Grade 8 Emergence Of... CH 9 Notes
Grade 8 Emergence Of... CH 9 Notes
(i) India was the people of India- all the people irrespective of class, colour,
caste, creed, language or gender are Indians.
(ii) The awareness of being Indian and that its resources and systems were
meant for all of them led to see the trace nature and role of British in India.
(iii) The political associations came into being in the 1870s and 1880s.
(v) They worked with the idea that the people should be sovereign – a
modern consciousness and a key feature of nationalism.
(vi) The Arms Act was passed in 1878, disallowing Indians from possessing
arms.
(vii) The Vernacular Press Act, 1878 which allowed the government to
confiscate the assets of newspapers including their printing presses if the
newspapers published anything that was found ‘objectionable’.
(viii) In 1883 Lord Ripon’s Law Member, Sir Courtenay llbert introduced a bill
called llbert Bill.
(ix) The bill provided for the trail of British or European persons by Indians,
and sought equality between British and Indian judges in the country.
(x) The bill caused widespread agitation among the Whites who strongly
opposed the bill and forced the government to withdraw it.
(xi) The Indian National Congress which was established in 1885 by a British
servant Allan Octavian Hume. It includes 72 delegates from different parts of
the country. The main leaders of the organization were- DadaBhaiNaoroji,
W.C. Bannerji, SurendranathBannerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S.
SubramaniaIyer, Pherozeshah Mehta, and BadruddinTyabji.
(iii) It demanded the separation of judiciary from the executive, the repeal
(abolition) of Arms Act and freedom of speech and expression.
(v) The early Congress raised a number of economic issues. It declared that
British rule had led to poverty and famines, increase in land revenue had
impoverished peasants and Zamindars and there was food shortage because
of exports and grains to Europe.
(iv) The partition of Bengal infuriated people all over India. Both, the
moderates and the radicals protested the partition.
(iii) India was dragged into the war and this led to a huge rise in defense
expenditure of the government of India.
(iv) Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to a
sharp rise in prices which create great difficulties for the common people.
(v) The war leads the British to expand their army. The government forced
the villages in India to send their soldiers for an alien cause.
(ii) He studied law in England and went to South Africa to practice law and
stayed there for 20 years.
(iv) In South Africa, Gandhiji struggle for the Indians in non-violent marches
against racist (skin color) discrimination and had earned great respect
and popularity both at national and international level.
(v) Mahatma Gandhi spent his initial years in India traveling throughout the
country, understanding the people, their needs and the overall situation.
(ii) Gandhiji launched a Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act which curbed the
fundamental rights such as the freedom of expression and strengthened
police powers.
(iii) Mahatma Gandhi and Mohammad Ali Jinnah criticized the act as ‘devilish’
and tyrannical.
(iv) In April 1919, a nation-wide hartal was launched and government used
brutal measures to suppress them. The JallianwalaBagh massacre inflicted by
General Dyer in Amritsar on Baisakhi day was a part of this repression.
ii) General Dyer, a British officer entered JallianwalaBagh locked all the
entries and ordered his troops to start firing at the crowd.
(ii) The Khilafat Movement was launched by Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali
who wished to initated a full-fledged Non-Cooperation Movement against the
British under the leadership of Gandhiji and demanded Swaraj.
(iv) British titles were surrendered and legislatures boycotted. People lit
public bonfires of foreign cloth.
People’s Initiatives:
(i) In Kheda, Gujarat, Patidar peasants organized non-violent campaigns
against the high revenue demand of the British.
(ii) In coastal Andhra and interior Tamil Nadu, liquor shops were picketed.
(iii) In Bengal, the Khilafat-Non-Cooperation alliance gave enormous
communal unity and strength to the national movement.
(ii) Gandhiji wished to build class unity, not class conflict, still peasants could
imagine that he could help them in their fight against zamindars and
agricultural labourers believed he would provide them land.
(ii) Chitta ranjan Dass and Motilal Nehru argued that the party should fight
elections to the councils and enter them in order to influence government
policies.
(iii) Civil disobedience Movement was launched in 1930 under the leadership
of Gandhiji.
(iv) The formation of the RashtriyaSwayamsevakSangh (RSS) and the
Communist Party of India were the two important development of the mid-
1920s.
hed from Sabarmati Ashram(in Ahmedabad) to the coastal town of Dandi (in
Surat) where they broke the Salt law by gathering natural salt found on the
sea-shore are boiling sea water to produce salt.
(iii) The combined struggles of the Indian people bore fruit when the
Government of India Act of 1935 prescribed provincial autonomy and the
government announced election to the provincial legislature in 1937.
iv) The Second World War broke out in September 1939. The Congress
leaders were ready to support the British war effort. But in return, they
wanted that India be granted Independence after the war. The British
refused to concede the demand and the Congress ministers resigned in
protest.
(ii) The first response of the British was severe repression and the end of
1943 over 90,000 people were arrested, and around 1,000 killed in police
firing.
(ii) The provincial elections of 1937 seemed to have convinced the League
that Muslims were a minority, and they would always have to play second
fiddle in any democratic structure.
(iii) The Congress’s rejection of the League’s desire to form a joint Congress-
League government in the United Provinces in 1937 also annoyed the
League.
(iv) In 1945, after the end of the war, the British opened negotiations
between the Congress, the League and themselves for the Independence of
India. The talks failed because the league accelerated the demand for
Pakistan.
(v) In March 1946, the British cabinet sent a three-member mission to Delhi
to examine this demand. 16 August 1946 was declared as the ‘Direct Action
Day’ by the league.
(vi) On 3 June 1947, the Partition Plan was announced and Pakistan came into
existence. The joy of our country’s Independence from British rule came mixed with
the pain and violence of Partition.