‫ مروان عطية بن حليم‬: ‫اعداد‬

232080212 : ‫رقم القيد‬

‫ دمحم الشريف‬.‫ أ‬: ‫اشراف‬
Electric Circuits 2 Lab

Experiment # 6

Passive Filters

Abstract:
The experiment on passive filters, which are electronic circuits that use only passive components
(resistors, capacitors, and inductors) to filter out specific frequencies from a signal. The abstract
for this experiment would summarize the purpose, methodology, and results of the experiment.

The purpose of this experiment is to study the behavior and characteristics of passive filters in
order to understand their applications in signal processing and communication systems. The
experiment involved designing and constructing different types of passive filters, including low-
pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters.

The methodology consisted of analyzing the frequency response of each filter using program
multisim . The input signal was varied across a range of frequencies while measuring the output
voltage. The data obtained from these measurements were used to plot frequency response
curves for each filter.

The results showed that each type of passive filter exhibited distinct characteristics in terms of
frequency attenuation and phase shift. Low-pass filters allowed low-frequency signals to pass
through while attenuating higher frequencies. High-pass filters did the opposite by allowing
high-frequency signals to pass through while attenuating lower frequencies. Band-pass filters
allowed a specific range of frequencies to pass through while attenuating others outside that
range. Band-stop filters did the opposite by attenuating a specific range of frequencies while
allowing others to pass through.

Overall, this experiment provided valuable insights into the behavior and performance of passive
filters, enabling a better understanding of their applications in various electronic systems .
Objectives:
 To be familiar with the different types of first-order passive filters.
 To be familiar with frequency response plots.
 To investigate the relations between cutoff and center frequencies with circuit elements.

Required Materials & Equipment:

 AC voltage source.
 Resistors, inductor and capacitor.
 Voltage probes.

Theory:

A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired frequencies and reject or
attenuate others. A filter is a passive filter if it consists of only passive elements R, L, and C. It is
said to be an active filter if it consists of active elements (such as transistors and op amps) in
addition to passive elements R, L, and C.
A lowpass filter passes low frequencies and stops high frequencies. Its transfer function takes
the form of
( )
While its cutoff frequency is given by

(a) (b)
Figure 1: (a) A lowpass filter (b) Ideal and actual frequency response of a lowpass filter
A highpass filter passes high frequencies and rejects low frequencies. Its transfer function
takes the form of:
( )
While its cutoff frequency is given by
 (a) (b)
Figure 2: (a) A highpass filter (b) Ideal and actual frequency response of a highpass filter

A bandpass filter passes frequencies within a frequency band of ( ) and

blocks or attenuates frequencies outside the band. Its transfer function takes the form of:
( )
( )
Bandpass filters are characterized by two cutoff frequencies around the center
frequency , which are given

√( )

(a) (b)
Figure 3: (a) A bandpass filter (b) Ideal and actual frequency response of a bandpass filter

A bandstop filter passes frequencies outside a frequency band and blocks or attenuates
frequencies within the band. Its transfer function takes the form
 ( )
( )
( )
The same formulas of bandpass filter are used to calculate , & , where
are called bandreject width.

(a) (b)
Figure 4: (a) A bandreject filter (b) Ideal and actual frequency response of a bandreject filter

Procedures:

PART I: Lowpass Filter

1. Connect R, C and the voltage source in series as shown in Figure 5.

2. Add a voltage probe to measure the capacitor’s voltage.

Figure 5

3. Select the AC Sweep mode and adjust its parameters as required.

4. Run your simulation and, if necessary, adjust is scale.
5. Use the cursors to move across the plot to find out the cutoff frequency ( ).
6. Fill your results in Table.
PART II: Highpass Filter:

1. You may use the circuit of Part I as a highpass filter; however, the voltage is measured
across the resistor instead of the capacitor.
2. Repeat steps from 2 to 6 of Part I.

PART III: Bandpass Filter

1. Connect R, L & C in series with a voltage source as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6

2. Add a voltage probe across the resistor.

3. Select the AC Sweep mode and adjust its parameters as required.
4. Run your simulation and, if necessary, adjust is scale.
5. Use the cursors to move across the plot to find out the center frequency cutoff
frequencies ( ).

6. Fill your results in Table.

PART IV: Bandreject Filter

1. You may use the circuit of Part III as a bandreject filter; however, the voltage is
measured across the inductor & capacitor instead of the resistor.
2. Repeat steps from 2 to 6 of Part III.
Table 1

Low- High-
Bandpass Bandstop
pass pass

2.0006 2.0011 10 4.84 20.85 16.01 4.8 20.98

Measured 10 kHz
kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz
2.0012 2.0012 10.011 4.829 20.753 15.924 10.011 4.829 20.753
Calculated
kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz kHz

Now we calculate the values in the table mathematically :

1- Lowpass Filter :
ωc= = = 12567.6 rad/sec

fc= = 2001.2 Hz = 2.0012 kHz

2- Highpass Filter:
ωc= = = 12567.6 rad/sec

fc = = 2.0012 kHz

3- Bandpass Filter:
ω0 = =√ = 62869.5 rad/sec
√

f0= = 10.011 kHz

ωc1= - +√( ) =- +√( ) = 30327.9 rad/s

fc1= = 4.829 kHz

ωc2 = +√( ) = +√( ) = 130327.9 rad/s

fc2= = 20.753 kHz

 BW = fc2 - fc1 = 20.753 - 4.829 = 15.924 kHz

4- Bandstop Filter:

ω0 = =√ = 62869.5 rad/sec
√

f0= = 10.011 kHz

ωc1= - +√( ) =- +√( ) = 30327.9 rad/s

fc1= = 4.829 kHz

ωc2 = +√( ) = +√( ) = 130327.9 rad/s

fc2= = 20.753 kHz

Observation & Discussion

From this experience, the following can be observed :

1-Lowpass Filter: When observing a lowpass filter, it can be noticed that it allows low-frequency
signals to pass through while attenuating high-frequency signals. This means that the output
signal will have reduced amplitude for higher frequencies compared to lower frequencies.

2- Highpass Filter: In the case of a highpass filter, it allows high-frequency signals to pass
through while attenuating low-frequency signals. The output signal will have reduced amplitude
for lower frequencies compared to higher frequencies.

3- Bandpass Filter: A bandpass filter allows a specific range of frequencies, known as the
passband, to pass through while attenuating frequencies outside this range. The output signal will
have reduced amplitude for both lower and higher frequencies outside the passband.

4- Bandstop Filter: Also known as a notch filter, a bandstop filter attenuates a specific range of
frequencies, known as the stopband, while allowing all other frequencies to pass through. The
output signal will have reduced amplitude only for the frequencies within the stopband.

Overall, passive filters are designed using passive components like resistors, capacitors, and
inductors and do not require an external power source for operation. They are commonly used in
audio systems, communication systems, and various electronic devices to shape or modify the
frequency response of signals .

Conclusions

Conclusion In this experiment , we studied the effects of passive filters . Being able to use a
device that allows us to filter certain frequencies out of our circuitry has incredibly useful
purposes . For instance , in radio communications filters are used to allow radio receivers to only
take the signal requested while leaving the rest of the signals behind , in audio electronics , filters
are made into networks called crossover networks . Which is used to channel low frequency
audio to to woofers , mid - range frequencies to midrange speakers , and high - frequency sounds
to tweeters . Essentially organizing how the sound is distributed across a sound system .

Assignment:

1. Write about passive and active filters their advantages/disadvantages.

Passive and active filters are two types of electronic circuits used to filter out unwanted
frequencies from a signal. Both types have their own advantages and disadvantages,
which make them suitable for different applications.

Passive filters are composed of passive components such as resistors, capacitors, and
inductors. They do not require an external power source to operate. Here are some
advantages of passive filters:

1. Simplicity: Passive filters are relatively simple in design and construction. They have
fewer components compared to active filters, making them easier to understand and
troubleshoot.

2. Cost-effective: Since passive filters do not require any active components or power
sources, they tend to be less expensive than active filters. This makes them a preferred
choice for applications with budget constraints.

3. Low noise: Passive filters do not introduce any additional noise into the signal path
since they do not require amplification or gain stages. This makes them suitable for
applications where noise is a critical factor.

However, passive filters also have some disadvantages:

1. Limited frequency range: Passive filters have limited frequency response due to the
inherent characteristics of their passive components. They may not be suitable for
applications that require precise control over a wide range of frequencies.

2. Signal attenuation: Passive filters can cause signal attenuation at certain frequencies,
especially in high-order filter designs. This can result in a loss of signal strength and
affect the overall performance of the system.

3. Lack of flexibility: Once a passive filter is designed and implemented, it is difficult to

modify its characteristics without physically changing its components or values. This lack
of flexibility can be a disadvantage in applications that require frequent adjustments or
changes in filtering requirements.

On the other hand, active filters utilize active components such as operational amplifiers
(op-amps) along with passive elements to achieve filtering functionality. Here are some
advantages of active filters:

1. Flexibility: Active filters offer greater flexibility compared to passive filters as their
characteristics can be easily adjusted by changing the values of resistors and capacitors or
modifying the op-amp circuitry. This makes them suitable for applications that require
dynamic filtering requirements.

2. High precision: Active filters can achieve higher precision and accuracy in filtering
due to the use of amplification stages. They can provide sharper roll-off characteristics
and better control over the desired frequency response.

3. Wide frequency range: Active filters can cover a wide range of frequencies, making
them suitable for applications that require filtering across multiple frequency bands.

However, active filters also have some disadvantages:

1. Complexity: Active filters are more complex in design and implementation compared
to passive filters. They require additional active components, power supplies, and often
involve more intricate circuitry. This complexity can make them more challenging to
design and troubleshoot.

2. Cost: Active filters tend to be more expensive than passive filters due to the
requirement of active components such as op-amps and power supplies.
 3. Noise: Active filters introduce additional noise into the signal path due to amplification
stages. This noise can affect the overall signal quality, especially in low-level signal
applications.

In summary, passive filters offer simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and low noise but have
limited frequency range and lack flexibility. On the other hand, active filters provide
flexibility, high precision, and wide frequency range but are more complex, expensive,
and introduce additional noise into the signal path. The choice between passive and active
filters depends on specific application requirements such as cost constraints, desired
frequency response, flexibility needs, and noise sensitivity .

Evaluation Table (for instructor use only):

Section Percentage Grade

Abstract 20%
Measurements 20%
Discussion & Observation 20%
Conclusion 20%
Assignment 20%
Total 100%