CHAPTER 7

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
AND FERMENTATION

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 Cellular respiration

Once the energy that was in sunlight is changed into chemical energy by photosynthesis, an
organism has to transform the chemical energy into a form that can be used by the
organism. This process is cellular respiration.

Process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen

O2 consumed and CO2 released
Organic molecules + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy

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 Photosynthesis and Respiration
Sunlight

Heat
O2 Electron
Photo- Photo- transport
System System ATP
II I H2O system

NADP+ ATP NADPH NAD+ NADH

ADP

Calvin CO2
cycle Krebs
cycle ATP

Glucose Pyruvate

ATP
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 Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is a cellular process that requires oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide.
Most often involves complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water.

Primary aim to make ATP and NADH

Energy within a glucose molecule is released slowly so that ATP can be produced
gradually.

NAD+ and FAD are oxidation-reduction co-enzymes active during cellular respiration.

The total ATP produced 36 or 38 ATPs

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 Glucose metabolism
The overall equation for aerobic respiration is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (36 or 38 ATP)
Glucose + Oxygen  carbon + water + energy
dioxide
Glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced.
Four metabolic pathways
1. Glycolysis
2. Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group
3. Citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle)
4. Oxidative phosphorylation

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 Stage 1: Glycolysis
Occurs within cytoplasm (outside mitochondria)

Glucose  2 pyruvate (does not require O2)

Steps in glycolysis nearly identical in all living species

10 steps in 3 phases
1. Energy investment
2. Cleavage
3. Energy liberation

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 The three phases of glycolysis
1. Energy investment
Steps 1-3
2 ATP hydrolyzed to create fructose-1,6 bisphosphate

2. Cleavage
Steps 4-5
6 carbon molecule broken into two 3 carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3
phosphate 7
 The three phases of glycolysis
3. Energy liberation
Steps 6-10
Two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules broken down into two pyruvate
molecules producing 2 NADH and 4 ATP
Net yield in ATP of 2

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 Through Substrate-level
phosphorylation

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 Stage 2: Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group
In eukaryotes, pyruvate is transported to the
mitochondrial matrix

Broken down by pyruvate dehydrogenase

Molecule of CO2 removed from each pyruvate

Remaining acetyl group attached to CoA to

make acetyl CoA

1 NADH is made for each pyruvate

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 Stage 3: Citric acid cycle
Metabolic cycle
Particular molecules enter while other leave, involving a series of organic molecules
regenerated with each cycle. Cyclical-in the matrix of the mitochondria
Acetyl is removed from Acetyl CoA and attached to oxaloacetate to form citrate or citric acid
Series of steps releases 2CO2, 1ATP, 3NADH, and 1 FADH2
Oxaloacetate is regenerated to start the cycle again

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 Stage 4: Oxidative phosphorylation
High energy electrons removed from NADH and FADH2 to make ATP
Typically requires oxygen
Oxidative process involves electron transport chain
Phosphorylation occurs by ATP synthase

FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) reduced to FADH2 will produce 2 ATPs/molecule

NAD+ reduced to NADH will produce 3 ATPs/ molecule

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 Electron transport chain

1. Both photosynthesis and respiration use an

electron transport system consisting of membrane-
bound carriers to pass electrons from one carrier to
another.

2. High-energy electrons are delivered to the system

and low-energy electrons leave it.

3. Each time electrons transfer to a new carrier,

energy is released; ultimately this produces ATP.

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Electron transport chain
Group of protein complexes and small
organic molecules embedded in the inner
mitcohondrial membrane

Can accept and donate electrons in a linear

manner in a series of redox reactions

Movement of electrons generates H+

electrochemical gradient/ proton-motive
force
Excess of positive charge outside of
matrix

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Other organic molecules
- In addition to glucose, the cell use other organic
molecules as a source of energy .
- A meal we eat contains carbohydrates (including
glucose) as well as proteins and fats.
- Proteins and fats are also broken down by the
Enzymes involved with glucose metabolism.
- Proteins and fats enter into glycolysis or citric acid
cycle at different points
- Utilizing the same pathways for breakdown increases
efficiency
- Metabolism can also be used to make other molecules
(anabolism)

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 Anaerobic metabolism
- Anaerobic : does not require oxygen
- Anaerobic bacteria (eg. cheese bacteria) use
fermentation
- Yeasts use this pathway to generate alcohol and CO2
(CO2 makes bread rise)
- Glycolysis followed by reduction of pyruvate by
NADH to either lactate OR alcohol and carbon dioxide.
-Animal cells (eg. Humans) use fermentation in some
cases. Common in muscle cells.
-Provides a rapid burst of ATP
- Muscle cells use fermentation
At first ATP is generated even without oxygen
Lactate is produced and blood carries away, after
a while lactate buildup muscles fatigue
When stop running  heavy breathing to restore
ATP to former levels
- Efficiency is low: 14.6/686 = 2.1%

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