Steel Structures-2

Course Code : NSTE19

(2) ‫منشآت معدنية‬
Lecture-5
Ahmed Hussain Ali Abdelrahman, PhD

Lecturer – Structural Engineering Department – Mansoura University - Egypt

Former Visiting Scholar – Johns Hopkins University – USA
 Ch.2
Design Flowchart Design of Steel Columns

1. Layout and statical system.

2. Loads – (OW +DL + LL + WL).

3. Analysis + Design forces.

4. Design – different design provisions (Codes).

5. Detailing.

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Ch.2
Design of Steel Columns

Design of Built-up Columns

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns

Reducing 𝜆(= 𝑘𝐿/𝑟) will increase the compressive resistance 𝐹 ∝ 1/𝜆 How ??

𝐼
𝑟=
𝐴
𝐴
𝐴
𝐴 Long column with intermediate load

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns

Lacing bars Batten plates

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns

𝑷 𝑷 𝑷 𝑷
End Batten ≥𝑎 ≥𝑎

𝑎 𝐿 𝐿
𝐿 𝐿

𝐿 𝐿 𝛿
3 𝑎
Intermediate 3 ≥ 𝑎
≥ 𝑎 4
Batten 4

𝑎 𝑎

𝑥 𝑥
𝑷 𝑷 𝑷 𝑷
𝑥 𝑥
Local Global Compound
𝑧 𝑦 𝑧 𝑧 𝑦 𝑧 𝜆 = 𝐿 /𝑟 𝜆 = 𝐿 /𝑟 𝜆

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns

 Calculation of modified slenderness ratio 𝒎𝒐𝒅 : Code ASD 9.1.5, P. 138

Lacing bars

Batten plates

𝜆 = 𝐿 /𝑟 Global

𝜆 = 𝐿 /𝑟 Local
Batten plates Lacing bars

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns

 Lacing bars Code ASD 9.1.5, P. 133

 As far as practicable, the lacing system shall not be varied throughout the length of
the compression member.
 Lacing bars shall be inclined at an angle of 50° to 70° to the axis of the member
where a single intersection system is used and at an angle of 40° to 50° where a
double intersection system is used.
 Lacing bars shall be connected such that there will be no appreciable interruption of
the triangulation of the system.
 The maximum unsupported length of the compression member between lacing bars (ℓz) whether connected by
welding, bolting or riveting, shall be such that the slenderness ratio of each component part between
consecutive connections (ℓz/rz) shall not be more than 50 in bridges and 60 in buildings or 2/3 times the
governing slenderness ratio of the member as a whole, whichever is the lesser.
 Laced compression members shall be provided with batten plates at the ends of the lacing system, at points
where the lacing system is interrupted, and where the member is connected to another member.

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 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns

 Batten plates Code ASD 9.1.5, P. 135

 The battens shall, as far as practicable, be spaced and proportioned

uniformly throughout. The number of battens shall be such that the
member is divided into not less than three bays within its actual center to
center of connections. Battens may be plates, channels or other sections.
 In battened compression members, the slenderness ratio ℓz/rz of the main
component shall not be greater than 50 in bridges and 60 in buildings or 2/3
times the maximum slenderness ratio of the member as a whole,
whichever is the lesser.

 The effective length for each component of the main member between two consecutive battens parallel to the
axis of the member shall be taken as the longitudinal distance between the end fasteners, (ℓz). End battens
shall have an effective length of not less than the perpendicular distance between the centroids of the main
components, and intermediate battens shall have an effective length of not less than 3/4 of this distance, but
in no case shall the length of any batten be less than twice the width of the smaller component in the plane of
the battens, see Fig. 9.2.

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns

Example (1)
Design a suitable built-up column (A-B) composed of 2 channels spaced 50 cm and connected by lacing bars
as shown in the figure, where 𝑴 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒕. 𝒎, 𝑵 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒏, and 𝑸 = 𝟖. 𝟎 𝒕𝒐𝒏
Solution: 𝑩

• Buckling length

2I/9
G =1 G = = 4.44
I/20
𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐾 = 1.65 𝑨
𝑳𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔 𝒚
𝐿 = 1.65 ∗ 9.0 = 14.85 𝑚
𝑁 = 30 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐿 = 3.0 𝑚 𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 (𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑤)
𝒙 𝒙 𝑀 = 30 𝑡. 𝑚
𝐿 = 14.85 𝑚 𝐿 = 3.0 𝑚
𝑄 = 8.0 𝑡𝑜𝑛

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns
𝑀 𝑀
𝑁 = 30 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Example (1) (Cont.) 𝑑 𝑑
𝑀 = 30 𝑡. 𝑚 𝑁 𝑁
Solution:
𝑄 = 8.0 𝑡𝑜𝑛 2 2
• Selection of section 10.2 𝑐𝑚
1. Stiffness condition. 1.6 𝑐𝑚
L
λ = < 180 𝑟 ≥ 300/180 = 1.67 𝑐𝑚

38 𝑐𝑚
r
L
λ = < 180 𝑟 ≥ 1485/180 = 8.25 𝑐𝑚
r
1.35 𝑐𝑚
2. Stress condition. 𝑁 = −30 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑀 = 30 𝑡. 𝑚
𝑒 50 𝑐𝑚
𝑁 𝑀 30 30𝑥100
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = + = + = 75 𝑡𝑜𝑛 Channel 380 𝑒 = 2.38 𝑐𝑚
2 𝑑 2 50
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑟 = 14.0 𝑐𝑚 𝑟 = 2.77 𝑐𝑚
=𝐹 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐹 = 1.0 𝑡/𝑐𝑚 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 75 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 = 80.4 𝑐𝑚 𝐼 = 615 𝑐𝑚

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns

Example (1) (Cont.) Channel under compression

• Check of chosen section (Web and Flange)

3. Check of local buckling Code ASD Clause 2.6.1, P. 8 10.2 𝑐𝑚

1.6 𝑐𝑚
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒆𝒃 𝑑 = ℎ − 4𝑡 = 38 − 4 1.6 = 31.6 𝑐𝑚
58 64
𝜆 = = 37.4 𝜆 = = 41.3

38 𝑐𝑚
𝐹 𝐹
𝑑 31.6 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙
= = 23.4 < 𝜆
𝑡 1.35 𝑊𝑒𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 1.35 𝑐𝑚
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑐 = 𝑏 = 10.2 𝑐𝑚
𝑒 50 𝑐𝑚
16.9 23
𝜆 = = 10.9 𝜆 = = 14.8 Channel 380
𝐹 𝐹 𝑒 = 2.38 𝑐𝑚
𝑐 10.2 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑟 = 14.0 𝑐𝑚 𝑟 = 2.77 𝑐𝑚
= = 6.375 < 𝜆
𝑡 1.6 𝐹𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝐴 = 80.4 𝑐𝑚 𝐼 = 615 𝑐𝑚

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 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns

Example (1) (Cont.)

• Check of chosen section
4. Check of lateral torsional buckling

Built-up column

Assume fully non-compact 𝐹 = 0.58𝐹

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 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns

𝑁 = 30 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Example (1) (Cont.)
𝑀 = 30 𝑡. 𝑚
• Check of chosen section 𝒚
𝑄 = 8.0 𝑡𝑜𝑛
5. Check of stress (Interaction equation) 10.2 𝑐𝑚
1.6 𝑐𝑚
Compression
𝒙
𝑁 30

38 𝑐𝑚
𝑓 = = = 0.186 𝑡/𝑐𝑚 𝒙
𝐴 2 ∗ 80.4 𝒙

1.35 𝑐𝑚
𝑟 ( ) = 14.0 + 0.0 = 14.0 𝑐𝑚 𝑟 ( ) = 2.77 + 25 = 25.15 𝑐𝑚 50 𝑐𝑚
𝑒
Channel 380 𝑒 = 2.38 𝑐𝑚
𝑘𝐿 300 𝑘𝐿 1485
1 𝜆 = = = 21.4 𝜆 = = = 59.16 𝑟 = 14.0 𝑐𝑚 𝑟 = 2.77 𝑐𝑚
𝑟 14.0 𝑟 25.15
𝐴 = 80.4 𝑐𝑚 𝐼 = 615 𝑐𝑚

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 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns
𝑷 𝑟 = 14.0 𝑐𝑚
Example (1) (Cont.) 10.2 𝑐𝑚 𝒚 𝑟 = 2.77 𝑐𝑚
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍 (𝟑𝟖𝟎) 1.6 𝑐𝑚
• Check of chosen section

38 𝑐𝑚
5. Check of stress (Interaction equation) 𝒙 𝒙
 Calculation of modified slenderness ratio 𝝀𝒎𝒐𝒅 : 𝐿 𝒂
𝜃 𝒂′
𝐿 = 𝑎 ∗ tan 𝜃 = 43.21 ∗ tan 30 = 24.9 𝑐𝑚
𝐿 24.9 2 𝐿 𝑒
𝜆 = = = 8.98 ≤ 60 𝑜𝑟 𝜆 OK 𝑎 50 𝑐𝑚
𝑟 2.77 3
𝑎 = 50 + 2𝑒 − 2𝑏
𝜆 = 𝜆 +𝜆 = 59.16 + 8.98 = 59.83 = 50 + 2(2.38) − 2(10.2)
= 34.36 𝑐𝑚
𝜆 = 21.4 𝜆 = 59.83 𝜆 = 59.83 ≤ 180 OK 𝑎 = 𝑎 + (𝑏 − 𝑡 )
For 𝜆 < 100 = 34.36 + 10.2 − 1.35
= 43.21 𝑐𝑚
𝐹 = 1.4 − 0.000065𝜆 = 1.4 − 0.000065 59.83 = 1.16 𝑡/𝑐𝑚 𝑷

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 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns
𝑓 0.186
𝑁 = 30 𝑡𝑜𝑛 = = 0.16
Example (1) (Cont.) 𝐹 1.16
𝑀 = 30 𝑡. 𝑚
• Check of chosen section 𝒚
𝑄 = 8.0 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑿
5. Check of stress (Interaction equation) 10.2 𝑐𝑚
1.6 𝑐𝑚
Bending
𝐼 =2 𝐼 + 𝐴 25
25 𝑐𝑚
= 2 615 + 80.4 25 = 101730 𝑐𝑚

38 𝑐𝑚
𝒙 𝒙
𝑋 = 25 + 𝑒 = 27.38 𝑐𝑚
𝐼 101730 1.35 𝑐𝑚
𝑆 = = = 3715.48 𝑐𝑚
𝑋 27.38
𝑴𝒚 𝟑𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑒 50 𝑐𝑚
𝒇𝒃 = = = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝒕/𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝑺𝒚 𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝟖 Channel 380 𝑒 = 2.38 𝑐𝑚
𝑭𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝑭𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝒕/𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝑟 = 14.0 𝑐𝑚 𝑟 = 2.77 𝑐𝑚
𝐴 = 80.4 𝑐𝑚 𝐼 = 615 𝑐𝑚

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns
𝑓 0.186
𝑁 = 30 𝑡𝑜𝑛 = = 0.16
Example (1) (Cont.) 𝐹 1.16
𝑀 = 30 𝑡. 𝑚
• Check of chosen section 𝒚
𝑄 = 8.0 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑿
5. Check of stress (Interaction equation) 10.2 𝑐𝑚
1.6 𝑐𝑚
Interaction equation
25 𝑐𝑚
𝑓 𝑓

38 𝑐𝑚
+ 𝐴 ≤1 𝒙 𝒙
𝐹 𝐹

7500 7500 1.35 𝑐𝑚

𝐹 = = = 2.095 𝑡/𝑐𝑚
𝜆 59.83
𝐶 0.85 𝑒 50 𝑐𝑚
𝐴 = = = 0.93 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴 = 1
(1 − 𝑓 /𝐹 ) (1 − 0.186/2.095) Channel 380 𝑒 = 2.38 𝑐𝑚
0.186 0.8 𝑟 = 14.0 𝑐𝑚 𝑟 = 2.77 𝑐𝑚
+ (1) = 0.73 ≤ 1 OK
1.16 1.4 𝐴 = 80.4 𝑐𝑚 𝐼 = 615 𝑐𝑚

A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns

𝑁 = 30 𝑡𝑜𝑛
Example (1) (Cont.)
𝑀 = 30 𝑡. 𝑚
• Check of chosen section
𝑄 = 8.0 𝑡𝑜𝑛
6. Check of shear 10.2 𝑐𝑚
1.6 𝑐𝑚
1.5 𝑄 1.5 ∗ 8.0
𝑞 = = = 0.18 𝑡/𝑐𝑚 < 0.35𝐹 = 0.84 𝑡/𝑐𝑚
4𝐴 4 ∗ 10.2 ∗ 1.6
OK

38 𝑐𝑚
𝒙 𝒙
7. Check of Equivalent stresses
𝑞 = 0.18 𝑡/𝑐𝑚 Shear stresses 1.35 𝑐𝑚
𝑓 = 𝑓 + 𝑓 = 0.186 + 0.8 = 0.986 𝑡/𝑐𝑚 Normal stresses 50 𝑐𝑚
𝑒

𝑓 = 𝑓 + 3𝑞 = 0.986 + 3(0.18) = 1.03 𝑡/𝑐𝑚 Equivalent stresses Channel 380 𝑒 = 2.38 𝑐𝑚

OK 𝑟 = 14.0 𝑐𝑚 𝑟 = 2.77 𝑐𝑚
≤ 1.1𝐹 = 1.1 ∗ 1.4 = 1.54 𝑡/𝑐𝑚
𝐴 = 80.4 𝑐𝑚 𝐼 = 615 𝑐𝑚

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 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns
𝑷
Example (1) (Cont.)
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍 (𝟑𝟖𝟎)
• Design of lacing bar:

 Lacing bars and their fasteners shall be capable of carrying the force of the actual
shear force plus 2% of the axial compressive force in the column under design. 𝐿
𝜃
 The thickness of the lacing bars and batten plates shall be not less than 1/50 of the
distance between the innermost lines of welds or bolts (a). 𝐿
𝑎
 The effective length 𝑲𝑳 of the lacing bar shall be taken as:
• 𝐿 for single system.
• 0.7𝐿 for double intersection lacing effectively connected at the intersection.
where, 𝐿 is the length of the lacing bar between the inner bolts or welds.

 The slenderness ratio 𝜆 = 𝐾𝐿/𝑟 of the single lacing shall not exceed 140. For double
lacing, this ratio shall not exceed 200.
𝑷

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 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns
𝑷
Example (1) (Cont.)
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍 (𝟑𝟖𝟎)
• Design of lacing bar:
1 𝑄 𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑄 + 0.02𝑁 = 8 + 0.02 30 = 8.6 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑃 𝐿
𝑄/2 𝜃
𝑃 𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 4.96 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑄/2
cos(𝜃)
𝜃 = 30 𝐿
𝑎

𝑎 = 43.21 𝑐𝑚
2 𝐿 = 𝑎/ cos 𝜃 = 43.21/ cos 30 = 49.9 𝑐𝑚 single system
𝑏 = 6 𝑐𝑚
𝑡 𝐿 49.9
𝑟= = 0.43 𝑐𝑚 𝜆= = = 116 < 140 𝑎
12 𝑟 0.43 > ≈ 1.5 𝑐𝑚
50
𝑷
A.H.A. Abdelrahman - Email: a_hussain@mans.edu.eg
 Ch.2
Design of built-up columns Design of Steel Columns
𝑷
Example (1) (Cont.)
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍 (𝟑𝟖𝟎)
• Design of lacing bar:

3 𝐹 = 7500/𝜆 = 7500/116 = 0.55 𝑡/𝑐𝑚 𝐿

𝜃
𝑃 4.96 𝐿
4 𝑓 = = = 0.55 𝑡/𝑐𝑚 ≤𝐹 OK
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 6 ∗ 1.5 𝑎

𝑎 = 43.21 𝑐𝑚

𝑏 = 6 𝑐𝑚

𝑎
> ≈ 1.5 𝑐𝑚
50
𝑷

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 Ch.2
Design of Steel Columns

THANK YOU !
Discussion/Comments?
a_hussain@mans.edu.eg

+ 0100-222-0419

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 Ch.2
Design of Steel Columns

𝑩𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒏 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝒚

𝒙 𝒙

𝒅 (𝒄𝒎)

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