Solution 5.

(a) Rin = 1.5 M

(b) R out = 60
(c) A = 8x104
Therefore A dB = 20 log 8x104 = 98.06 dB

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Solution 5.2

The open-loop gain of an op amp is 50,000. Calculate the output voltage when there are
inputs of +10 µV on the inverting terminal and + 20 µV on the noninverting terminal.

Solution

v 0 = Av d = A(v 2 – v 1 )
= 2x104 (20–10) x 10–6 = 100 mV

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Solution 5.3

Determine the voltage input to the inverting terminal of an op amp when –40 µvolts is
applied to the noninverting terminal and the output through an open-loop gain of 150,000
is 15 volts.

Solution

v 0 = Av d = A(v 2 – v 1 )
= 1.5 x 105 (v 2 + 40x 10-6) = 15 V or

v 2 = (15 – 6)/( 0.15x106) = 9/(0.15x106) = 60 µV.

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Solution 5.4

v 0 = Av d = A(v 2 - v 1 )
v 4
v2 - v1 = 0 2 V
A 2 x10 6

v 2 - v 1 = -2 µV = –0.002 mV
1 mV - v 1 = -0.002 mV
v 1 = 1.002 mV

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Solution 5.5

I
R0
-
vd Rin

+ + +
Avd v0
-
vi + -
-

-v i + Av d + (R i + R 0 ) I = 0 (1)

But v d = R i I,

-v i + (R i + R 0 + R i A) I = 0

vi
I= (2)
R0 (1 A)R i

-Av d - R 0 I + v 0 = 0

(R 0 R i A) v i
v 0 = Av d + R 0 I = (R 0 + R i A)I =
R 0 (1 A)R i
v0 R0 RiA 100 10 4 x10 5
10 4
vi R0 (1 A)R i 100 (1 10 5 )

10 9 100,000
5
10 4 0.9999990
1 10 100,001

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Solution 5.6
vi
+ -

R0
- I

vd Rin

+ +
+ Avd
- vo
-

(R 0 + R i )R + v i + Av d = 0

But v d = R i I,

v i + (R 0 + R i + R i A)I = 0

vi
I= (1)
R0 (1 A)R i

-Av d - R 0 I + v o = 0

v o = Av d + R 0 I = (R 0 + R i A)I
Substituting for I in (1),

R0 RiA
v0 = vi
R0 (1 A)R i
50 2 x10 6 x 2 x10 5 10 3
=
50 1 2 x10 5 x 2 x10 6
200,000 x 2 x10 6
mV
200,001x 2 x10 6
v 0 = -0.999995 mV

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Solution 5.7

100 k

Rout = 100
10 k 1 2

+
VS + +
– Vd Rin – AVd
+ Vout
–
–

At node 1, (V S – V 1 )/10 k = [V 1 /100 k] + [(V 1 – V 0 )/100 k]

10 V S – 10 V 1 = V 1 + V 1 – V 0

which leads to V 1 = (10V S + V 0 )/12

At node 2, (V1 – V0)/100 k = (V0 – (–AVd))/100

But V d = V 1 and A = 100,000,

V 1 – V 0 = 1000 (V 0 + 100,000V 1 )

0= 1001V 0 + 99,999,999[(10V S + V 0 )/12]

0 = 83,333,332.5 V S + 8,334,334.25 V 0

which gives us (V 0 / V S ) = –10 (for all practical purposes)

If V S = 1 mV, then V 0 = –10 mV

Since V 0 = A V d = 100,000 V d , then V d = (V 0 /105) V = –100 nV

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Solution 5.8

(a) If v a and v b are the voltages at the inverting and noninverting terminals of the op
amp.

va = vb = 0

0 v0
1mA = v 0 = –2 V
2k

(b)

10 k

-
2V
+
ia va
- 2V
10 k
+
+-
vb + + +
2k
vo va
1V + ia vo
- - -
-

(a) (b)

Since v a = v b = 1V and i a = 0, no current flows through the 10 k resistor. From Fig.

(b),

-v a + 2 + v 0 = 0 v 0 = v a – 2 = 1 – 2 = –1V

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Solution 5.9

(a) Let v a and v b be respectively the voltages at the inverting and noninverting
terminals of the op amp

v a = v b = 4V

At the inverting terminal,

4 v0
1mA = v 0 = 2V
2k

(b) 1V

+-
+ +
vb vo
- -

Since v a = v b = 3V,

-v b + 1 + v o = 0 v o = v b – 1 = 2V

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Solution 5.10

Since no current enters the op amp, the voltage at the input of the op amp is v s . Hence

10 vo vo
vs = vo =2
10 10 2 vs

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Solution 5.11

Using Fig. 5.50, design a problem to help other students to better understand how ideal
op amps work.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Find v o and i o in the circuit in Fig. 5.50.

Figure 5.50 for Prob. 5.11

Solution

8k

2k
a io
+ +
5k b
+
3V 10 k 4k vo

10
vb = (3) 2V
10 5

At node a,

3 va va vo
12 = 5v a – v o
2 8
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But v a = v b = 2V,

12 = 10 – v o v o = –2V

va vo 0 vo 2 2 2
–i o = 1mA
8 4 8 4

i o = –1mA

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Solution 5.12

Step 1. Label the unknown nodes in the op amp circuit. Next we write the node
equations and then apply the constraint, V a = V b . Finally, solve for V o in terms of V s .

25 k

5k
a
+ +
+ b
VS Vo
10 k

Step 2. [(V a -V s )/5k] + [(V a -V o )/25k] + 0 = 0 and

[(V b -0)/10k] + 0 = 0 or V b = 0 = V a ! Thus,

[(-V s )/5k] + [(-V o )/25k] = 0 or,

V o = ( –25/5)V s or V o /V s = –5.

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Solution 5.13

10 k
a
+ io
100 k i1 +
b i2
10 k vo
+ 90 k
1V
50 k

By voltage division,

90
va = (1) 0.9V
100

50 vo
vb = vo
150 3

v0
But v a = v b 0.9 v o = 2.7V
3

vo vo
io = i1 + i2 = 0.27mA + 0.018mA = 288 A
10k 150k

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Solution 5.14

Transform the current source as shown below. At node 1,

10 v1 v1 v2 v1 vo
5 20 10

10 k vo

10 k
5k 20 k
v1 v2
+ +
+
10V
vo

But v 2 = 0. Hence 40 – 4v 1 = v 1 + 2v 1 – 2v o 40 = 7v 1 – 2v o
(1)

v1 v2 v2 vo
At node 2, , v2 0 or v 1 = –2v o (2)
20 10

From (1) and (2), 40 = –14v o - 2v o v o = –2.5V

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Solution 5.15

(a) Let v 1 be the voltage at the node where the three resistors meet. Applying
KCL at this node gives

v1 v1 vo 1 1 vo
is v1 (1)
R2 R3 R2 R3 R3
At the inverting terminal,

0 v1
is v1 i s R1 (2)
R1
Combining (1) and (2) leads to
R1 R1 vo vo R1 R3
is 1 R1 R3
R2 R3 R3 is R2

(b) For this case,

vo 20 x 40
20 40 k - 92 k
is 25

= –92 k

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Solution 5.16

Using Fig. 5.55, design a problem to help students better understand inverting op amps.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Obtain i x and i y in the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.55.

Figure 5.55

Solution
10k

ix
5k va iy
-
vb + vo

+ 2k
0.5V
- 8k
Let currents be in mA and resistances be in k . At node a,
0.5 v a v a vo
1 3v a vo (1)
5 10

But
8 10
va vb vo vo va (2)
8 2 8
Substituting (2) into (1) gives
10 8
1 3v a va va
8 14
Thus,
0.5 v a
ix 1 / 70 mA 14.28 A
5
vo vb vo va 10 0.6 8
iy 0.6(v o v a ) 0.6( v a va ) x mA
2 10 8 4 14

= 85.71 µA
Solution 5.17

vo Rf 12
(a) G= –2.4
vi Ri 5
vo 80
(b) = –16
vi 5
vo 2000
(c) –400
vi 5

(a) –2.4, (b) –16, (c) –400

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Solution 5.18

For the circuit, shown in Fig. 5.57, solve for the Thevenin equivalent circuit looking into
terminals A and B.

a
c
A
+
b
+
2.5

Figure 5.57
For Prob. 5.18.

Solution

Write a node equation at a. Since node b is tied to ground, v b = 0. Since writing a node
equation at c adds an additional unknown, the current from the op amp, we need to use
the constraint equation, v a = v b . Once, we know v c , we then proceed to solve for V oc and
I sc . This will lead to V Thev = V oc and R eq = V oc /I sc .

[(v a – 9)/10k] + [(v a – v c )/10k] + 0 = 0

Our constraint equation leads to,

v a = v b = 0 or v c = –9 volts

This is also the open circuit voltage (note, the op-amp keeps the output voltage at –9 volts
in spite of any connection between A and B. Since this means that even a short from A to
B would theoretically then produce an infinite current, R e = 0
circuit current will be limited to whatever the op-amp can put out into a short circuited
output.

V Thev = –9 volts; R eq = .

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Solution 5.19

We convert the current source and back to a voltage source.

4
24
3

(4/3) k 4k 10 k
0V

+ vo
(1.5/3)V +
2k

10k 1.5
vo –937.5 mV.
4 3
4 k
3
vo vo 0
io –562.5 µA.
2k 10k

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Solution 5.20

8k

2k
4k 4k
a b
+ +
+
9V + vo
vs

At node a,

9 va va vo va vb
18 = 5v a – v o – 2v b (1)
4 8 4

At node b,

va vb vb vo
v a = 3v b – 2v o (2)
4 2

But v b = v s = 2 V; (2) becomes v a = 6 –2v o and (1) becomes

–18 = 30–10v o – v o – 4 v o = –44/(–11) = 4 V.

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Solution 5.21

Calculate v o in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.60.

10 k

4k

–
+
4V +
+
+ vo
_
2V _ –

Figure 5.60
For Prob. 5.21.

Solution

Let the voltage at the inverting input of the op amp be v a and at the noninverting input v b .
This leads to,

[(v a –4)/4k] + [(v a –v o )/10k] + 0 = 0 with the constraint equation, v b = 2 = v a .

v o /10k = (–2/4k) + (2/10k) = (–0.5+0.2)/1k or

v o = –3 V.

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Solution 5.22

A v = -R f /R i = -15.

If R i = 10k , then R f = 150 k .

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Solution 5.23

At the inverting terminal, v=0 so that KCL gives

vs 0 0 0 vo vo Rf
R1 R2 Rf vs R1

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Solution 5.24

v1 Rf

R1 R2

- vs + -
+
+
R4
R3 vo
v2 -

We notice that v 1 = v 2 . Applying KCL at node 1 gives

v1 (v1 vs ) v1 vo 1 1 1 vs vo
0 v1 (1)
R1 R2 Rf R1 R2 Rf R2 Rf
Applying KCL at node 2 gives

v1 v1 v s R3
0 v1 vs (2)
R3 R4 R3 R4
Substituting (2) into (1) yields

R3 R3 R4 R3 1
vo Rf vs
R1 Rf R2 R3 R4 R2
i.e.
R3 R3 R4 R3 1
k Rf
R1 Rf R2 R3 R4 R2

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 Solution 5.25

Calculate v o in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.63.

12 k
–
+
+

15 V 20 k vo
+
_
–

Figure 5.63
For Prob. 5.25.

Solution

This is a voltage follower. If v c is the output of the op amp,

v c = 15 V

v o = [20k/(20k+12k)]v c = [20/32]15 = 9.375 V.

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Solution 5.26

Using Fig. 5.64, design a problem to help other students better understand noninverting
op amps.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Determine i o in the circuit of Fig. 5.64.

Figure 5.64

Solution

vb - io
+ +
0.4V 5k
- 2k vo
8k
-

8
vb 0.4 vo 0.8vo vo 0.4 / 0.8 0.5 V
8 2
Hence,
vo 0.5
io 0.1 mA
5k 5k

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Solution 5.27

This is a voltage follower.

v 1 = [24/(24+16)]7.5 = 4.5 V; v 2 = v 1 = 4.5 V; and

v o = [12/(12+8)]4.5 = 2.7 V.

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Solution 5.28

50 k

v1
vo
va +

10 k
+ 20 k
10 V

0 v1 v1 v o
At node 1,
10k 50k

But v 1 = 10V,

–5v 1 = v 1 – v o , leads to v o = 6v 1 = 60V

Alternatively, viewed as a noninverting amplifier,

v o = (1 + (50/10)) (10V) = 60V

i o = v o /(20k) = 60/(20k) = 3 mA.

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Solution 5.29

R1 va
+
vb - +

+
vi R2 R2 vo
- R1
-

R2 R1
va vi , vb vo
R1 R2 R1 R2

R2 R1
But v a vb vi vo
R1 R2 R1 R2
Or
vo R2
vi R1

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Solution 5.30

In the circuit shown in Fig. 5.68, find i x and the power absorbed by the 20-k resistor.

60 k
+ ix
+
3.6 V 30 k 20 k

Figure 5.68
For Prob. 5.30.

Solution

The op amp is clearly a voltage follower with an output voltage equal to 3.6 V.

If we combine the parallel resistors together we get [20kx30k/(20k+30k)] = 12k.

or is equal to 3.6/(60k+12k) = 50 µA. We now have

–6
a current divider and i x = 50x10 x30k/(30k+20k) = 30 µA.

p 20 = (i x )2x20k = 18 µW.

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Solution 5.31

For the circuit in Fig. 5.69, find i x .

12 k

6k
+
– +
3k 6k
25 mA ix vo

Figure 5.69
For Prob. 5.31.

Solution

After converting the current source to a voltage source, the circuit is as shown below:

12 k

3k 6k vo
1
v1 + vo
2
+
75 V
6k

At node 1, [(v 1 –75)/3k] + [(v 1 –v o )/6k] + [(v 1 –v o )/12k] = 0 or

7v 1 – 3v o = 300 (1)

At node 2, [(v o –v 1 )/6k] + [(v o –0)/6k] + 0 = 0 or v 1 = 2v o (2)

Finally, i x = [(v o –0)/6k] (3)

From (1), (2), and (3) 14v o – 3v o = 300 or v o = 27.27 V and

i x = 4.545 mA.

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Solution 5.32

Calculate i x and v o in the circuit of Fig. 5.70. Find the power dissipated by the 60-k
resistor.
ix
20 k
+
–
+ 50 k +
10 mV 60 k 30 k vo
10 k

Figure 5.70
For Prob. 5.32.

Solution

Let
v x = the voltage at the output of the op amp. The given circuit is a non-inverting
amplifier.

50
vx 1 (10 mV) = 60 mV
10
60 30 20k

By voltage division,
20 vx
vo = vx 30 mV
20 20 2
vx 60mV
ix = 1.5 µA
20 20 k 40k

vo2 900 x10 6

p= 15 nW.
R 60 x103

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Solution 5.33

Refer to the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.71. Calculate i x and the power absorbed by the 3-k
resistor. 1k

ix
+
–

2.5 mA 4k
3k
2k

Figure 5.71
For Prob. 5.33.

Solution

After transforming the current source, the current is as shown below:

1k

ix
4k va
+ vo
vb
+
10 V
2k 3k

This is a noninverting amplifier which means that [(v b –0)/2k] + [(v b –v o )/1k] + 0 = 0 and
v a = 10 = v b . Thus, 2v o = 3v b = 30 or v o = 15 V.

Now i x = [(v b –v o )/1k] = –5/1k = –1 mA and p 3k = (v o )2/3k = 75 mW.

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Solution 5.34

v1 vin v1 vin
0 (1)
R1 R2

but
R3
va vo (2)
R3 R 4

Combining (1) and (2),

R1 R1
v1 va v2 va 0
R2 R2

R1 R1
va 1 v1 v2
R2 R2

R 3v o R1 R1
1 v1 v2
R3 R 4 R2 R2

R3 R4 R1
vo v1 v2
R1 R2
R3 1
R2

R3 R4
vO = (v1 R2 v2 )
R3 ( R1 R2 )

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Solution 5.35

vo Rf
Av 1 7.5 R f = 6.5R i
vi Ri

If R i = 60 k , R f = 390 k .

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Solution 5.36

VTh Vab
R1
But vs Vab . Thus,
R1 R2
R1 R2 R2
VTh Vab vs (1 )v s
R1 R1
To get R Th , apply a current source I o at terminals a-b as shown below.

v1
+
v2 - a

+
R2
vo io
R1
-
b

Since the noninverting terminal is connected to ground, v 1 = v 2 =0, i.e. no current passes
through R 1 and consequently R 2 . Thus, v o =0 and

vo
RTh 0
io

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Solution 5.37

Determine the output of the summing amplifier in Fig. 5.74.

3V

5.4 V

–3.5 V

Figure 5.74
For Prob. 5.37.

Solution

Rf Rf Rf
vo v1 v2 v3
R1 R2 R3

30 30 30
(3) (5.4) ( 3.5)
10 20 30

v o = –13.6 V.

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Solution 5.38

Using Fig. 5.75, design a problem to help other students better understand summing
amplifiers.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Calculate the output voltage due to the summing amplifier shown in Fig. 5.75.

Figure 5.75

Solution

Rf Rf Rf Rf
vo v1 v2 v3 v4
R1 R2 R3 R4
50 50 50 50
(10) ( 20) (50) ( 100)
25 20 10 50

= -120mV

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Solution 5.39

For the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.76, determine the value of v 2 in order to make
v o = –7.5 V.

10 k 50 k
–3 V
20 k
v2 vo
50 k +
5V

Figure 5.76
For Prob. 5.39.

Solution

This is a summing amplifier.

Rf Rf Rf 50 50 50
vo v1 v2 v3 ( 3) v2 (5) 10 2.5v2 =
R1 R2 R3 10 20 50
15 – 2.5v 2 – 5 = 10 – 2.5v 2 = –7.5 or v 2 = 17.5/2.5 or

v 2 = 7 V.

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Solution 5.40

Determine V o in terms of V 1 and V 2 .

100 k 200 k

100 k Va
+
10
Vc
V1
+
+ +
V2
40 Vo
Vb

Step 1. Label the reference and node voltages in the circuit, see above. Note we
now can consider nodes a and b, we cannot write a node equation at c without
introducing another unknown. The node equation at a is
[(V a –V 1 )/105] + [(V a –V 2 )/105] + 0 + [(V a –V c )/2x105] = 0. At b it is clear that V b = 0.
Since we have two equations and three unknowns, we need another equation. We do get
that from the constraint equation, V a = V b . After we find V c in terms of V 1 and V 2 , we
then can determine V o which is equal to [(V c –0)/50] times 40.

Step 2. Letting V a = V b = 0, the first equation can be simplified to,

[–V 1 /105] + [–V 2 /105] + [–V c /2x105] = 0

Taking V c to the other side of the equation and multiplying everything by 2x105, we get,

V c = –2V 1 – 2V 2

Now we can find V o which is equal to (40/50)V c = 0.8[–2V 1 –2V 2 ]

V o = –1.6V 1 –1.6V 2 .

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Solution 5.41

R f /R i = 1/(4) R i = 4R f = 40k

The averaging amplifier is as shown below:

R1 = 40 k 10 k
v1
R2 = 40 k
v2
R3 = 40 k vo
v3 +
R4 = 40 k
v4

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Solution 5.42

The feedback resistor of a three-

the values of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 ?

Solution

Since the average of three numbers is the sum of those numbers divided by three, the
value of the feedback resistor needs to be equal to one-third of the input resistors or,
R i = 3R f where i = 1, 2, and 3. Therefore,

R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = 3x50,000 = 150 .

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Solution 5.43

The feedback resistor of a five-

the values of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 ?

Solution

In order to find the average of five inputs each input resistor needs to be five times the
feedback resistor or,

R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R 4 = R 5 = 5x40,000 = .

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Solution 5.44

R4
R3
a
R1 b
v1 +
vo
R2
v2

v1 v2
v b v1 vb v2 R1 R2
At node b, 0 vb (1)
R1 R2 1 1
R1 R2

0 va va vo vo
At node a, va (2)
R3 R4 1 R4 / R3

But v a = v b . We set (1) and (2) equal.

vo R 2 v1 R 1v 2
1 R4 / R3 R1 R 2

or
R3 R4
vo = R2 v 1 R1 v 2
R3 R1 R2

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Solution 5.45

Design an op amp circuit to perform the following operation:

v o = 3.5v 1 – 2.5v 2

All resistances must be 100 k .

Solution

This can be achieved as follows:

R R
vo v1 v2
R /3 R/2

Rf Rf
v1 v2
R1 R2

i.e. R f = R, R 1 = R/3.5, and R 2 = R/2.5

Thus we need an inverter to invert v 1 , and a summer, as shown below (R 100k ). Let

v1
+ -v1

v2 vo
+

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Solution 5.46

Using only two op amps, design a circuit to solve,

v3 v1 v1 v2
vout .
5 2
Solution

Although there are several ways to accomplish this, the easiest way is to simplify the
above equation and then design the circuit. Thus,

–v out = (–0.2+0.5)v 1 – 0.5v 2 + 0.2v 3 or –v out = 0.3v 1 – 0.5v 2 + 0.2v 3 .

Let us pick R f 1 2
R3 = (30,000/150,000) = 0.2.

100 k
100 k v1
30 k
100 k
v2 60 k

+ -v2
150 k
v3 vo
+

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Solution 5.47

Using eq. (5.18), R1 2 k , R2 30 k , R3 2 k , R4 20 k

30(1 2 / 30) 30 32
vo v2 V1 (2) 15(1) 14.09 V
2(1 2 / 20) 2 2.2

= 14.09 V.

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Solution 5.48

The circuit in Fig. 5.80 is a differential amplifier driven by a bridge. Find v o .

+15.5 mV

Figure 5.80
For Prob. 5.48.

Solution

We can break this problem up into parts. The 15.5 mV source separates the lower circuit
from the upper. In addition, there is no current flowing into the input of the op amp
which means we now have the 40-kohm resistor in series with a parallel combination of
the 60-kohm resistor and the equivalent 100-kohm resistor.

Thus, 40k + (60x100k)/(160) = 77.5k

which leads to the current flowing through this part of the circuit,

i = 15.5 m/77.5k = 200x10–9 A

The voltage across the 60k and equivalent 100k is equal to,

v = ix37.5k = 7.5 mV

We can now calculate the voltage across the 80-kohm resistor.

v 80 = 0.8x7.5 m = 6 mV

which is also the voltage at both inputs of the op amp and the voltage between the 20-
kohm and 80-kohm resistors in the upper circuit. Let v 1 be the voltage to the left of the
20-kohm resistor of the upper circuit and we can write a node equation at that node.

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 (v 1 –15.5m)/(10k) + v 1 /30k + (v 1 –6m)/20k = 0

or 6v 1 – 93 + 2v 1 + 3v 1 – 18 = 0 or v 1 = 10.091 mV.

The current through the 20k-ohm resistor, left to right, is,

i 20 = (10.091m–6m)/20k = 204.55x10–9 A

thus, v o = 6m – 204.55x10–9x80k = –10.364 mV.

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Solution 5.49

R 1 = R 3 = 20k , R 2 /(R 1 ) = 4

i.e. R 2 = 4R 1 = 80k = R4

R 2 1 R1 / R 2 R2
Verify: vo v2 v1
R1 1 R 3 / R 4 R1

(1 0.25)
4 v2 4 v1 4 v2 v1
1 0.25

Thus, R 1 = R 3 = 20 k , R 2 = R 4 = 80 k .

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Solution 5.50

(a) We use a difference amplifier, as shown below:

R1 R2
v1

vo
+
R1 R2
v2

R2
vo v 2 v1 2.5 v 2 v1 , i.e. R 2 /R 1 = 2.5
R1
If R 1 = 100 k then R 2 = 250k

(b) We may apply the idea in Prob. 5.35.

v0 2.5v1 2.5v 2
R R
v1 v2
R/2 R/2
Rf Rf
v1 v2
R1 R2

i.e. R f = R, R 1 = R/2.5 = R 2

We need an inverter to invert v 1 and a summer, as shown below. We may let

R = 100 k .

R
R
R
v1 R/2.5

+ -v1
R/2.5
v2 vo
+

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Solution 5.51

We achieve this by cascading an inverting amplifier and two-input inverting summer as

shown below:

R
R
R
v1 R

+ va
R
v2 vo
+

Verify:

v o = -v a - v 2
But v a = -v 1 . Hence
vo = v1 - v2.

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Solution 5.52

Design an op amp circuit such that

v o = 4v 1 + 6v 2 – 3v 3 – 5v 4

Let all the resistors be in the range of 20 to 200 k .

Solution

A summing amplifier shown below will achieve the objective. An inverter is inserted to
invert v 2 . Since the smallest resistance must be at least 20 k
therefore let R = .

R/4 R
v1
R/6
R
v2 R
+
R/3
v3
R/5
v4 +

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Solution 5.53

(a)

R1 R2
v1

va
vo
vb +
R1 R2
v2

At node a,
v1 va va vo R 2 v1 R 1 v o
va (1)
R1 R2 R1 R 2
R2
At node b, vb v2 (2)
R1 R 2

But v a = v b . Setting (1) and (2) equal gives

R2 R 2 v1 R 1 v o
v2
R1 R 2 R1 R 2
R1
v 2 v1 vo vi
R2
vo R 2
vi R1

(b)
R1/2 v R1/2 R2
A
v1
va

vi Rg
R1/2 R1/2
+ v2 +
vB vb +

R2 vo

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 v1 v A vB vA vA va
At node A,
R1 / 2 Rg R1 / 2

R1
or v1 vA vB vA vA va (1)
2R g

v2 vB vB vA vB vb
At node B,
R1 / 2 R1 / 2 Rg

R1
or v2 vB (v B vA ) vB vb (2)
2R g

Subtracting (1) from (2),

2R 1
v2 v1 vB vA vB vA vB vA vb va
2R g
Since, v a = v b ,
v2 v1 R1 vi
1 vB vA
2 2R g 2

vi 1
or vB vA (3)
2 R1
1
2R g

But for the difference amplifier,

R2
vo vB vA
R1 / 2
R1
or vB vA vo (4)
2R 2

R1 vi 1
Equating (3) and (4), vo
2R 2 2 R1
1
2R g
vo R2 1
vi R1 R1
1
2R g

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 v1 va va vA
(c) At node a,
R1 R2 /2
2R 1 2R 1
v1 va va vA (1)
R2 R2
2R 1 2R 1
At node b, v2 vb vb vB (2)
R2 R2

Since v a = v b , we subtract (1) from (2),

2R 1 vi
v2 v1 (v B vA )
R2 2
R2
or vB vA vi (3)
2R 1

At node A,

va vA vB vA vA vo
R2 /2 Rg R/2
R2
va vA vB vA vA vo (4)
2R g

vb vB vB vA vB 0
At node B,
R/2 Rg R/2
R2
vb vB vB vA vB (5)
2R g
Subtracting (5) from (4),
R2
vB vA vB vA vA vB vo
Rg
R2
2 vB vA 1 vo (6)
2R g
Combining (3) and (6),
R2 R2
vi 1 vo
R1 2R g
vo R2 R2
1
vi R1 2 Rg

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Solution 5.54

The first stage is a summer (please note that we let the output of the first stage be v 1 ).

R R
v1 vs vo = –v s – v o
R R

The second stage is a noninverting amplifier

v o = (1 + R/R)v 1 = 2v 1 = 2(–v s – v o ) or 3v o = –2v s

v o /v s = –0.6667.

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Solution 5.55

Let A1 = k, A2 = k, and A3 = k/(4)

A = A 1 A 2 A 3 = k3/(4)
20Log10 A 42
Log10 A 2.1 A = 102 1 = 125.89
k3 = 4A = 503.57
k = 3 503.57 7.956

Thus

A 1 = A 2 = 7.956, A 3 = 1.989

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Solution 5.56

Using Fig. 5.83, design a problem to help other students better understand cascaded op
amps.

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Calculate the gain of the op amp circuit shown in Fig. 5.83.

10 k 40 k

1k
– 20 k
+ + –
vi +
–

Figure 5.83 For Prob. 5.56.

Solution

Each stage is an inverting amplifier. Hence,

vo 10 40
( )( ) 20
vs 1 20

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Solution 5.57

Let v 1 be the output of the first op amp and v 2 be the output of the second op amp.

The first stage is an inverting amplifier.

50
v1 v s1 2 v s1
25
The second state is a summer.

v 2 = –(100/50)v s2 – (100/100)v 1 = –2v s2 + 2v s1

The third state is a noninverting amplifier

100
vo (1 )v 2 3 v2 6 v s1 6 v s 2
50

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Solution 5.58

Calculate i o in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.85.

1.8 V

Figure 5.85
For Prob. 5.58.

Solution

Looking at the circuit, the voltage at the right side of the 5-

the op amps are working correctly. Thus the 1-k
combination of the 3- - By voltage division, the input to the voltage
follower is:

35
v1 (1.8) 1.1739V = to the output of the first op amp.
1 35

Thus,
v o = –10((1.1739/5)+(1.1739/2)) = –8.217 V.

0 vo
io 2.054 mA.
4k

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Solution 5.59

The first stage is a noninverting amplifier. If v 1 is the output of the first op amp,

v 1 = (1 + 2R/R)v s = 3v s

The second stage is an inverting amplifier

v o = –(4R/R)v 1 = –4v 1 = –4(3v s ) = –12v s

v o /v s = –12.

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Solution 5.60

Calculate v o /v i in the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.87.

100 k
+ 80 k
+ –
40 k 50 k
vi
+ +
100 k vo

Figure 5.87
For Prob. 5.60.

Solution

The first stage is a noninverting amp with an output voltage equal to

[140k/100k]v i = 1.4v i .

At the negative input of the second op amp we get [(0–1.4v i )/100k] + [(0–1.4v i )/50k] +
[(0–v o )/80k] + 0 = 0. Thus, v o = –[80k(3/100k)]1.4v i = –3.36v i . This leads to,

v o /v i = –3.36.

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Solution 5.61

Determine v o in the circuit of Fig. 5.88.

20 k 10 k 40 k
–0.6 V

1.2 V 10 k 20 k
–
+ –
+ vo

Figure 5.88
For Prob. 5.61.

Solution

The first op amp is an inverter. If v 1 is the output of the first op amp,

v 1 = –(20/10)(1.2) = –2.4 V

The second op amp is a summer

V o = –(40/10)(–0.6) – (40/20)(–2.4) = 2.4 + 4.8

= 7.2 V.

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Solution 5.62

Let v 1 = output of the first op amp

v 2 = output of the second op amp

The first stage is a summer

R2 R
v1 vi – 2 vo (1)
R1 Rf

The second stage is a follower. By voltage division

R4 R3 R4
vo v2 v1 v1 vo (2)
R3 R4 R4

From (1) and (2),

R3 R2 R2
1 vo vi vo
R4 R1 Rf
R3 R2 R2
1 vo vi
R4 Rf R1
vo R2 1 R2 R4 R f
vi R1 R3 R2 R1 R2 R4 R3 R f R4 R f
1
R4 Rf

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Solution 5.63

The two op amps are summers. Let v 1 be the output of the first op amp. For the first
stage,

R2 R2
v1 vi vo (1)
R1 R3

For the second stage,

R4 R4
vo v1 vi (2)
R5 R6

Combining (1) and (2),

R4 R2 R4 R2 R4
vo vi vo vi
R 5 R1 R5 R3 R6
R 2R 4 R 2R 4 R4
vo 1 vi
R 3R 5 R 1R 5 R6
R2 R4 R4
vo R1 R5 R6
vi R2 R4
1
R3 R5

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Solution 5.64

G4

G G3

G1
1 G 2
- -
+ 0V + v 0V + +
vs G2 vo
- -

At node 1, v 1 =0 so that KCL gives

G1v s G4 vo Gv (1)

At node 2,

G 2 v s G3 v o Gv (2)
From (1) and (2),
G1v s G4 vo G2 v s G3 v o (G1 G 2 )v s (G3 G 4 )v o
or
vo G1 G2
vs G3 G4

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 Solution 5.65

Find v o in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.92.

100 k + 100 k
10 k –
100 k
30 k 50 k
+ + +
+
70 mV 70 k vo

Figure 5.92
For Prob. 5.65.

Solution

The output of the first op amp (to the left) is –(100k/10k)0.07 = –700 mV. The output of
the second op amp has to be equal to –0.7[100k/70k] = –1 V. Finally the output of the
third op amp is –[100k/50k](–1) = 2 V.

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Solution 5.66

We can start by looking at the contributions to v o from each of the sources and the fact that each
of them go through inverting amplifiers.

The 6 V source contributes –[100k/25k]6; the 4 V source contributes

–[40k/20k][–(100k/20k)]4; and the 2 V source contributes –[100k/10k]2 or

100 40 100 100

vo ( 6) ( 4) ( 2)
25 20 20 10

24 40 20 –4V

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Solution 5.67

Obtain the output v o in the circuit of Fig. 5.94.

1.2 V

2.8 V

Figure 5.94
For Prob. 5.67.

Solution

80 80 80
vo = (1.2) (2.8) = 9.6 – 11.2 = –1.6 V.
40 20 20

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Solution 5.68

If R q = , the first stage is an inverter.

15
Va (15) 45 mV
5

when V a is the output of the first op amp.

The second stage is a noninverting amplifier.

6
vo 1 va (1 3)( 45) –180mV.
2

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Solution 5.69

In this case, the first stage is a summer

15 15
va (15) vo 45 1.5v o
5 10

For the second stage,

6
vo 1 va 4v a 4 45 1.5v o
2
180
7vo 180 vo –25.71 mV.
7

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Solution 5.70

The output of amplifier A is

30 30
vA (1) ( 2) 9
10 10

The output of amplifier B is

20 20
vB (3) (4) 14
10 10

40 k
20 k
vA
a
60 k
vB + vo
b
10 k

10
vb ( 14) 2V
60 10

vA va va vo
At node a,
20 40

But v a = v b = -2V, 2(-9+2) = -2-v o

Therefore, v o = 12V

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 Solution 5.71

20k
5k 100k

- 40k
+
+ v2
1.5 V 80k -
– 10k + +

vo
20k
-

- 10k
+ v1 +
- v3

+
2.25V 50k
– 30k

20 50
v1 2.25, v2 (1.5) 6, v3 (1 ) v1 6
5 30
100 100
vo v2 v3 ( 15 7.5) 7.5 V.
40 80

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Solution 5.72

Find the load voltage v L in the circuit of Fig. 5.98.

5.6 V

Figure 5.98
For Prob. 5.72.

Solution

Since no current flows into the input terminals of ideal op amp, there is no voltage drop
across the 20 k resistor. As a voltage follower, the output of the first op amp is
v 01 = 5.6 V

The second stage is an inverter

250
v2 v 01
100
= –2.5(5.6) = –14 V.

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Solution 5.73

Determine the load voltage v L in the circuit of Fig. 5.99.

5.4 V

Figure 5.99
For Prob. 5.73.

Solution

The first stage is a noninverting amplifier. The output is

50
vo1 (5.4) 5.4 32.4V
10

The second stage is a voltage follower whose output is

vL v01 32.4 V.

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Solution 5.74

Let v 1 = output of the first op amp

v 2 = input of the second op amp.

The two sub-circuits are inverting amplifiers

100
v1 (0.9) 9V
10
32
v2 (0.6) 12V
1.6
v1 v 2 9 12
io 150 A.
20k 20k

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Solution 5.75

The schematic is shown below. Pseudo-components VIEWPOINT and IPROBE are involved as
shown to measure v o and i respectively. Once the circuit is saved, we click Analysis | Simulate.
The values of v and i are displayed on the pseudo-components as:
i = 200 A

(v o /v s ) = -4/2 = –2

The results are slightly different than those obtained in Example 5.11.

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 Solution 5.76

The schematic is shown below. IPROBE is inserted to measure io. Upon simulation, the value
of io is displayed on IPROBE as

i o = –562.5 A

11.25V

–19.358uV
0.750V
375mV
–936.8mV
750 mV

–11.25V

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 Solution 5.77

The schematic for the PSpice solution is shown below.

Note that the output voltage, –6.686 mV, agrees with the answer to problem, 5.48.

6.510mV

3.872mV

–6.686mV

3.872mV
4.838mV
0.0100V

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Solution 5.78

The circuit is constructed as shown below. We insert a VIEWPOINT to display v o . Upon

simulating the circuit, we obtain,

v o = 667.75 mV

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Solution 5.79

The schematic is shown below.

v o = –4.992 V

R3 R4 R5

20k 10k 40k

V5 V3
1Vdc 20Vdc
1.000V 0
U2
1.000V

4
uA741
0V
1 2

V-
OS1 -
6
2.000V OUT
5 3
OS2
7 + -20.00V
V+

0 V4
20Vdc
1.666V

V2 0
20Vdc 20.00V R6
0 100k 0
7

U1 0V
V6 0V 3 5
V+

+ OS2
5Vdc
6
OUT
2 1
- 4 OS1
V- 20.00V
uA741
R1 R2 V1
20Vdc
-4.992V
20k 10k
1.666V
5.000V 0

Checking using nodal analysis we get,

For the first op-amp we get v a1 = [5/(20+10)]10 = 1.6667 V = v b1 .

For the second op-amp, [(v b1 – 1)/20] + [(v b1 – v c2 )/10] = 0 or v c2 = 10[1.6667–1)/20] +

1.6667 = 2 V;

[(v a2 – v c2 )/40] + [(v a2 – v c1 )/100] = 0; and v b2 = 0 = v a2 . This leads to v c1 = –2.5v c2 .

Thus,

= –5 V.

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Solution 5.80

The schematic is as shown below. After it is saved and simulated, we obtain

v o = 2.4 V.

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Solution 5.81

The schematic is shown below. We insert one VIEWPOINT and one IPROBE to measure v o
and i o respectively. Upon saving and simulating the circuit, we obtain,
v o = 343.4 mV

i o = 24.51 A

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Solution 5.82

A four-bit DAC covers a voltage range of 0 to 10 V. Calculate the resolution of the DAC in volts
per discrete binary step.

Solution

The maximum voltage level corresponds to

1111 = 24 – 1 = 15.

Hence, each bit is worth (10/15) = 666.7 mV

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Solution 5.83

The result depends on your design. Hence, let R G = 10 k ohms, R 1 = 10 k ohms, R 2 = 20 k

ohms, R 3 = 40 k ohms, R 4 = 80 k ohms, R 5 = 160 k ohms, R 6 = 320 k ohms, then,

-v o = (R f /R 1 )v 1 + --------- + (R f /R 6 )v 6

= v 1 + 0.5v 2 + 0.25v 3 + 0.125v 4 + 0.0625v 5 + 0.03125v 6

(a) |v o | = 1.1875 = 1 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 1 + (1/8) + (1/16) which implies,

[v 1 v 2 v 3 v 4 v 5 v 6 ] = [100110]

(b) |v o | = 0 + (1/2) + (1/4) + 0 + (1/16) + (1/32) = (27/32) = 843.75 mV

(c) This corresponds to [1 1 1 1 1 1].

|v o | = 1 + (1/2) + (1/4) + (1/8) + (1/16) + (1/32) = 63/32 = 1.96875 V

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Solution 5.84

(a) The easiest way to solve this problem is to use superposition and to solve for each term
letting all of the corresponding voltages be equal to zero. Also, starting with each current
contribution (i k ) equal to one amp and working backwards is easiest.

2R R R R

+ 2R 2R 2R
v1
ik
2R
+ + +
v2 v3 v4

For the first case, let v 2 = v 3 = v 4 = 0, and i 1 = 1A.

Therefore, v 1 = 2R volts or i 1 = v 1 /(2R).

Second case, let v 1 = v 3 = v 4 = 0, and i 2 = 1A.

2R R R R

2R 2R 2R
i2
2R
+
v2

Simplifying, we get,

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 2R

1A
2R

+
v2

Therefore, v 2 = 1xR + (3/2)(2R) = 4R volts or i 2 = v 2 /(4R) or i 2 = 0.25v 2 /R. Clearly this

is equal to the desired 1/4th.

Now for the third case, let v 1 = v 2 = v 4 = 0, and i 3 = 1A.

2R

5R/3

1.5
2R

+
v3

The voltage across the 5R/3-ohm resistor is 5R/2 volts. The current through the 2R resistor at
the top is equal to (5/4) A and the current through the 2R-ohm resistor in series with the source is
(3/2) + (5/4) = (11/4) A. Thus,

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v 3 = (11/2)R + (5/2)R = (16/2)R = 8R volts or i 3 = v 3 /(8R) or 0.125v 3 /R. Again, we have the
desired result.

For the last case, v 1 = v 2 = v 3 and i 4 = 1A. Simplifying the circuit we get,

R R R

1A
2R 2R 2R

2R
+
v4

5R/3 R

1.5A
2R 2R

2R
+
v4

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 21R/11

11/4A
2R

2R
+
v4

Since the current through the equivalent 21R/11-ohm resistor is (11/4) amps, the voltage across
the 2R-ohm resistor on the right is (21/4)R volts. This means the current going through the 2R-
ohm resistor is (21/8) A. Finally, the current going through the 2R resistor in series with the
source is ((11/4)+(21/8)) = (43/8) A.

Now, v 4 = (21/4)R + (86/8)R = (128/8)R = 16R volts or i 4 = v 4 /(16R) or 0.0625v 4 /R. This is
just what we wanted.

(b) If R f = 12 k ohms and R = 10 k ohms,

-v o = (12/20)[v 1 + (v 2 /2) + (v 3 /4) + (v 4 /8)]

= 0.6[v 1 + 0.5v 2 + 0.25v 3 + 0.125v 4 ]

For [v 1 v 2 v 3 v 4 ] = [1 0 11],

|v o | = 0.6[1 + 0.25 + 0.125] = 825 mV

For [v 1 v 2 v 3 v 4 ] = [0 1 0 1],

|v o | = 0.6[0.5 + 0.125] = 375 mV

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Solution 5.85

In the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.104, find the value of R so that the power absorbed by the
1-k resistor is 10 W. Determine the power gain.

R
20 k

+
10 V +
1k

Figure 5.104
For Prob. 5.85.

Solution

This is an inverting amplifier. v o = –(R/20k)10 = –0.5R/1,000

The power being delivered to the 1-

P = 10 W = (v o )2/1k or v o = 10,000 = ±100V in this case we will use the

negative value because of the inverting op amp.

Returning to our first equation we get –100 = –0.5R/1,000.

Thus, R = 200 .

The input power is = (10)2/20k = 5 mW which leads to the power gain,

10/(0.005) = 2,000.

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Solution 5.86

Design a voltage controlled ideal current source (within the operating limits of the op amp)
where the output current is equal to 200v s (t) µA.

The easiest way to solve this problem is to understand that the op amp creates an output voltage
so that the current through the feedback resistor remains equal to the input current.

In the following circuit, the op amp wants to keep the voltage at a equal to zero. So, the input
current is v s /R = 200v s (t) µA = v s (t)/5k.

Thus, this circuit acts like an ideal voltage controlled current source no matter what (within the
operational parameters of the op amp) is connected between a and b. Note, you can change the
direction of the current between a and b by sending v s (t) through an inverting op amp circuit.

a b
5

vs(t) +
+
–

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Solution 5.87

The output, v a , of the first op amp is,

v a = (1 + (R 2 /R 1 ))v 1 (1)

Also, v o = (-R 4 /R 3 )v a + (1 + (R 4 /R 3 ))v 2 (2)

Substituting (1) into (2),

v o = (-R 4 /R 3 ) (1 + (R 2 /R 1 ))v 1 + (1 + (R 4 /R 3 ))v 2

Or, v o = (1 + (R 4 /R 3 ))v 2 – (R 4 /R 3 + (R 2 R 4 /R 1 R 3 ))v 1

If R 4 = R 1 and R 3 = R 2 , then,

v o = (1 + (R 4 /R 3 ))(v 2 – v 1 )

which is a subtractor with a gain of (1 + (R 4 /R 3 )).

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Solution 5.88

We need to find VTh at terminals a – b, from this,

v o = (R 2 /R 1 )(1 + 2(R 3 /R 4 ))V Th = (500/25)(1 + 2(10/2))V Th

= 220V Th

Now we use Fig. (b) to find V Th in terms of v i .

a
a
20 k 30 k
20 k 30 k
vi
vi
+

40 k 80 k 40 k 80 k

b b

(a) (b)

v a = (3/5)v i , v b = (2/3)v i

V Th = v b – v a (1/15)v i

(v o /v i ) = A v = -220/15 = -14.667

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Solution 5.89

A summer with v o = –v 1 – (5/3)v 2 where v 2 = 6-V battery and an inverting amplifier with
v 1 = –12v s .

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Solution 5.90

The op amp circuit in Fig. 5.107 is a current amplifier. Find the current gain i o /i s of the
amplifier.

Figure 5.107
For Prob. 5.90.

Solution

Transforming the current source to a voltage source produces the circuit below,

At node b, v b = (2/(2 + 4))v o = v o /3

40 k
5k a

b +
+ 4k
5kis +
io vo
2k

At node a, [(v a –5ki s )/5k] + [(v a –v o )/40k] + 0 = 0 where v a = v b = v o /3. This gives us
8v a – 40ki s + v a – v o = 0 = (9/3)v o – v o – 40ki s = 2v o – 40ki s or i s = v o /20k. Finally,
i o = v b /2k = v o /6k which leads to,

i o /i s = (v o /6k)/(v o /20k) = 3.333.

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Solution 5.91

vo
+
R2
is R1 i2
i1
io

io = i1 + i2 (1)

But i1 = is (2)

R 1 and R 2 have the same voltage, v o , across them.

R 1 i 1 = R 2 i 2 , which leads to i 2 = (R 1 /R 2 )i 1 (3)

Substituting (2) and (3) into (1) gives,

i o = i s (1 + R 1 /R 2 )

i o /i s = 1 + (R 1 /R 2 ) = 1 + 8/1 = 9

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Solution 5.92

Refer to the bridge amplifier shown in Fig. 5.109. Determine the voltage gain v o /v i .

Figure 5.109
For Prob. 5.92.

Solution

The top op amp circuit is a non-inverter, while the lower one is an inverter. The output at the
top op amp is

v 1 = (1 + 90/30)v i = 4v i

while the output of the lower op amp is

v 2 = –(50/20)v i = –2.5v i .

Hence, v o = v 1 – v 2 = 4v i + 2.5v i = 6.5v i

v o /v i = 6.5

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Solution 5.93

R3

R1 v
a

vb + io
+ R4 +
vi
+ iL vo
R2 vL RL

At node a, (v i – v a )/R 1 = (v a – v o )/R 3

v i – v a = (R 1 /R 2 )(v a – v o )

v i + (R 1 /R 3 )v o = (1 + R 1 /R 3 )v a (1)

But v a = v b = v L . Hence, (1) becomes

v i = (1 + R 1 /R 3 )v L – (R 1 /R 3 )v o (2)

i o = v o /(R 4 + R 2 ||R L ), i L = (R 2 /(R 2 + R L ))i o = (R 2 /(R 2 + R L ))(v o /( R 4 + R 2 ||R L ))

Or, v o = i L [(R 2 + R L )( R 4 + R 2 ||R L )/R 2 (3)

But, v L = i LR L (4)

Substituting (3) and (4) into (2),

v i = (1 + R 1 /R 3 ) i L R L – R 1 [(R 2 + R L )/(R 2 R 3 )]( R 4 + R 2 ||R L )i L

= [((R 3 + R 1 )/R 3 )R L – R 1 ((R 2 + R L )/(R 2 R 3 )(R 4 + (R 2 R L /(R 2 + R L ))]i L

= (1/A)i L

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Thus,

1
A =
R1 R2 RL R 2RL
1 RL R1 R4
R3 R 2R 3 R2 RL

Please note that A has the units of mhos. An easy check is to let every resistor equal 1-ohm and
v i equal to one amp. Going through the circuit produces i L = 1A. Plugging into the above
equation produces the same answer so the answer does check.

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