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    Genomic Equivalence and Early Patterning

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    Savannah Simone Petrachenko
    The document discusses genomic equivalence and early embryonic patterning. It summarizes that nuclear transfer experiments show that genomic information is not lost as cells differentiate, and cell differentiation is controlled by selective gene expression rather than loss of genes. Early embryonic development is controlled by asymmetrically distributed cytoplasmic determinants and maternal mRNA/proteins, not zygotic gene expression. These determinants establish protein gradients that pattern embryonic axes and development.

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    Genomic Equivalence and Early Patterning

    Uploaded by

    Savannah Simone Petrachenko
    407 views11 pages
    The document discusses genomic equivalence and early embryonic patterning. It summarizes that nuclear transfer experiments show that genomic information is not lost as cells differentiate, and cell differentiation is controlled by selective gene expression rather than loss of genes. Early embryonic development is controlled by asymmetrically distributed cytoplasmic determinants and maternal mRNA/proteins, not zygotic gene expression. These determinants establish protein gradients that pattern embryonic axes and development.

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    The document discusses genomic equivalence and early embryonic patterning. It summarizes that nuclear transfer experiments show that genomic information is not lost as cells differentiate, and cell differentiation is controlled by selective gene expression rather than loss of genes. Early embryonic development is controlled by asymmetrically distributed cytoplasmic determinants and maternal mRNA/proteins, not zygotic gene expression. These determinants establish protein gradients that pattern embryonic axes and development.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    407 views11 pages

    Genomic Equivalence and Early Patterning

    Uploaded by

    Savannah Simone Petrachenko
    The document discusses genomic equivalence and early embryonic patterning. It summarizes that nuclear transfer experiments show that genomic information is not lost as cells differentiate, and cell differentiation is controlled by selective gene expression rather than loss of genes. Early embryonic development is controlled by asymmetrically distributed cytoplasmic determinants and maternal mRNA/proteins, not zygotic gene expression. These determinants establish protein gradients that pattern embryonic axes and development.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Genomic Equivalence and Early Patterning

    Readings
    y Chapter 19 o p.429 Is cell differentiation reversible? To p.435 Differential gene transcription is a hallmark o p.442 In the fruit fly, and maternal effect genes

    Does loss of cellular potential correspond to loss of genetic information?


    Plant cells seem to be totipotent

    What about animal cells?


    Nuclear Transfer 1950s (Briggs & King)
    y No information is lost from the nuclei of cells as they pass through the early stages of embryonic development (Principle of Genomic Equivalence) The success of cloning by nuclear transfer approached zero when donor nuclei from older developmental stages are used

    But what about adult animal cells?

    Totipotency can apparently be rescued from adult animals cells (Dolly) Nuclear transfer in other mammals since Dolly Nuclear transfer, combined with embryonic stem cell technologies, could individualize regenerative medicine Nuclear transfer, combined with embryonic stem cell

    technologies, could individualize regenerative medicine Can we rescue embryonic potential from adult cells without cloning?

    y y y

    http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5 858/1917 and http://www.cellpress.com/misc/page?page=misc 21 Over 300 stories about the research appeared online within 2 hours after being posted, with nearly 800 stories by 3pm that day. Cloning animals from differentiated somatic cell nuclei tells us that no genomic information (genes) is lost as cells differentiate. Instead, cell differentiation relies on the selective use of the genetic tool kit (can turn genes within the cell on or off). Differential gene expression is a hallmark of cell differentiation. www.associatedcontent.com/article/110337/clo ning_horses_takes_steps_forward.html www.vet-stem.com

    y y y y y

    Commercial Livestock Cloning

    y y

    y y y

    www.viagen.com There is no zygotic/embryonic gene expression during early development (some or most of the cleavage stage, depending on the organism) Early development is controlled by maternal information in the form of proteins and mRNAs These cytoplasmic determinants are not uniformly distributed in the oocyte The effects of maternal cytoplasmic determinants on early patterning of the embryo

    Genes that Regulate Development in an Embryo


    Five processes that contribute to development
    y y y y y Determination: seals the fate of an embryonic cell Differentiation: the process by which different types of cells arise Patterning: defining the orientation of an embryo and its tissues Morphogenesis: the shaping of the body and its organs Growth: increase in size by cell division

    The Body Axes

    The gray crescent in the amphibian zygote results fro movements of cytoplasm in the fertilized egg cell

    Important cytoplasmic determinants are resent in the gray crescent

    The gray crescent in the amphibian zygote corresponds to the future dorsal side of the embryo

    The dorsal-ventral axis of the frog blastula appears to be established by the asymmetrical distribution of the protein -catenin

    -catenin is selectively degraded on one side of the embryo

    Genetic screens, done during the 1970s, identified most of the developmental control genes that pattern the Drosophila embryo

    Maternal Effect Genes in Drosophila


    y Are expressed in nurse cells in female ovary

    Transcripts (mRNA molecules) are transported into specific regions of the oocyte cytoplasm

    Maternal Effect gene transcripts (mRNAs) are translated into transcription factors after fertilization to establish protein gradients

    The bicoid messenger RNA stimulates headspecifying genes and 19.14 illustrates development of the anterior-posterior axis and segmentation due

    to three other types of genes There is also a posterior protein gradient in the Drosophila oocyte

    Maternal gene products define an anterior and a posterior end of the embryo

    Bicoid mutant has two tail ends

    y y

    y y y y

    Bicoid and Nanos are both RNA binding proteins By binding to specific sequences in mRNA molecules they regulate translation of their target mRNAs Bicoid binds to a specific sequence at the 3 end of the Caudal mRNA and prevents translation initiation factors from binding to the 5 end Translation repression of Caudal by Bicoid sets up complementary gradients of anterior and posterior determinants Bicoid can also bind to DNA. By binding to specific sequences in the regulatory regions of genes it regulates transcription, too. Many developmental regulatory proteins are multifunctional

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