PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY SKILL TEST

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 1. Reserves are defined as the amount of oil in a reservoir and are classified as 3 P’s,
which are --------------?

2. The first well you drill is called?

3. What is Reservoir Engineering?

4. How would you identify a reservoir with a strong water drive?

5. What are the three classification used to describe the methods of recovering fluids
from oil and reservoirs?

6. The injection of fluid such as water and gas to displace the oil is called?

7. ------------------ methods are used to recover residual oil left behind by increasing the
volume of the reservoir contacted.

8. The categories found in tertiary recoveries are?

9. Given these data of petroleum sample from an Oil field with the following PVT
properties:
Temperature = 210°F
Pressure = 4470 Psz
Oil gravity = 25 API
Gas gravity = 0.70
Producing Gas oil ratio = 0.64 msef
STB
Determine:
I. Oil formation volume fraction Resbbl/STB
II. Gas formation volume fraction
III. Water formation volume fraction
IV. Solution Gas oil ratio (mscf/STB)
V. Oil Viscosity (cp)
VI. Water Viscosity (cp)
VII. Gas Viscosity
VIII. Bubble point pressure (psia)
IX. Under saturated oil compressibility
X. Under saturated water compressibility

10. In the derivation of MBE (Material Balance Equation), what are (a) Underlying
assumptions (b) Respective drive parameters (c) Limitations and uses?

11. Oil pore volume of reservoir = 300mmcuft

Solubility of gas in crude = 0.42scf/STB

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 Initial bottom hole pressure p =3500 psia
Initial bottom hole temperature T =105°F
Saturation pressure of the reservoir = 2400 psia
Formation volume factor @ 3500psia and 105°F = 1.33bbl/stb
Determine:
A. The Initial STB of oil in the reservoir.
B. The Initial scf of gas in reservoir.
C. The scf of gas remaining in the reservoir at 1500psia
D. The total reservoir gas oil ratio (GOR) at 1500 psia.

12. Well head kind and configuration are determined by?

13. A well head comprises the following except one, which one? Casing head, Tubing
head, Christmas tree, Stuffing box, Pressure gauge and Wildcart.

14. A pipeline reaching from the top of the ground to the oil-producing formation is
called?

15. What keeps surface waters and loose earth from entering the well?

16. What is an equipment used to maintain surface contract of the well? It is usually
made of steel, cast or forged and machined to a close fit forming a set to prevent well
fluids from blowing or leaking at the surface.

17. Perforating with shaped charges rather than bullets is called?

18. A group of valves which controls the flow of oil and gas from a well due to its shape
and large number of fitting branching is referred to in the petroleum industry as?

19. If a well is not producing by Natural flow, what is installed to supplement the
formation pressure?

20. An artificial lift in surface equipment that impact an up and down motion to a
sucker rod string to which is attached a piston (or plunger) pump submerged in the
fluid of a well is called?

21. The most frequently conducted well test is called?

22. Modern separators uses other types of forces such as?

23. The prevention of hydrate formation in a separator is carried out by three methods,
which are?

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24. The number of tanks in a battery will vary, as will their size, depending on the daily
production of?

25. Obtaining samples in storage tanks are done by either of which two methods?

26. Where is gas sampling done?

27. What is used to estimate reserves and production optimization performance?

28. Name the types of decline curve.

29. Causes of decline involves?

30. What units has changed the processes of measuring, sampling, testing and
transferring oil from a tedious, time consuming business that require many man hours
and error prone into an efficient operation?

31. A well that came in at 100b/f/day has declined to 80bbl/day at the end of the first
year. Calculate: (a) the yearly and monthly decline rates and (b) the yearly and monthly
continuous decline rates. (c) If the economic unit of the well is 2bbl/day, calculate the
life of the well and its cumulative production.

32. What are the characteristics that a reservoir rock must possess?

33. What are the types of petroleum traps?

34. For oil and gas, the science of exactly shock waves on the surface that penetrate
downward into the rock layers or finding traps is?

35. The actual location on which the well is to be drilled and selected by an operating
company is called?

36. The various kinds of oil and gas wells are classified into?

37. What do Mobile rigs include?

38. The very basic needs of drilling a hole in the ground is?

39. List the modern techniques of drilling.

40. What is being used to enlarge the undersize hole by bits?

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41. The technique of allowing the drill string to be intentionally diverted to a given
target is called?

42. What is the act of forcing a bit to seek a specific angle of travel?

43. What is the drilling of metal referred to as?

44. The dependability of a drill string is linked to 2 important facts, which are?

45. What is a formation capable of producing enough oil and gas to make it
economically feasible for the operating company to complete the well called?

46. What is the question that an operating company asks after drilling a well?

47. What is the name of the step that is carried out in making these decision and in
answering these questions?

48. What decisions are taken after careful consideration of data obtained by various
tests ran on the formation (pay zone) by the operating company?

49. Calculate expected fracture pressure gradient in ppg, if pore pressure gradient p/d
= 0.65psi/ft.

50. List the five types of bits you know.

ANSWERS
1. Proved, probable, possible
2. Exploration well or wildcat well
3. This is the application of scientific principles to practically enhance the designing
of oil and gas recovery from Reservoir.
4. (i) Recovery efficiency is 32 – 75%
(ii) Pressure is maintained and water declines slowly
(iii) GOR gradually increases
(iv) Dry oil is produced until water breakthrough
(v) Oil rate remains constant but gradually declines as water breaks through
5. Primary Recovery
6. Secondary Recovery
7. Tertiary Recovery
8. (i) Miscible fluid displacement e.g. Alcohol H20 , CO2 + Oil
(ii) Thermal recovery e.g. injecting O2 or steam
(iii) Chemical recovery e.g. polymers and surfactants
9.
(i) B0 = Oil formation volume and by standing co-ordination

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 B0 = 0.972 + 0.000147T1.175
At T0 = 210°F = 650°R
B0 = 0.972 + 0.000147 (650)1.175
= 1.26 res bbl/STB
(ii) Bg = Gas formation volume fraction res bbl/mscf
Where By = 0.02829 - - - - - - - - - - (x)
OR
Bg = 0.00504 - - - - - - - - - - - - - (xx)
Since Z = compressibility factor is a function of reduced temperature at
reduced pressure i.e. Z = f (Tr, Pr) and by Hankinson and Philip correlation,
Pc = 709.604 – 58.718 rg
Tc = 170.491 + 307.344 rg
Where rg = gas specific gravity
Pc = Critical pressure in psi
Tc = Critical Temperature in rankine (°R)
rg = 0.1

Pc = 668.5 & Pr =
Tc = 385.6 & Tr =

Since Z = f (Tr, Pr) = f (1.74, 6.68) and from chart, Z is read as 0.95, substituting
this into equation (xx) gives:

Bg = = 0.0007176 = 0.7176 (where M = 1000)

(iii) Water formation volume fraction res bbl/scf

Bw = -1.485 × 10-5p + 0.952 × 10A
Where Bw = water formation volume fraction
P = pressure
T = 210°F
A = 0.0001996 (T-100) – 1.2676
= -1.04804
Bw = -1.485 × 10-6 (4470) + 0.952 × 10(-1.04804)
Bw = 1.036rb
STB

(iv) Solution Gas-oil ratio (Rs)

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 Rs =
Using standing correlation
Rs = rg × P+25.48 × 1.204
18.2 × 10yg
yg = 0.00091(T) – 0.0125rAPI
= 0.00091(210) – 0.0125(25)
yg = -0.1214
Rs = 0.7 × 4470 + 25.48 × 1.204
-18.2 × 10-0.1214

(v) Oil viscosity Mo in centipoise (cp)

Beggs and Robinson Head oil correlation
Mod = 10x – 1.0
x = T-1.163exp(6.9824 – 0.045658 rAPI)
x = (210) -1.163exp(6.9824 – 0.04658(25))
= 0.669
Mod = 100.699 – 1.0
= 3.675 cp
If mg = Molecular weight
Nos = A ModB
A = 10.715 (Rs + 100)-0.515 = 0.333
B = 5.44 (Rs + 150)-0.338 = 0.546
Mos = 0.33 (3.675)0.546
= 2.38cp

(vi) Viscosity of water = Mw

Mw = 4.33 – 0.07T + 4.73 × 10-4T2 – 1.415 × 10-6T3 + 1.56 × 10-9T4
T = 210°F
W = 0.41 cp

(viii) Bubble point pressure (Pb psia)

Where
Pb = 18.2 × × 0.82 × 10yg – 1.4
= 18.2 × × 0.83 × 10-0.1214 -1.4
Pb = 4,453 psia

(ix) Undersaturated oil compressibility (co)

This is calculated with Vasquexz & Beggs Correlation

co = 3Rsb + 17.2T – 1.180rg + 12.6 (rAPI)-1.433

P × 105

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 = 3(745) + 17.2(210) – 1.180(0.70) + 12.61(25)-1.433
4.470 × 105

co = 1.378 × 10-5 psi-1

10. A-Underlying assumptions

(i) Reservoir is considered to be tank of constant value
(ii) The temperature and pressure and rock and fluid properties are not
space dependent
(iii) Equilibrium is also attained e.g. between oil and solution gas

11. A = STOIIP (N)

Stock tank oil initial in place =
Vp = pore volume
Boi = oil formation volume fracture initial

N= = 40mmSTB

12. Well conditions

13. Wildcart

14. Oil well

15. Surface string

16. Well Head

17. Jet perforation

18. Christmas tree

19. Artificial lift

20. Beaming pumping

21. Potential test

22. Centrifugal and Impact force

23. (i) Heating the gas stream (ii) Removing water vapour from gas by using
an antifreeze agent (iii) The use of liquid absorbents

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 24. The well or wells and the frequency of pipeline output

25. Thief-sampling method or bottle sampling method

26. Field

27. Decline curve: it is primary used for forecasting future production

28. Constant percentage declines (exponential), Harmonic and hyperbolic

decline curves.

29. When more H20 and gas are produced, production declines (BHP, GOR,
WOR) and changes in (i) the drainage area (ii) Changes in PI (productivity index)
(iii) Changes in efficiency in vertical and horizontal flow.

30. Lease Automatic Custody Transfer (LACT)

31. Year decline rate = Q = Q0(1-da)

Where da = annual decline rate
Q0 = Initial production rate at t0 = 0
Q = Production at the point of decline

Q = Q0(1-da) - - - - - - - - - - -(1)
Q = 80 bbl/day, Q0 = 100 bbl/day

On substitution in - - - - - -(1), we have:

80 = 100(1 - da)
= 1 – da
da = 1 – 0.8 = 0.2 = 20%

Monthly deconsecrate
(1 - dm)12 = 1 – da - - - - - - - - - - -(2)
Substituting for da in - - - (2) results in:
(1 - dm)12 = 1 – 0.2
1 – dm = (0.8)1/12
dm = 1 - (0.8)1/12 = 1 – (0.8)0.085 = 0.0184
dm = 0.0184 × 100 = 1.84% per month

Year continuous decline rate (ba)

exp (-ba) = 1 – da
exp (-ba) = 1 – 0.2
-ba = In (1 - 0.2)
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 ba = = 0.223

Monthly continuous decline rate (bm)

ba = 12bm
0.223 = 12bm
bm = = 0.0186

Using 1 year as the time,

Q = Q0exp (-bt)
Q = 100 × 365
Q = 2 bbl/day = economic life of use
Q = 2 × 365
Therefore, 2 × 365 = 100 × 365 (-bt)
Recall ba = 0.223
2 × 365 = 100 × 365 × exp (-0.223t)
Exp (-0.223t) = = 0.02

0.223t = In (0.02)
t = In = 17.5 years
Economic life of the well = 17.5yrs

32. Porosity, permeable, exist in a special way

33. Structural and stratigraphic traps. Structural traps are formed because of a
deformation in the rock layer that contains the hydrocarbon e.g. are fault
and antic lines.

34. Seismology

35. Drill site

36. Exploration well and development well

37. Jack-ups, submersibles, semi submersibles and a drill ship

38. Rotation, Circulation and hosting and housering

39. Rotary drilling and Coiled tube drilling

40. Reamer

41. Directional Drilling

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 42. Whip stocking

43. Milling

44. Inspection and Maintenance

45. Pay zone

46. “Does this well contain enough oil or gas to make it worthwhile to run the
final production string of casing and completing the well?”

47. Formation evaluation

48. Production Casing and complete the well or to plug and abandon the well

49. Where Pf(min) = fmin = min fracture pressuring

D= fmin =

D = Depth
fmin = Pfmin/D = = 14.7ppg

Pf/d(max) = fmax = 1 + × 0.52 = 15.8ppg

50. Fish tail, milled tooth, tungsten carbide teeth roller cutter, drag bit, roller
bearing, journal bearing

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