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Measures of Central Tendency

centra tendency ppt

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29 views

Measures of Central Tendency

centra tendency ppt

Uploaded by

John Peter Carbonel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measures of Central

Tendency and Other


Measures of Position
This chapter will show you how to obtain and interpret
descriptive statistics such as measures of average, measures of
variation, and measures of position.
Measures of Central Tendency
are numerical descriptive measures which indicate or locate the
center of distribution or data set.

The term central tendency refers to the middle value or a typical value of
the data. The measures of central tendency are also
called measures of average which includes mean, median, and mode.
Mean (or arithmetic mean)
✓ The most commonly-used measure of central tendency.
✓ It is symbolized by the Greek letter μ (refers to population
mean)and x (refers to sample mean).
✓ It is the sum of the values, divided by the total number of values.
✓ It is valid only for interval or ratio data.
✓ It is influenced by outliers that may be at the extremes of the data
set.
Properties and Uses
✓ One computes the mean by using all values of the data.
✓ The mean varies less than the media or mode when samples are
taken from the same population and all three measures are computed
for these samples.
✓ The mean is used in computing other statistics.
✓ The mean for the data set is unique and not necessarily one of the
data values.
✓ The mean cannot be computed for an open-ended frequency
distribution.
✓ The mean is affected by extremely high or low values.
Median
✓ It is the midpoint of the data.
✓ It can be determined by sorting the data set from lowest to
highest values and taking the data point in the middle of the
sequence.
✓ It can be determined for ordinal data as well as interval and ratio
data. It is not influenced by outliers.
Properties and Uses
✓ The median is used when one must find the center or middle value of a
data set.
✓ The median is used when one must determine whether the data values
fall into the upper half or lower half of the distribution.
✓ The median is used for an open-ended distribution.
✓ The median is affected less than the mean by extremely high or low
values.
Mode
✓ It is the value that occurs most often in a data set.
✓ It is sometimes said to be the most typical case.
✓ It can be very useful for dealing with categorical data (qualitative
data).
Properties and Uses
✓ The mode is used when the most typical case is desired.
✓ The mode is the easiest average to compute.
✓ The mode can be used when the data are nominal.
✓ The mode is not always unique.
Measures of
1 Central Tendency of
Ungrouped Data
The mean of ungrouped data is computed by adding all the values
and dividing the sum by the number of values.
EXAMPLE
Compute the mean of the number of dreams of students in a week.

7, 8, 8, 7, 3, 1, 6, 9, 3, 8
Weighted Mean
The weighted mean or weighted average is used to calculate the
average value of a particular set of numbers with different levels of
weight.
EXAMPLE
Suppose we are interested in computing the weighted mean grade
of the student in the following subject.
SUBJECTS NO. OF UNITS GRADE (x)
(w)
Math 3 3 1.75
English 3 3 2.00
Accounting 3 5 1.75
Computer 3 3 1.50
Filipino 3 3 1.50
P.E. 3 2 1.00
SOLUTION

SUBJECTS NO. OF GRADE (x) wx


UNITS (w)
Math 3 3 1.75 ?
English 3 3 2.00 ?

Accounting 5 1.75 ?
3
Computer 3 3 1.50 ?

Filipino ∑w=
3 ? ∑wx=
? ?
σ 𝑤𝑥 3 1.50
𝑥= ?
P.E.
σ𝑤 3 2 1.00
Median
The median (Me) separates an ordered set of data. The median of
ungrouped data requires the values to be arranged in the order of
magnitude.
EXAMPLE

Compute the median of the number of dreams of students in a week.

7, 8, 8, 7, 3, 1, 6, 9, 3, 8
SOLUTION

Arranging the given into ascending order…

1, 3, 3, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9

Since n=10,

Me = (7+7) ÷ 2
14 ÷ 2

Me = 7
Mode
The mode (Mo) of ungrouped data is obtained by inspection.
EXAMPLE

Compute the median of the number of dreams of students in a week.

7, 8, 8, 7, 3, 1, 6, 9, 3, 8
SOLUTION

7, 8, 8, 7, 3, 1, 6, 9, 3, 8

Since 8 occurs most frequently, hence, Mo = 8.


Measures of
2 Central Tendency of
Grouped Data
Mean
The mean of grouped data may be obtained in the same way as the
mean of ungrouped data is computed.

Two methods in computing the mean value for grouped data:

➢ midpoint formula

➢ unit deviation method


EXAMPLE
Calculate the mean of the given distribution.

Class Interval (x) Class Frequency (f)


20 – 24 2
25 – 29 6
30 – 34 9
35 – 39 10
40 – 44 12
45 – 49 7
50 – 54 4
For midpoint formula, all the scores included in a class interval are
represented by the class marks multiplied by its corresponding
frequency. The product is summed and divided by the total number of
observations. The formulas are:
STEPS:

1. Find the class mark (M) of each class interval.


2. Multiply the class mark by frequency (fM).
3. Get the sum of the product (fM).
4. Substitute the value to the formula.
SOLUTION
Class Interval Class M fM
(x) Frequency (f)
20 – 24 2 ? ?

25 – 29 6 ? ?

30 – 34 9 ? ?

35 – 39 10 ? ?

40 – 44 12 ? ?
∑=? ∑ = ??
45 –σ49
𝑓𝑀
7 ?
𝑥50= – 54 4 ? ?
𝑛
STEPS IN USING THE DEVIATION METHOD

1. Choose an assumed mean by getting the midpoint of any interval.


2. Construct the unit deviation column.
3. Multiply the frequencies by their corresponding unit deviations. Add
the products.
4. Divide the sum in step 3 by the sample size.
5. Multiply the result in step 4 by the size of the class interval (class
width).
6. Add the value obtained in step 5 to the assumed mean.
EXAMPLE
Class M Class d fd
Interval (x) Frequency
(f)
20 – 24 ? 2 ? ?

25 – 29 ? 6 ? ?

30 – 34 ? 9 ? ?

35 – 39 37 10 ? ?

40 – 44 ? 12 ? ?
∑fd = ?
45 – 49 ? 7 ? ?

50 – 54 ? 4 ? ?
Median
The median is estimated by first, determining the class interval which
contains the (n/2)th score by referring to the CF column. This class
interval to which the median belongs is the median class.
The formula of the median is:
EXAMPLE
Class Class
Interval (x) Frequency
(f)
20 – 24 2
25 – 29 6
30 – 34 9
35 – 39 10
40 – 44 12
45 – 49 7
50 – 54 4
Mode
The mode, a satisfactory estimate of the most frequently occurring
value can be obtained by first determining the modal class, the
class interval with the greatest frequency.
The formula of the mode is:
EXAMPLE
Class Class CF ≤
Interval (x) Frequency
(f)
20 – 24 2
25 – 29 6
30 – 34 9
35 – 39 10
40 – 44 12
45 – 49 7
50 – 54 4

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