ere, -niovi, -niotani, of the state or people; res pub-
move for icard, advance. llca, see respnbllea.
proniiinlurlam, I, n., headland. PObllus, I, m., Publius, a Roman
promontory. praenomen.
prope, adv. (proplns, proxlnie), puer, eri, m., boy, child.
near ; nearly, almost, about. pAsna, ae,f., fight, fighting, battle.
pro-polio, ere, -puli, -pul8uiii, pugno, are, avl, atnm, fight; in
drive off, repel, dislodge. pass., piignatnr, impersonally,
propluqnltas, -tiitLs, f., nearness. the battle goes on, freely (they)
pr«ipln4iiiu.s, a, nm, near, close;
m. a.s subst., relative, kinsman. pulsus, a, urn, from pello.
fight.
piilv-ls, -erls, m., dust, cloud of
pi'oplor. Ills, comparative, nearer; dust.
seu pi'oxliuus.
proplus, adv., see prope. piitd. are, avi, atnm, think, believe,
hold, consider, suppose.
pro>pon5, ere, posai, -posltuni,
set forth, display.
propter, prep. w. ace, on account
of, because of. <(., an abbreviation forQalntns.
propterea, adv.,07i this account. qua, adv., vhere, by which road.
for this reason; proplerea
quod, because. quadraglnta. forty.
prdpugno, are, avi, htnni, fight in quadrlngenti, ac, a, four hun-
defence, rush out to fight. dred.
propnlsS, are, fivi, atnni, drive qiiaerd, ere, quaesivi, quaes-
off, repel, keep at bay. itum, ask, enquire.
pro-.seqnor, I, -seeutas sum, quaestor, -torls, m. , quaestor, the
pursue, folloiu ; dismiss, ad- officer in charge of the finances
dress. of a province or army.
prospectus, lis, ro., vieic, sight. quaiii, adv., how; vv. compar-
atives, than ; w. superlatives, as
pro-splolo, ere, -.spexi, -.speetnin. as possible.
provide {for-), make provision, quando, adv., at any time, ever.
take precautions, take care.
prollnn.s, adv., at once, imme- quantns, a. am, hoiv great, what
diately. (great), how much; as great as,
as much as, as.
prolurbo, are, fivi, atom, drive
off {in confusion), dislodge. quartus, a, uiu, fourth.
pro-velio, ere, -vexi, -veetum, HuattuoT, four.
curry forward. -que, enclitic conjunction, and.
VOCABULARY.
125
queror, i, qnestus snm, complain.
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who,
which, what .that ; he who; as co- ra-do, cpc, -si, -suui, shave.
ordinating relative, this, he; rapiditas, -tatis, f., siciftness.
after Idem, as.
I'firus, a, nni, scattered, few, in
qui, quae, quod, interrogative scattered or detached groups, in
adj., what, which. small bodies.
qui, qua, quod, indefinite adj. or rasHs, a, niii, from rado.
rarely pron., some, any ; anyone. ratio, -Anis, f., method, system,
qulequaiu, from qulsqnani. plan,
acter. way, arrangement, char-
q u I c u lu q II e . quaeeunique,
quodcnntque, whoever, what- reiiellio, -oiiis, f., reneioal of war.
ever, lohichever. recen.s, -eutls, neiv, recent; fresh.
qnldani, qnaedani, qulddaiii or reccptus, lis, m., retreat.
quoddam, a certain (one).
quldeiu, adv., certainly, indeed, recipio, ere, -ccpl, -ceptuiii, re-
gain, recover, get back; receive,
ue . . . quldeni, not even. admit; sc redpere, (1) recover
quin, conj., b%d that, so that not; oneself, rally, recover, (2) retreat,
often best rendered by from, w. fall back, withdraw, betake one-
gerund in -ing. self, returti.
qiiliideciiu, fifteen. recupepo, are, jItI, atuni, regain,
recover.
quingeiitl, ae, a., five hundred.
qniiiqurigliita, fifty. recuso, are, avl, atuiu, refuse,
object, protest.
iiuimiue, five. retia, ae, f., wagon.
quintns, a, nni,^/Â. redaclus, a, uni, from redigo.
Qnliitus. I, m., Quintus, a Roman
prticnomen. red-df), ere, -didi, -dituni, give
back, return, restore.
quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron.,
who; ^vhat. red-eo, Ire, -II, (-Ivi), -Ituiii, go
back, come back, return.
qnls, qua. quid, indefinite pron.,
any one, anythiny. bring. ere, -egl, -actum, reduce,
red-igo,
qulsquani, quldquani or qulc-
quam, any one, anything, any. redintegro, are, avi, atum, re-
new, restore, revive.
qulsque qnaeque, quldque or reditu.s, fls, m., return, returning.
quodquc, each, each one.
quo, abl of qui, as conj., that, in re-<lue6, ere, -duxl, -ductum, lead
order that. back, bring back, withdraw.
quo, abl. of qui, as adv., by how rcfero, referre, rettulKorretnli),
much, w. comparatives, the; for relatum, carry back ; report,
quo niluuM see qiioiniuus. anno } I nee ; pedeni referre, re-
treat, fall back.
quo, relative adv., whither, irhere,
to, at or into which. re-flcl6, ere, -feci, -fectum, repair,
refit.
quoad, conj., tintil.
quod, conj., hecfl?/se, that, in that; regio, -ouls, f., region, district,
on the ground that; the factthat. part, country.
quoniinus or quo minus, conj., so regnuHi. I, n., royal poirer, sove-
that not; freely rendered by /row. reignty, kingdom.
quouiaui, conj., si/icc, as, ir/iereas. re-jlcio, ere, -jeci, -jectuni, ^^roio
or hurl back, drive back ; throw
quoque, conj., also, too, as well. aside, drop.
quotannIs,adv.,j/eaWj/,eve7^j/ea?\ pcilctns, a, am, fi-om reiinquo.
126 VOCABULARY.
religlo, -onls, f., religious obliga- respubllea, reipublleae, f., the

tion or belief or scruple. state, the country, the common-
re-Iliiqno, ere, -liqai, -lirtiini, wealth, jiublic affairs or inter-
leave, leave behind; abatulon, ests; often written as two words.
give up; in pass., remain. restlti from resist©.
rellqniis, a, nm, remaining, other, restlt-nd, ere, -ui, -Otani, re-
left, further; generally to be store, rebuild, renew.
rendered by the rest of. re-tiiieo, ere, -tlnni, -teiitnni,
re-nianeo, ere, -niantî, -luansuni, detain, hold; keep, maintain.
remain, rem,ain behind, stay. re-traho, ere, -Iraxi, -tractnm,
peni-ex, -Igls, m., roioer, oars- bring back (by force).
man.
rever-to, ere, -ti, -sum (chiefly
Keiiii, oi'iim, ni. plur., the Remi, a in perf. tenses), rever-tor, I,
tribe in northern Gaul. -sns snin (chiefly in pres. tenses),
reiiilgw, are, ari, ataiu, roio. return, come back.
reiiiiKrO, are, sivi, atnin, move revoeo, sire, avi, iitnnk.recaU, call
back, go back, return, retire. back.
re-mitto, ere, -niisi, -nii»>Mini, rex, regis, m., king.
send back; relax; part, remls- Rbeuns, i, m., the Rhine.
sns, a, uni, as adj., mild, not Rliodaiins, i, m., the Rhone.
severe.
re-nioveo, ere, -movi, -iiioliini, ripa, ae, f., bank.
remove, send aivay ; withdraw, roK», are, avi, sltnni, ask, invite,
draw aivay. (iskfor, request.
Remus, I, m., a Reman, one of the Roman as, a, nm, Roman; m. as
Remi, a tribe in northern Gaul. subst., a Romayi.
rSnin-s, I, m. , oar. rota, ae, f., wheel.
reiiuntlA, are, avi, atuni, report, Rfifns, I, m., Pvblius Sulpidus
bring {back) word. Rufus, one of Caesar's lieuten-
ants.
re-pello, ere, reppnli, -puLsuni,
drive back, beat off, repulse, de- rumor, -oris, n., rumor, report.
feat. rQrsns, adv., again, back again.
repeiite, adv., suddenly.
repentinus, a, nni, sudden, hasty.
re-perio, ere, repperi, -pertuni,
Jind,find oid, discover.
reporto, are, avi, fituni, carry SaMiins, I, m., Quintus Titurius
back, take back. Sabinus,
ants. one of Caesar's lieuten-
repulsus, a, mux, from repello.
.Sabls, is, m., the Sabis, now Sam-
re.s, rei, f., thing, ^natter, affair, bre, a river in north - eastern
circumstance, fact, action ; the Oatil.
context will generally suggest a saepe, adv. (saeplus, saepisslnie),
more exact rendering. often, repeatedly.
reseliidr», ere, -seldl, -sclssuiii,
break dou-it, destroy. sagltta, ae, f., arrow.
Sagittarius, i. ni., archer.
re-slslo, ere, -still, 7-esist, with-
sta sal-US, -litis, f., safety, welfare;
makend, oropj)ose, hold one's ground,
offer resistance, w. dat. place of safety.
re-spoiidefl, ere, -spondl, -spoii- .Sautoni, orum, m. plur., the
siini. answer, make answer, Santoni, a tribe on the west
reply. coast of Gaul.
127
V00AI5ULAHV.
sail IIS, a, iim, sound, sane; pn» s<^<|iior, I, seeutiis siini, follow,
saiio, like a discreet vian, sensi- pursue; attach oneself to.
bly, prudently. serf), ere, sevi, satiiiii, soir.
snrcliia, ae, f.,iii Caesar always in servllfis, -f fitls, f., slaverj/, bond-
plur., pack, kit-bag, (personal) age, subjection.
baggage.
servo, are, avi, ritiiiii, keep, hold,
Matl.s, adv., enough, sufficiently ; maintain; tratch.
tolerably, quite, considcrahly ;
often as subst., eJioi/,'//; , siiffirirnt. seseeiitl, ae, a, six hundred.
sallH-faclo, ere, -feci, racfiiiii, do sese, for se, from siil.
enough, or do reparation,
one's duty;satisfy,
make sevoeo, are, avI, sltnin, call aside,
amends take aside.
apologise. sex, six.
saxiiiii, I, n., stone, rock. sexagliita, sixty.
Sfaplia, ao, f., skiff, small boat. si, conj., if, even if ; in case, to
.scleiitla, a«', f., knowledge. see whether.
sclo, Ire, ivi, itiiiii, know. sie, adv., thus, in this way ; .so, in
scrlbo, ere, scrips!, scriptiiiii, such a xvay ; as follows.
111' it e. siecltas, -tsitis, f., drying up, dry-
scfit mil, i, n. , shield. ness, drought.
seelus, see seciis. sigiiifer, eri, m., standard-bearer.
secuiidiiin, prep. w. ace, along. sigiilfieo. are, avi, atuiii, indi-
cate, intimate.
sceiiinlHS, a, mii, second; favor- sigiiiiiii, i, n., signal, standard ;
able, successful.
sigiia. ferre or iuferre, to ad-
seciis, adv. (comp. serins), other- vance.
toise; iilhlloseeliis, iionrtlirlrss.
Sllliis, i, m., Titus Silius, one of
seeatiis. a, iiiii, from setiiiwr. Caesar's officers.
seel, conj., but. sllva, ae, f., wood, forest.
sertes. Is, f., seat; abode, settle- silvestrls, c, wooded.
ment.
sliiiiil, adv., at the same time;
Svsoutisiei, driiiii. in. plur., the sliiiiil atqne (or sometimes
Segontiaci, a tribe in Britain. siniiil alone), as soon as.
.Segov-ax,
in Kent. -actls, m., a king ruling- slniulo, are, avi, atuiii, pretend.
sine, prep. w. a,h\., without.
seiiilta, ae, f., path, by-path.
seiifitiis, fis, m., scn((te. siiigiliatliii, adv., singly, individ-
ualli/, one by one.
sciiteiitia, ae, f., opinion, vieui. sliisuirirls. e, single, one by one ;
sciitlo. Ire, .sensi, seusuiii, feel, extraordinary, remarkable.
perceive. singiili, ae, a, one each, one at a
septeiii, seven. time, one by one, singly, several,
septeiilriO, -oiiis, m. (chiefly in one.
plur.), the seven stars of the con- sinister, tra, trnni, left; tern.
stellation of the Oreat Bear; sinistra as subst., left hand (sc.
hence the north. man us),
Septimus, a, nni, seventh. siquldeiii, conj., since.
septliigeiit 1, ae, a, seven hundred. situs, us, m., position, situation.
septiiilgiiitri, seventy. soeliis, 1, m., ally.
Seqnaiii, ornin, m. plur., the sol, soils, m.. sun ; orlens sol, the
Sequani, a tribe in central Gaul. east ; occldcus sol, the ivest.
128 VOCABULARY.
soUtu-do, -flints, f., solitude. sub-mlttO, ere, misi, -inlssuin,

solllrlto, are, avi, atnni, stir up. send (to aid), send to one's aid.
' incite, sub-nioveo, ere, -movi, -niotnm,
with, tryurpe, importrine,
to irin over. tamper remove, dnve off, dislodge.
solniu, adv., only. sub-sequor, I, -seofitus sum, fol-
itolns, a, nm, alone, only. low (closely), follow up, piirsuc.
solvo, ere, solvi, solutiiin, loose ; snbsltllnm, I, n., aid, assistance ;
with or -«ithout naves, weigh ment.
support; reserves, reinforce-
anchor, set sail.
spatlnm. T, n., space, extent; dis- sub-slsto, ere, -stiti, halt; hold.
tance, interval ; pause, time. snb-suui, -esse, -ful, be near, br
species, ei, f., appearance, form, close at hand.
sight. snc-ee«Io, ere, -cessi, -cessum.
speelo, are, slvl, atnm, look, face, succeed, take the place of, relieve.
w. dat. ; come close to ; come up.
slojii', lie.
speenlator, -torls, m.. spy. snceessns,
vance. us, m., approach, ad-
speenlatorlns, a, nm, for spying,
reconnoitring, scouting. sue-eldo,
down. ere, -ei«li, -risnm, cut
spes, ei, f., hope. sndis. Is, f., stake.
spollo, are, avi, atnni, strip, rob,
despoil. .•»uebi, orum, m. plur., the Suebi,
a German tribe on the Rhine.
stabllltits, -tatls, f., steadiness.
statlm, adv., at once. .Suesslones, um, m. plur. , the Sues-
sioncs, a tribe in northern Gaul.
statlo, -onis, f., guard, sentry, sui. slbl, .se or sese. reflex, pron.,
outpost, picket. himseljf. itself, themselves ; him,
stat-no, ere, -ni, -fitani, decide, it, them; inter seîo, with, from.
determine, resolve. etc.), one another.
strepltns, lis, m., noise, din, clat- sum. esse, fni, be, exist ; w. gen.,
ter, confusion. belong to.
stndeo, ere, ni, strive, be eager sumnia. ae. f , total sum; chief
for, be bent upon, aim. at. control, command, m,anagement.
stndlnm, i, n., eagerness, zeal, de- snnimus, a, um, superlative of
votion, energy, enthusiasm. su perns, highest, topmost.
sub, prep. (1) w. abL, under, be- greatest, chief, utmost, sîpreme,
neath; at the foot of. close by, extreme.
near to; (2) w. a,cc.. under, close up sumo, ere, sOmpsI, sumptum.
to; of time, towards, just bcfo7-e. take, undertake ; spend, expend.
snb-dfieo, ere, -duxi, -daetam, superior, ins, comparative of su-
draxi} off, uithdruu- ; draw uj}, perns, higher, upper; former.
ha id up, beach. previous, preceding; superior,
snltdnetlo. -r»iils, f., hauling on more successful.
shore, beaching. snpero, are, avi, atnm. conguer,
sqblto, adv., suddenly. defeat, overcome, be victorious;
snbltns, a, um, sudden, hasty. be superior, surpass.
sub-Jiclo, ere, -jeei, -jeclnm, super-snm, -esse, -fni, remain,
bring under, subject, expose; in survive.
pass., lie near.
snblatns, a, um. from folio. supplleatio, -onls, f., thanks-
giving.
submlnlstro, fire, fivi, atuni, snprsl, adv. or prep. w. ace., above,
supply, furnish. before.
VOCABULARY. 129
siispifio, -«"nils, f., suspicion. Ten«'teri, ornni, m. plur., the

.susiilfor, ari, atiis siiiii, sunjxct. Tencteri, a German tribe near
the mouth of the Rhino.
8u.steuto, are. avi, iitnui, hold ten«lo, ere, teteniii, t^nsnni or
out, maintaiti oneself.
tent nni, stretch, stretch out.
snstlneS, ere, -tliiiii, -toiiliiiii, teneo, ere, nl, tentnni, hold, keep,
sustain, icithstand, hold out,
restrain, detain.
hold one's own, bear, endure;
check, rein in, keep in hand. tergnni,
hind^ i, n., back, rear; tergnni
snstnli, from tolh». vertere, to flee, take to flight ;
post tergnni, in the rear, be-
.siin.s, a, nni, hi.'i. her, its, their; his
own, etc. ; ni. plur. as subst., sni,
Oram, his (their) friends, com- terni, ae, a, f., three at a tiyne,
th ree.
rades,men, coiinfrj/meii; n. plur.
terra, ae, f., earth, land; country.
as subst., sua,property.
possessions, orii'ui, his (their)
Terrasldlns, I. m., Titus Terra-
sidius, an officer with Caesar.
terrlto, hrv, frighten, terrify.
T., an abbreviation for Tltas. terr«)r, -oris, m., alarm, panic,
fright, tetvor.
talea, ae, f., bar, rod. tertins, a, nni, third,
tain, adv., .so.
testu-do, -dliils, f., tortoise-shell ;
tanien, adv., still, however, yet. testudo, shelter of overlapping
Tame.sls, Is, ni., the Thames. shields.
tandeiu, adv., at length, at last. timeo, ere, nl, fear, feel or have
tango, «TO, tetlgl, tactnni, touch, fear, be ana:ious, be afraid.
border on. tlnior, -oris, m., fear, alarm,
fright, dread, panic.
tantnln.s, a, nni, so trifling, so TltArlns, i, m., Qvintus Titurius
small.
tautn.s, a, nni, so great, so tnuch, Sabinus, one of Caesar's lieuten-
ants.
such; so poircyful; as great, as Tltns, i, m., Titus, a Roman prae-
much; n. tantnni, as adv., so nomen.
much, so far.
tarde, adv., slowly. tolI«l, ere, snstnli, snblatnm,
raise; take aboard; w. aneor-
tard<~>, are, avi, atnni, check. ani, weigh;
destroy. take away, remove,
TaxJniagulns, 1, m., a king ruling
in Kent. tornientuni, I, n., engine (for
tegLnientnm, i, n., covering. throwing missilesj, artillery.
tego. er«', texi, t^ctuiu, cover, tot, indeclinable, so many.
h ide, protect. t«»tldeni. indeclinable, as many,
teliim, 1, n., xceapoti, mi.ssile, dart. the seime number.
teniere, adv., rashly, thoughtless- totus, a, nm, whole, entire, all;
ly, without good reason. often rendered freely by entirely,
altogether.
teuio, -oul.s, m.,pole (of chariot).
teiupero, are, ari, atnni. control. trabs, trabls, f., beain.
7\'st7riin; part, as adj.. teniper- trit-do, ere, -dldi, -«Iltuni, hand
atns, a. nni, temperate, mild. over, give up, surrender, deliver.
teinpestas, -tittLs, f., iceather; trsT-dtiro, ere, -dnxi, -diietani,
storm. lead across, bring over, lead.
temp-n.s,
occasion. -oris, n., time, season, triijectns, as. m., crossing, pass-
age.
130 VOCABULARY.
traiiqulllltAs, -ta'itls, f., stillness, U

calm.
trans, prep. w. ace, acroa/), over, ubl, adv., where ; when.
beyoyid, on the ether side of. I'bll, fli-um, m. plur., the Ubii, a
trriii-sfeiulo, ero, -srenOI, -sc€n- tribe in Germany on the Rhine.
siuu, cross over, board. ulclscor, I, ultus sum, punish.
trfius eO, -Ire, -H (ivi), -Itam, alius, a, nni, any; as subst., any
cross, cross over, come over, one.
trflnsgredior, I, -gressus sum, ulterior, lus, comparative,
cross. further, more remote,
trausinlssus, fis, m., passage ultra, prep. w. ace, beyond.
across.
ultrO, adv., of one's own accord,
spontaneously.
traiisportu, are, avl, al nui, carry,
leaeL, bring ov take over. uniquani, adv., ever.
Ti-ansrheiianns, a, iiin, living una, adv.. at the some time, to-
across the Jihijie {ircin Gaul). gether, along.
Treblns, I, ni., 3fa7-cus Trebius unde, adv., vhence, from which.
Gall us. one of Caesar's officers. uudeolniiis, a, um, eleventh.
trecenli, ae, a, three hundred. uudtque, adv., from all sides, en
trf's, trla, three. all .sides.
TreTcri, uriiiu, m. plur., the Tre- finlversus,
body, ». nm, oil, in a body;
vert, a ti'ibe in north-eastern as subst., all together, the whole
Gaul, on the Rhine.
trlbfiiiii8, I, m., tribune (an officer Hiius, a, nm, one. a single ; alone.
in the llouiau army). only ; one and the same.
trll>-nfi, ere. -iii, iitnni, grant, urbs, urbis, f., city.
give, bestow, render. iirgeo, ere, nrsi, press hard.
trTilunm.I. n.. space of three days,
three days. I'sipetes,
a Germannm. tribeni.plur.,iAe
near theUsipetes,
mouth,
trlenulam, I, n., three years. of the Rhine.
trigluta, thirty. nsqne, adv., all the way, right or
Trlnobantes. nm, the Trino- quite up to,
bantes, a tribe in Britain. risns, a, um, from ntor.
tripertlto,
ions. adv., in three divis- fisu.s, fis, m., experience, use, ■
trractice; management, hand-
tripl-ex, -Ids, triple, threefold. ling; advantage, .service; ex
trlqnetrns, a, um, triangular. usu, of advantage, advantage-
ous.
tuba, ae, f., trumpet. ut, or uti, as; that, in order that,
tneor, fri. tlitns (or tiiltns).sn]ii. in purpose clauses generally best
protect, guard, defend. rendered bj; infln. w. to; w.
tnm, adv., then, at that time, verbs of fearing, that not; seeing
that.
thereupon ; cum . . . tmn, both
. . . and, not only . . . but uterque, utraque, utrnmque,
also, each (of two), both; m. plur.,
both sides.
tumnltus, fls, m., noise, uproar,
co7nmotion, disorder,
tumulus, I, m., mound. fitor, I, Osus sum, use, employ,
ynake use of, adopt, avail oneself
turnin, ae, f., squadron, troop, of, show, display, w. abl.
turrls, Is, f., tower. uxor, -5rls, f., wife.
VOCABULARY. 131
via, ae, f., way, road, track, route,

.journey.
v'iifiiiiH, a, mil, empty. viei, from vliieo.
viidiiiii, i, n.,for(l; shoal, shallow. vieies, adv., twenty times.
vn$;«tr, ari, situs sum, wander, vieiis, i, m., village.
roam about.
video, ere, vlcli, visnm, sec; in
valeo, ere, iii, hv strong, he power- pass., be seen, seem, a,ppear,
ful, have iveir/Zit or influence. seem good or seem best.
valliiiu, I, n., rampart, urill. vlgllla, ae, f., watch (one-fourth of
viisto, are, avi, atnni, lay wa.'ite, the night time).
ravage, devastate. vigliiti, txnenty.
vslstns, a, uni, vast, boundless, vliieo, ere, vlci, vletnni, conquer,
immense. defeat, overcome.
vectlg-al, -alls, n., tax, tribidc. vliieiilniii, i, n., chaiti; often in
veftorlii.s. a, iiin, for carrying; plur., prison.
vectorluni navlgluin, a trans- viiiea, ae, f., vine-arbor; covered
port. shed, movable shed, viiiea.
velienienter, adv., strongly, vigor- vires, Iniii, from vis.
ously, exceedingly. vir-go, -gliils, f., maiden.
Velaiiiiis, I, III., Quintus Velanius, VIroiiiaiidiii, ririmi, m. plur., the
one of Caesar's officers. Viromandui, a tribe in north-
Velloeasses, nni. m. plur., the eastern Gaul.
Veliocasses, a tribe in northern
Gaul, near the mouth of the vlr-tfis, -tutis, i., manliness, valor,
Seine. bravery, courage, energy.
Veneti, drnin, m. plur., fTip Veneti, VIS, vim. VI, i)lnr. vires, Inm., f.,
a tribe in the extreme north- west force, strength, power; fnry, vio-
of Gaul. lence ; vigor ; plur., strength,
Venetlcus, a, nm, of or irith the powers.
visns, a, nm, from video.
Veneti.
TcnlS, Ire, tCiiI, Tentnni, come. vi(6, are, avi, atmn, avoid, seek
to escape.
ventltft, are, ftvl, atitin, come vltram, I, n., woad.
often, keep coming.
ventns, I, m., toind, breeze. vivo, ere, vixi, victnm, live; w,
abl., live on.
vereor, evi, Itns sniu, fear, be
afraid, feel anxiety. vix, adv., scarcely, hardly.
vergO, ere, incline, trend, lie, face. voeo, are, avi, atiuu, call, sum-
mon, invite.
v5r5, indeed, in fact ; but; often voir», veUe, volni, xoish, be willing,
untranslated. want.
Ter-t6, -ere, -ti, -sum, turn; voluntas, -tatls, wish, desire;
terga vertere, to flee, take to
flight. good u-ill.-tatls, f., pleasure.
volnptfis,
vestlo. Ire, ivi, ituin, clothe.
^'oliiseuns,
a military I,tribune
in. , Cains
withVolusenus,
Caesar.
vet-o, are, -Ill, -itniu, forbid.
order not. vox, vocis, f., voice, utterance, cry.
vet-ns, -erls, old. vulnero, are, avi, atum, wound.
TexlUum, I, n.,flag. vuln-us, -erls, n., wound.
ff*^:a^
IS-
IT"
-JiWL^^-
J r I ^?*^
Attack oil a Walled City.
TEST PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION
AT SIGHT.
1. Eodem die, ab exploratoribus certior factus hostes sub
monbe consedisse millia pnssuum ab ipsius castria octo, qualis
esset natura montis qui cogiioscerent misit. Renuntiatum est
facilem esse ascensum. De tertia vigilia Titum Lal)ienum
legatum cum duabus legionibus et iis ducibus qui iter cogiiove-
rant sumraum iugum montis ascendere iubet. Ipse de quarta
vigilia eodem itincre quo hostes ierant ad eos contendit equita-
tumque omnem ante se mittit. Publius Considius, qui rei
militaris peritissimus hahebatur et in exercitu Lucii Sullae efc
postea in Marci Crassi fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur.
iugum — rid^^ê. haheo — consider.
2. Dum haec apud Caesarem geruntur, Labienus eo supple-
mento, quod nuper ex Italia venerat, relicto Agendici, ut esset
impedimentis praesidio, cum quattuor legionibus Lutetiam
proficiscitur. Id est oppidum Parisiorum, quod positum est in
insula fluminis Sequanae. Cuius adventu ab hostibus cognito,
magnae ex finitimis civitatibus copiae convenerunt. Summa
imperii traditur Camulogeno Aulerco, qui prope confectus aetate
tamen propter singularem scientiam rei militaris ad eum est
honorem evocatus. Is cum animadvertisset perpetuam esse
paludem, quae influeret in Sequanam atque ilium omnem locum
magnopere impediret, hie consedit nostrosque transitu prohibere
instituit.
supplemejitum — reinforcements. nuper — recently.

Agendicum, Lutefia — names of towns.
Parisii — name of a people.
3. Germani, desperata expugnatione castrorum, quod nostros
jam constitisse in munitionibus videbant, cum ea praeda, quam in
silvis deposuerant, trans Rhenum sese receperunt. Ac tantus fuit
133
etiam post discessum hostium t.-rror, ut ea nocte, cum Caius

Volusenus missus cum equitatu ad castra venisset, fidem non
faceret adesse cum incolumi Caes.'^vem exercitu. Sed dum haec a
Caesare geruntur, Treveri magnis coactis peditatus equitatusque
copiis, Labienum cum una legione, quae in eorum finibus
hiemabat, oppugnare parabant. Positis castris a millibus passuum
quindecim, auxilia Germanorum exspcctare constituunt.
Jidem nonfactrtt, could not gain credence, i.e., could
not cause them to believe.
4. Nostri, cum undique premerontur, quadraginta sex centu-

rionibus amissis, dejecti sunt loco ; sed intolerantius Gallos
insequentes legio decima tardavit, quae pro subsidio paulo
aequiore loco constiterat. Hanc rursus decimae tertiae legionis
cohortes exceperunt, quae, ex castris minoribus eductae, cum
Tito Sextio legato locum ceperant superiorem. Quibus rebus
confectis, Caesar ad oppidum Avaricum, quod erat maximum
munitissimumque in finibus Gallorum atque agi-i fertilissima
regione, profectus est; quod eo oppido recepto, oivitatem Bata-
vorum se in potestatem redacturum confidebat.
ivioleranter — eagerlj'. excipio — support.
tarda — check. redigo — bring.
5. Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Caesar
equitatumque omnem ad numerum quattuor milium, quem ex
omni provincia et Aeduis atque eorum sociis coactum habebat,
praemittit, qui videant, quas in partes hostes iter faciant. Qui
cupidius novissimum agmen insecuti alieno loco cum equitatu
Helvetiorum proelium committunt ; et pauci de nostris cadunt.
Quo proelio sublati Helvetii, quod quingentis equitibus tantam
multitudinem equitum propulerant, audacius subsistere non-
numquam et novissimo agmine proelio nostros lacessere coeperunt.
Caesar suos a proelio continebat, ac satis habebat in praesentia
hostem rapinis prohibere.
avblatus — elated. in praesetitia — for the time being.
TRANSLATION AT SIGHT. 135
6. Prima luce, nostris omnibus transportatis, hostes qui in

munitionibus erant, magno cum clamore aciem instruunt.
Labienus milites cohortatus, ut suae pristinae virtutis memo-
riam retinerent, dat signura proelii; primo concursu ab dextro,
ubi septima legio coiistiterat, hostes pelluntur atque in fugam
conjiciuntur: ab sinistro, quem locum duodecima legio tenebat,
cum primi oixlines hostium concidissent, tamen reliqui acriter
resistebant nee dabat suspicionem fugae quisquam. Ipse dux
hostium Camulogenus suis aderat atque eos cohortabantur. At,
incerto etiam nunc exitu victoriae, cum septimae legionis tribunis
esset nuntiatum quae in sinistro cornu gererentur, post tergum
hostium legionem ostenderunt, impetumquede improvisofecerunt;
ita hostes circuraventi omnes interfectique sunt.
pristmu-^ — old-time. concido — fall.
8ii9picionem do — show signs. exitus — issue.
7. Noviodunum erafc oppidura Aeduorum, ad ripas Ligeris

opportuno loco jjositum. Hue Caesar omnes obsides Galliae,
frumentum, pecuniam publicam, suorum atque exercitus impedi-
mentorum magnam partem contulerat : hue magnum numerum
equorum, huius belli causa in Hispania coemptum, miserat.
Sed Galli cum intellexissent Caesarera abesse, exercitum ad
oppidum expugnandum miserunt. Itaque interfectis Novioduni
custodibus, pecuniam atque equos inter se partiti sunt; oppidum,
quod ab se teneri non posse iudicabant, ne cui esset usui Romanis,
incenderunt; frumentum flumine atque incendio corruperunt; ipsi
ex finitimis regionibus copias cogere, praesidiaque ad ripas
Ligeris disponere coeperunt, ut ab re frumentaria Romanos
excludere possent.
pecunia — money. coemo — buy up.
custoa — a guard. partior — divide.
corrMTJipo— destroy.
8. Vix agmen novissimum extra munitiones processerat, cum

Galli, cohortati inter se ne speratam praedam ex manibus
dimitterent, flumen transire et iniquo loco committere proelium

non dubitant. Haec fore suspicatus Labienus, ut omnes trans
flumen eliceret, placide progrediebatur. Turn praemissis paulum
impedimentis atque in colle quodam coUocatis, "Habetis," inquit,
"milites, quam petistis facultatem: hostena impedito atque iniquo
loco tenetis: praestate eandem nobis ducibus virtutem, quam
saepe imperatori praestitistis, atque ilium adesse et haec videre
existimate." Simul signa ad hostem verti iubet, et paucis turmis
praesidio ad impedimenta dimissis, reliquos equites ad latera
dispouit.
elicio — entice. petistis = petivisiis.
praesto — display. ttirma — squadron.
9. Fugato omni equitatu, Vercingetorix copias suas, quas pro

castris coUocaverat, reduxit protinusque Alesiam, quod est
oppidum Mandubiorum, iter facere coepit celeriterque impedi-
menta ex castris educi et se subsequi jussit. Caesar impedi-
mentis in proximum coUem deductis duabus legionibus praesidio
relictis secutus, quantum diei tempus est passum, circiter tribus
milibus hostium ex novassimo agmine interfectis, altero die ad
Alesiam castra fecit. Perspecto urbis situ perterritisque hostibus,
quod equitatu, qua maxime parte exercitus confidebant, erant
pulsi, adhortatus ad laborem milites, Alesiam circumvallare
instituit.
protinua — at once. sit/iis — situation.
10. Nuntiatur Afranio maguas hostium copias ad flumen

constitisse. Ad hos opprimendos cum omni equitatu tribusque
legionibus noctu proficiscitur, imprudentesque praemissis
equitibus adoritur. Celeriter sese tamen Gallorum equites
expediunt, proelioque commisso magnum numerum nostrorum
diu sustinuerunt. Sed ubi signa legionum appropinquare
coeperunt, armis abiectis se fugae mandanb. Reliqui, hac pugna
nacti spatium, se in loca superiora recipiunt. Sed, nulla ad
explorandum idoneum locum castris data facultate, necessario
TRANSLATION AT SIGHT. 137
procul ab aqua eb nabura iniquo loco casbra ponunb. Qua re

animadversa, Afranius proelio noii lacessib, eb eo die casbra
munire sues non passus esb, quo parabiores essenb ad insequendum
omnes, si hostes longius progrederentur.
expedio — make ready. iniquus — unfavorable,

apatium, bhab is, spatium temporw nob spatium loci.
(Caesar ix besieging a town which Vercingelorix

has set out to relieve.)
11. Quo ex oppido cum legabi ad eum venissenb orabum ub sibi
ignoscereb suaeque vibae consulereb, arma conferri, equos produci,
obsides dari iubeb. Parbe iam obsidum tradiba, cum reliqua ad-
minisbrarenbur, cenburionibus et paucis milibibus inbromissis qui
arma iumenbaque conquirerenb, equibabus hosbium procul visas
esb, qui agmen Vercingeborigis anbecesserat. Quern simul abque
oppidani conspexerunt abque in spem auxilii venerunb, clamore
sublabo, arma capere, porbas claudere, miirum complere coeperunb.
Cenburiones in oppido, cum novi aliquid ab iis iniri consilii inbel-
lexissenb, gladiis desbricbis porbas occupaverunb suosque omnes
incolumes receperunb.
conquiro — search for. claudo — close.

destringo — draw.
12. Hoc ipso bempore Germani in casbra irrumpere conanbur.

Imprudenbes nosbri re nova perburbanbur ac vix primum impebum
cohors in sbabione susbineb. Tobis brepidabur casbris, abque alius
ex alio causam bumulbus quaerib : neque quo signa feranbur neque
quam in parbem quisque conveniab providenb. Alius iam casbra
capba esse nunbiab, alius delebo exercibu abque imperabore vicbores
barbaros venisse exclamab. Tali bimore omnibus perberribis
confirmabur opinio barbaris, ub ex capbivis audieranb, nullum esse
inbua praesidium. Perrumpere conanbur seque ipsi adhorbanbur
ne banbam forbunam ex manibus dimibbanb.
trepidatur, impersonal passive. deleo — destroy.

13. Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri, PuUo et Vorenus, qui de

locis summis semper contendebaut. Ex his PuUo, cum acerrime
pugnaretur, "Quid dubitas," inquit, "Vorene? hie dies de nostris
controversiis iudicabit." Haec cum dixisset, procedit extra
munitiones. Neque Vorenus sese vallo continet sed omnium
veritus existimationem subsequitur. In Pullonem hostes universi
tela coniciunt, neque dant regrediendi facultatem, impeditumque
circumsistunt. Illi Vorenus laboranti subvenit. Ad huuc se
confestim a PuUone omnis multitude convertit; ilium arbitrantur
occisum. Vorenus, dum cupidius instat, in locum deiectus
inferiorem concidit. Huic rursus circumvento fert auxilium
PuUo, atque ambo incolumes sese intra munitiones recipiunt. Sic
alter alteri auxilio salutique erat neque diiudicari poterat, uter
utri virtute anteferendus videretur.
existimatio — opinion . dmtdico — decide.
14. Interim Calenus, cui Caesar negotium dederat reliquas

legiones transportandi, militibus in naves impositis, naves solvit
paulumque a portu progressus litteras a Caesare accipit, quibus
est certior factus portus litoraque omnia classibus Pompeii teneri.
Quo cognito se in portum recipit navesque omnes redire jubet.
Una ex his, quae imperio Caleni non paruit, quod erat sine mili-
tibus, aBibulo expugnata est, qui de servis liberisque omnibus
supplicium sumit et ad unum interficit. Tum Bibulus rediit cum
classe ad Oricum, sed milites e classe exponere prohibebatur;
praesidiis enim dispositis omnia litora a Caesare tenebantur.
Interim Caesar frustra suos, qui in Italia cum Antonio tenebantur,
exspectabat. Ad quos arcessendos tandem, cum moras diutius
pati non posset, dicitur inter maximam tempestatem furoremque
maris navem parvam conscendisse solus.
aupplicium 8umo de — punish. mora — delay.
15. Quibus rebus eognitis, magnum numerum militum in naves

imponit et media nocte cohortes sexaginta ad earn partem
munitionum ducit, quae i>ertinebant ad mare longissimeque a
TRANSLATION AT SIOHT. 139
maximis castris Caesaris aberant. Eo statim naves militibus

completas mittit; et quid a quoque fieri velit, praecipit. Ad eas
munitiones Caesar Marcelliiium quaestorem cum legione nona
positum habebat. Quarum munitionum haec fuit ratio. Timens
Caesar ne nostri ciroumvenirentur, duplex eo loco fecerat vallum,
ut, si ancipiti proelio pugnaretur, posset resisti. Sed operum
magnitudo spatium perficiertdi non dabafc. Itaque contra mare
tertium vallum, quod has duas munitiones conjungeret, nondura
perfecerat. Quae res per Ailobroges Pompeio cognita erat. Ad
hunc locum subito prima luce Pompeii miliLes sunt congressi;
simul navil)us vecti milites in vallum tela jaciebant, fossasque
complebant.
ancipiti — on two sides. 7!eho — convey.
16. Itaque consilio convocato, cohortatus est ut ea quae im-

perasset diligenter industrieque administrarent; et prima confecta
vigilia quattuor milia passuura secundo humine silentio progredi
jubet. Quinque cohortes, quas minime ^rnias ad dimicandum esse
existimabat, castris praesidio reli qui* • quinque ejusdem legionis
reliquas de media nocte cum omnibus impedimentis adverso
flumine magno tumultu proficisci ju 3et. Ipse post paulo egressus
cum tribus legionibus eum locum petit quo naves appelli jusserat.
Eo cum ventum esset, exploratores hostium, qui omni fluminis
parte erant dispositi, inopinantes (quod magna subito erat coorta
tempestas) ab nostris opprimuntur. Prima luce et nostri omnes
erant transportati et hostium acies cernebatur.
inopinans—not expecting. cemo — see.
17. Mittit primo Brutum adulescentem cum cohortibus Caesar,
post cum aliis C. Fabium legatum ; postremo ipse, cum vehemen-
tius pugnaretur, integros subsidio adducit. Restitute proelio ac
repulsis hostibus, eo quo Labienum miserat contendit ; cohortes
quattuor ex proximo praesidio deducit, equitum partem se sequi,
partem circumire exteriores munitiones et ab tergo hostes adoiiti
jubet. Labienus, postquam neque aggeres neque fossae vim
hostium sustinere poterant, coactis una quadraginta cohortibus,
quas fors obtulit, Caesarem per uuntios facit certiorem quid

faciendum existimet. Accelerat Caesar ut proelio intersit.
offero— throw in one's way. iMersum^taiie part in.
18. Pauci ex tanto numero se incolumes in castra recipiunt.
Conspicati ex oppido caedem et fugam suorum desperata salute
copias a munitionibus reducunt. Fit statim hac re audita ex
castris Gallorum f uga. Quod nisi totius diei labore milites essent
defessi, omnes hostium copiae deleri potuissent. De media nocte
missus equitatus novissimum agmen consequitur : magnus
numerus capitur atque iuterficitur; reliqui ex fuga in civitates
discedunt. Postero die Vercingetorix concilio eonvocato id bellum
se suscepisse non suarum necessitatum, sed communis libertatis,
causa demonstrat, et quoniam sit fortunae cedendum, se illis
offerre, si Romanis tradere velint. Mittuntur de deditione ad
Caesarem legati. lubet arma tradi, principes produci. Ipse in
munitione pro castris considit; eo duces producuntur ; Vercin-
getorix deditur, arma proiciuntur.
caedes — slaughter. de/eaaua — weary.
deleo — destroy. necesaitas^need, interest.
19. Caesar, postquam ex Menapiis in Tre%'eros venit, duabus

de causis Rhenum transire constituit; quarum una erat, quod
German! auxilia contra se Treveris miserant; altera, ne ad eos
Ambiorix receptum haberet. His constitutis rebus paulum supra
eum locum, quo ante exercitum traduxerat, facere pontem insti-
cuit. Magno militum studio paucis diebus opus efficitur. Firmo
in Treveris ad pontem praesidio relicto, ne quis ab his subito
motus orerebur, reliquas copias equitatumque traducit. Ubii,
qui ante obsides dederant atque in deditionem venerant, purgandi
sui causa ad eum legates mittunt, qui doceant neque auxilia ex
sua civitate in Treveros missa, neque ab se fidem laesam : petunt
atque orant ut sibi parcat, atque si amplius obsidum velit dari,
poUicentur.
purgo— excuse. teedo— violate.
parco — spare.
141
TRANSLATION AT SIGHT.
20. Caesar, postquam per Ubios exploratores comperib Suebos

sese in silvas recepisse, inopiam frumenti veritus, quod, ub supra
demonsbravimus, minime Germani agriculburae sbudenb, consbibuib
non progredi longius; sed, ne omnino mebum redibug sui barbaris
bollereb, reducbo exercibu parbem ulbimam ponbis, quae ripas
Ubiorum conbingebab, rescindib abque in exbremo ponbe burrim
consbibuib praesidiumque cohorbium duodecim ponbis buendi causa
ponib magnisque sum locum munibionibus firmab. Ei loco prae-
sidioque Gaiura Volcabium TuUum adulescenbem praefecib. Ipse,
cum maburescere frumenba inciperenb, ad bellum Ambiorigis
profecbus esb per Arduennam silvam, quae est bobius Galliae
maxima abque ab ripis Rheni finibusque Treverorum ad Nervios
perbineb.
stvdeo — pay abbenbion bo. tollo — bake away.
contingo — bouch, border on. matiiresco — ripen.
rescindo — d esbr oy . tueor —defend.
Wnvship.
r.

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MATRICULATION LATIN

CARRUTHERS and ROBERTSON

W. J. GAGE & COMPANY. LIMITED

ADAM CARRUTHERS, M.A.

W. J. GAGE & COMPANY, Limited

Caius Julius Caesar Frontispiece

Map of Gaul and Britain . 6

after his consulship, the administration for five years of the

Conquest of Gaul and Expeditions to Britain.

fluence of Rome. A more immediate result also was to furnish

THE FIRST CAMPAIGN, 58 B.C.

2. Itineribus oinnluo duobus domo^ exire poterant ; quorum

4« Tandem ut rei frumentariae prospiceret, iter ab Helvetiis

The leading men of several Gallic tribes ask Caesar's assistance

Ariovistum legates niittere qui ab eo postularent ut aliquein locum

Deceived hy false reports, the Roman soldiers are at first reluctant to

tores Germaiios ingenti niagnitudine^ esse corporum, incredibillque

populi Romani fuisse. Postulavit deinde eadem quae'' legati.

igitur ut Caesar decederet et liberam possessionem Galliae sibi

After several delays, Caesar comes to a decisive engagement tvith

11. Post paucos dies Ariovistus, castris motis, praeter castra

1 Translate Injlclo and the dative by inspire (or arouse) in (oil).

12. Proximo die Caesar e castris utrisque copias suas eduxit,

13. Caesar a dextro cornu, quod eam partem minime firmam

14. Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato, Suebi qui ad ripas

1 Translate by gave an opportunity.

anni postulabat, in hiberna in^ Sequanos exercitum deduxit.

THE SECOND CAMPAIGN, 57 b.c.

1 Translate by among ; the phrase modifles a verb of motion (618. vii).

16. Eo cum c]e impioviso celeriusque oiiini opinione' venisset,

17. r)e numero eorum Remi dicebant quantam quisque multi-

18. Caesar Remos cohortatus liberaliterque oratione prosecutus^^

omnem senatum ad se convenire, principumque liberos obsides ad

After an uiumccess/ul attack on Bihrax, the Belgae advance against

1 Notice the double accusative with tradftcere (569. i).

30. Caesar duabus legionibus, quas proxime conscripserat, in

31. Caesar certior factus ab Titurio omnem equitatum et levis

1 Translate by led out and (550. 11 ; 542. 1. c).

certo ordine neque imperio, sic ut consimilis fugae profectio

Caesar advances into the Belgian coimtry, receiving the submission oj

1 Referring to the infantry alone.

bus ex oppido trfiditis in deditionem Suessiones accepit^ exerci-

quique'' per aetatem ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum

2T» Caesar equitatQ praemisso subsequebatur omnibus copiis^ ;

1 For deinonstrayerunt. Translate singulas (727. i) by the several or

conscriptae erant, totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedi-

38. Caesuri omnia uno tempore erant agenda^ : vexillum'* propo-

Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimi-

^9, Legionis^ nouae et decimae mllites, qui in sinistra parte

30. Eodem tempoi'e equites nostri levisque armaturae pedites,

insisterent, atque ex eorum corporibus pugiiiirent, et ut^ ex tumul5

The Aduatnci, retirivg to a strongly -fortijied place, prepare to resist

1 Translate by as ; conjicerent depends on the first ut.

sine ope divina bellnm gerere, qui^ tantaealtitiidinis machiiultiones

THE THIRD CAMPAIGN, 56 B.C.

The tribes on the north-western coast of Gaul, headed by the Veneti,

37. Hiijus est civitatis^ lon!:^e amplissima auctoritas omnis oi-ae

^ Translate by this state possesses, or to this state belongs (586. i).

conclsa aestuariis, ntlvigiitioneni impeditam propter inscientiam

1 Equal to et non, the negative going only with po.ssc.