2 Webbing

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“FABRICATION OF WEBBING”

 Fishing nets- pieces of webbing joined together by


appropriate joining method
 Webbing constitute large number of meshes usually
of uniform sizes.
 Net – no. of meshes of fixed dimension.
 Normal mesh has 4 sides of equal length /legs– bars-
Diamond shape.
 Webbing by hand or by machine.
 Webbing meant for fishing nets are usually braided
with single bent knot.
 Double sheet knot for double strength
 Hand braiding becomes a dying art.
 Webbing consists of thread, twine, cord, the intersections of
which are firmly knotted to form meshes or interspaces.

 Direction of netting : (N-direction)


 Force parallel to the diagonal of mesh which tends to tighten
the knots keeping them in correct position.
 (direction by which the webbing grows)

 Direction of braiding: (T-direction)


 Perpendicular to the direction of netting & parallel to general
course of rows formed during braiding.
 (direction of braiding)
 Row :
 Series of loops or half meshes aligned in the direction of
braiding. It is half mesh in height.
 Two successive rows to be braided to increase depth
of netting by one mesh.

 Selvedges :
 Edge portion of a netting made of thicker twine &
larger meshes and take up the excess strain acting
upon the netting.
 Size of netting:
 No. of mesh in T direction & N direction.
 Eg. 1000 T X 200 N
 NET BRAIDING :
 Making webbing by hand.
 Mesh sizes, twine thickness, length, depth of webbing are
parameters to consider before starting.,
 Requirements : twine, net fabrication stand, mesh gauge,
needles
 Mesh stick/mesh guage:
 Piece of hard wood, flat or rounded
 Precise sizes to get uniform mesh with required dimensions.
 Needles :
 Holds the twine used for braiding
 Needles made of wood or plastic.
 Size varies to suit particular mesh size & twines
 Needle is filled by twisting twines around the tongue
of the needle.
 Then wound around it on alternate sides.

 Braiding method :
 A line is made between two
Suitable fixtures – foundation line.
 On it a row of loop is made
in T direction- “set up row”
 Clove hitches are made from left to right.
 For 8 loops of length, 9 clove hitches are made.
 No. of clove hitch is one extra over & above the
required no. of meshes.
 When it is over, a mesh guages is used to get uniform
size meshes.
 After 1st row, foundation line is reversed & loops are
made over previous ones.
 Type of knot depends on end requirement.
 Generally, single sheet bend used
 Process of making rows continues till required length
of netting.
 Topmost edge of webbing is Head and lower most is
Foot.
 Two sides of netting along the width are called ‘Selvedges’.
 Changing of foundation line necessary for working always
from left to right.
 Two rows of braiding constitute one row mesh

 SHAPING OF WEBBING :
 Rectangular netting like in gill net do not need shaping, but
conical nets like trawl & bag nets need to obtain required
shape.
 Three ways of shaping hand braided webbing, bating,
creasing & fly-meshing.
 In machine made webbing, it is cut to shape to get desired
taper.
 Shaping by tailoring is for ready made netting.
 Shaping for hand braided netting is by fly mesh,
regulating mesh size and baiting & creasing.
 Fly meshes are left over meshes at the selvedge of
webbing & employed to shape a trawl net wing piece.
 Regulation of mesh size is by increasing or
decreasing size of mesh progressively.
 Needs use of gauges of diff. size.
 Required shape of net is obtained by increasing/
reducing no. of meshes at regular intervals.
 This can be either on one side or both sides.
 Taper ratio: no. meshes lost in width/ no. meshes
lost in depth (R=decrease in width/ decrease in depth)
 Baiting :
 Shaping by reducing the no. of meshes in concerned
rows.
 Two loops of previous row is taken in one knot &
thus decreasing breadth of net by one mesh.
 No. of meshes to be reduced
 Bating rate : No. rows in which to be reduced

 Made 2nd & 3rd meshes from selvedge of trawl net.


 Creasing :
 Altering the shape of a webbing by increasing no. of
meshes in concerned rows.
 Done by making small extra mesh beside the mesh
 Just finished by making a second knot in same place
before picking up the next.
 Extra small mesh is picked up in the next row as full
mesh, thus increasing the breadth of netting.
o No. of meshes to be increased
 Creasing rate = No. of rows in which to be increased
 Made near selvedge of trawl net.
 Ratio of baiting and creasing :
 Effected at uniform intervals to obtain required
shape of netting.
 m1 – m2
 Baiting / creasing =
 2d
 Where, m1 & m2 = no. of meshes of a panel in T
(length) direction in upper & lower edges & N
(depth) direction respectively.
 this ratio used when creasing/baiting done on both
sides of netting.
 Where, creasing/baiting done on only one side,
 m1 – m2
 The ratio will be ,
 d
 T direction (top) = 400 mesh
 T direction (bottom) = 100 mesh
 N direction (depth) = 300 mesh
 Fly-meshing :
 Full sized mesh but only two knots instead of four.
 This is made on the edges of the webbing by missing
out the last mesh of previous round.
 Purpose is to allow the main netting to be kept as
away as possible from contact with seabed or to give
resilience to the netting.
 Fly-mesh reduces the breadth of netting by one mesh
in 2 rows.
 Shaping of edge of a net eg. trawl net
 Bating/creasing done on inner or outer edge of the
net or the centre depending on shape or design of net
 The first clove hitch in braiding is called a halfer.
 When it is released from setting up twine, leaving a
single end of twine & not a loop.
 After last loop is made, an end of twine is left,
normally at the opposite edge of net.
 This is second halfer.
 Usually made with double twine to have more
strength at the joint of webbing to rope.
 Top = 100 mesh
 Bottom = 20 mesh
 Depth = 100 mesh
 One side fly mesh, another side creasing.
 TAILORING OF WEBBING BY CUTTING :
 When on large scale manufacture of nets Braiding is
time consuming & uneconomical.
 In this case, machine made webbings are cut to
desired shape.
 Tailoring of webbing means cutting the netting to
shape.
 In case of specified shapes, webbings are cut.
 While cutting, 3 factors are to be considered :
 (i) no. of meshes at the start of cut
 (ii) no. of meshes required at the end of cut
 (iii) length of meshes of the section to be cut.
 Method of tailoring:
 Cutting patterns are four types :
 All points, all meshes, all bars & combination of the
above
 Point cut :
 Cutting at right angle to the general course of netting
 Calles vertical or N cut.
 Bar cut :
 Cutting parallel to the line of sequential mesh bars
serving one or more adjacent bars.
 Also called B cut.
 Mesh cut :
 Cutting of two legs in each knot in horizontal
direction.
 Also called T cut or horizontal cut.
 Combination cut :
 Combination two types of cut i.e. point cut + bar or
mesh cut + bar depending on shape /taper required.
 Tailoring rates :
 Varying degree of taper in the webbing.
 Brought about by combination of point cut & bar cut.
 If, N = No. of meshes to be reduced
 L = No. of meshes in height of a triangular webbing
 P = No. of points to be cut
 B = No. of bars to be cut is 2N irrespective of cut.
 To have a triangular webbing having N meshes at
base & L meshes in height,

 P = L-N
 B = 2N
P L-N
 =

B 2N

 When width(N) is longer than the depth (L), the


formula is :
M N-L
 =

B 2L
Where, M = mesh cut,
B = bar cut, N = no. of meshes in width &
L = no. of meshes in depth
 Eg. top – 100 meshes, bottom – 50 mesh, depth – 50
mesh
 When not specified, it is assumed that taper required
on both sides.
 So, 25 meshes to be reduced on each side in a depth
of 50 meshes.
P L–N 50-25 25 1
B = 2N = 2x25 = 50 = 2

 Cutting pattern followed on both sides is 1 point and


2 bars.
 MOUNTING :
 Attachment of netting to a supporting rope or frame
is mounting.
 Fixing of netting to a line or rope around all or some
of its edges at any definite degree of closeness or
openness of meshes is Mounting.
 Single mesh or in groups are fixed on main line by
mounting yarn.
 Mounting methods for head & foot rope are diff.
from methods use at sides.
 METHODS OF MOUNTING :
 i) Reeving :
 Simplest & easiest method of mounting.
 A line is reeved through the head meshes & ends are
fixed at required distance by clove hitch.
 Eg. gill net, stake net & head rope of beam trawl.

 ii) Stapling :
 A twine thicker than the netting twine is used for
tying the edge of the net to the main line.
 End of mounting twine is tied to main line or head rope
by a rolling hitch with first mesh.
 Its free end is passed thro particular no. of meshes & hitched
on to main line at regular intervals by a clove hitch.
 This continues till the other end of netting where it is stapled
with main line by rolling hitch.

 iii) Norselling :
 Meshes are mounted at fixed intervals to main line by special
short line (norsel) of appropriate length directly or by a
mounting line to which meshes are attached.
 Special hitch norsel hitch is used to tie norsel to rope.
 Type-I : meshes fixed directly to main line by norsel.
 Type-II : meshes mounted at fixed intervals by norsels by
means of mounting yarn to which meshes attached.
 Hitching :
 Meshes directly fixed on working rope by mounting yarn
using hitches.
 Rigging :
 Process of fitting the necessary ropes & accessories to
make net ready for fishing.
 Well constructed net may give unsatisfactory results
due to defective rigging.
 Ropes, floats, sinkers etc. should be right type & fitted
in correct position so that net acquires the required
shape during operation.
 Marling :
 Mounting yarn reeved through meshes & then
knotted on main line at intervals by marling hitches.
 Eg. wings of small trawls.

 Setting/sitting :
 In this, meshes are first stapled to bolch line.
 This is fixed to working rope by knotting with small
strips of twine.
 This is setting or sitting.
 HANGING OF NETS :
 There are different ways of fixing netting to ropes.
Fixing a netting to a line or rope around all or some
of its edges at any definite degree of closeness or
openness of the meshes is called mounting.

 Mounting of webbing to a specified relationship


between length of that part of the final rope or frame
on which it is mounted & the length of netting.

 Hanging influences efficiency of gear esp gill nets.


 The hanging coefficient (E) is used to describe
how tightly or loosely netting is to be hung on to a
head rope or foot rope. The definition of a hanging
coefficient is:

E = Hung length of netting/Stretched length of


netting
 The most useful form of this equation is used to
find how far apart you need to tie hangings, that is,
the hung length. The rearranged equation becomes:
 hung length = E × stretched length
 The prawn trawl shown hangs three 50 mm meshes in
a group. The stretched length will be 3 x 50 mm = 150
mm. The hanging coefficient was specified on the gear
plan as E = 0.5. The hung length, or the distance
between hangings is:
 hung length = E x stretched length
= 0.5 x 150mm
= 75mm
Hanging ratio may be expressed as decimal fraction
(0.50 decimal) or vulgar fraction (½) or as
percentage (50%).
 Horizontal & vertical hanging coefficients :
 Eh2 + Ev2 = 1
 Eh = horizontal hanging coeff.
 Ev = vertical hanging coeff.
 If one is known other can be calculated as
 Ev = √1 - Eh2
 Eh = √ 1 - Ev2
 JOINING OR WEBBING :
 Joining diff pieces of webbing.
 Diff pieces are made & then joined together to form
a single unit of net webbing.
 Method of joining are two types viz; sewing and
seaming.

 i) Sewing :
 Joining by weaving with twine as net making.
 One extra row is formed while sewing.
 Used for joining pieces horizontally.
 Two types of sewing :
 When meshes are equal in both panels but width
varies, joining by mesh to mesh.
 In another, meshes differ, but width may vary or
same.
 ii) Seaming :
 Method of joining two parts of webbing by winding &
fastening a twine at intervals with a hitch without
forming a row of half mesh.
 Twine is reeved loosely through the meshes &
stopped by hitch at intervals to prevent slipping.
 Two types of seaming :
 First case, no. of meshes are same in both panels.
 Easily joined by taking up mesh to mesh.
 Second case, no. of meshes vary, take up ratio is
calculated & smaller meshes are incorporated at
appropriate spaces of larger meshes.
 Splicing of ropes :
 Method of joining ends of two ropes together or
making an eye at the end of a rope.
 Commonly used splices :
 Eye splice, short splice, back splice & long splice.

 (i) Eye splice :


 Loop or eye made at the end of a rope by turning the
end back & splicing it through the standing part.
 It reduces breaking strength of rope by 5%.
 (ii) short splice :

 Splicing two ropes of equal size permanently It


increases the dia of rope along the length of
splice & decrease the strength by 15%.
 Strongest method of uniting two ropes.
 (iii) back splice :
 Strands at the end of rope are kept together
permanently without unlaying.
 Preferred where rope does not pass through a
block.
 (iv) Long splice :
 Join two ropes without increasing thickness over the
splice area.
 Required where rope is reeved through a block.
MENDING
 Process of repairing the damaged nets.
 Done either on board or in workshop ashore.
 Damage if considerable, repaired by mending.
 Damage if irreparable, it is to be cut at particular
portion & replace with suitable netting.
 Operation of preparing edges of a tear before
repairing is called Trimming or Clean cutting.
 Tear is a cut or damage on the webbing of a net.
 Tears have to be repaired without changing mesh
size & material.
 Knots made also should be similar.
 Shape of hole in the netting varies based on tear & it
may be rectangular, square, triangular, zig-zag,
oblique or irregular as required.
 Tear is trimmed by cleaning up the edges of tear by
eliminating bars.
 After cleaning up the edges consists of only points &
meshes plus two bars.
 One at start of the repair & the other at finish.
 Repair start with a three legger (knot having three
strands intact) & ends with three legger.
 Every other knot lining the trimmed hole is a pick up
& a sider.
 Picks up & siders are knots having two strands intact
& are sheet bend & double hitch respectively.
 Different knots used in net mending :
 Double sheet bend
 Single sheet bend
 Side knot
 Repair of different types of tears :

 i) Repair of simplest tear:


 A side mesh cut on inside piece of a netting is
simplest tear with only two bars .
 Mending by tying thread to needle.
 A double sheet bend at upper most bar.
 Then same knot at the end bar.
 a length of twine equal to one mesh bar left between
the two points of attachment.

 Ii) Repair of horizontal tear :


 single row inside the panel is torn.
 Left with starting & finishing bars.
 Mending by double sheet bend on starting bar.
 Single sheet bend on mesh to be picked up.
 Mending by connecting meshes.
 Double sheet bend at end bar.

 Iii) Vertical tear :


 Tear in all points on inside of the panel without
cutting edges.
 Double sheet bend at starting bar,
 side knot at right & left.
 Mending by making side knots on both sided till near
end bar.
 Double sheet bend at end bar
 Iv) Rectangular tear :
 Hole is of rectangular shape after trimming with
start & end bar at upper & lower corners
 Double sheet bend at starting bar,
 Braiding done on upper meshes to right edge in the
first point.
 Braiding towards left until the point.
 Braiding repeated alternatively in both directions
 After last point is reached, picking up meshes of
lower edge.
 End finishing bar with double sheet bend.

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