Web Technology

Overview & Introduction

Fall 2024
The Internet and The Web
• The Internet: is the collection of computers that
can communicate with one another using TCP/IP
over an open, global communications network.
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the
Internet Protocol (IP) are two of the most
important protocols in the Internet.
• Internet is based on client server architecture.
• A server is a device that serves or entertains user
requests.
• The client is the computer of the user.

Week 1 1
Network

Week 1 2
Types of Networks
Types of Networks:
• Internet (world-wide network of computers)
• Intranet (organisation-wide network of
computers)
• Extranet (an intranet partially accessible to
outside users).

Internet Protocols :
• TCP/IP protocols (4-byte IP address)
• HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• etc.
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Web Concepts
• The world wide web WWW is an international
hypertext system that link together millions of
documents.
• The World Wide Web (WWW or Web) was not
exist until 1980s

Tim Berners-Lee and first World Wide

Web page. Tim Berners Lee/Web

• In 1989 Tim Berners-Lee created a set of

technologies that allowed information on the
Internet to be linked together through the use of
links, or connections in documents.
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Web Concepts Cont.
• A hypertext link is a word or a picture, which
requests a different file from the internet when
you click on it.
• Hypertext mark-up language HTML is a
collection of tags which is used to create
formatted hypertext documents.
• A web page is a document created using
HTML.
• A website is a collection of related pages.
• Web pages and sites can be stored on a hard
drive of a local computer or a web server on
the internet.
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Web Browser
• A web browser is a program that display the
Web pages it retrieves content and interact
with the information on the World Wide Web.
• Web Consists of browser (client) and server:
• Browsers: IE, Netscape, Mozilla, Mosaic,
Firefox, etc.
• Servers: IIS, Apache, Netscape Enterprise,
WebLogic, etc.

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Web Browsers
• web browser retrieves, presents, and traverses
information resources. These include web
pages, images, video, and other multimedia
content
• Internet Explorer, Chrome and Firefox are most
popular web browsers.

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Internet Protocols
• The Internet Protocol Suite includes a number of
standard protocols. The two most common are:
– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– Internet Protocol (IP)
• A computer communication protocol is a
description of the rules computers must follow to
communicate with each other.
• TCP/IP defines how electronic devices (like
computers) should be connected to the Internet,
and how data should be transmitted between
them.
• The TCP/IP protocol is embedded in TCP/IP
software that is part of the operating system (OS)
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TCP/IP
• TCP handles communication between applications
– TCP uses a fixed connection.
– If one application wants to communicate with another
via TCP, it sends a communication request. This request
must be sent to an exact address. After a ‘handshake’
between the applications a communication line opens.
• IP handles communication between computers
– IP is a connection-less protocol. With IP, messages are
broken down into small independent ‘packets’ and are
sent between computers via the Internet. IP is responsible
for ‘routing’ each packet to its correct destination.
– Communicating via IP is like sending a long letter as a
large number of small postcards, each finding its own
(often different) way to the receiver.

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Importance of Internet Protocols

• TCP/IP controls the way that information is

broken up and posted over the Internet.
• HTTP takes care of the communication between
a web server and a web browser.
• To retrieve a Web resource, the user either
specifies a URL in the Web browser’s address or
clicks on a hyperlink in a document.

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IP Addresses
• Each computer must have an IP address before
it can connect to the Internet.
• A Website has an IP address or a URL to
identify it
• An IP address is a set of numbers such as
127.0.0.1
• TCP/IP uses four numbers to address a
computer. The numbers are always between 0
and 255.
• IP addresses are normally written as four
numbers separated by a period, like:
192.68.20.50

Week 1 11
IP Addresses IPv4
• 127.0.0.1
• Those four numbers are 32 bits
• 32 bits = 4 bytes
• TCP/IP uses 32 bit addresses.
• A byte can hold 256 different values:
00000000, 00000001, 00000010, 00000011,
00000100, 00000101, 00000110, 00000111,
00001000 .......and all the way up to 11111111.
• 4 Billion different address can be formed.

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HTTP and URL
• The primary TCP-based protocol used for communication
between web servers and browsers is called the Hypertext
Transport Protocol (HTTP),
• Data exchange governed by HTTP.
• HTTP retrieves web page from web server
• Within a HTML document, other documents and location
are addressed by Uniform Resource Locators (URL).
• URL is the global address of documents and other
resources on the World Wide Web. Its main purpose is to
identify the location of a document and other resources
available on the internet.
Example:
http://www.example.com/index.html
13
Uniform Resource Locator URL
• The name that corresponds to an IP address in the DNS is
known as a URL.
• A full Web address is like:
– http://www.komar.edu.iq/courses/html/index.html
• A URL usually follows these syntax rules:
–
scheme://host.domain.country_code:port/path/filename

Week 1 14
Domain Name and Hosting
Website has a unique address, that unique address is
known as the Domain address of that site (or simply
Domain).
Domain can be purchased from Bluehost, Hostgator,
GoDaddy or Namecheap.

Web hosting is a place where people store their website.

They create their databases, stores the files (HTML,
documents, images etc) in the hosting.
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Web Service Architecture Diagram

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Client/ Server Model of the Web

The internet user is the

client, accessing various
internet services, using his
client software to connect
to server programs.
Response

The HTTP protocol will

produce a web page
query
response when client Protocol
Search data
software contacting a http://, ftp://
server.

Week 1 17
Static and Dynamic Websites
• A static website is the simplest kind of website you
can build Static websites are written in HTML and CSS
only, with no scripting. The only form of interactivity
on a static website is hyperlinks.
• A dynamic website is a
website that not only uses
HTML and CSS, but includes
website scripting as well.
Also it uses server
technologies (such as PHP)
to dynamically build a
webpage right when a user
visits the page.
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How does Internet work?

Week 1 19
References

Text book:
WEB TECHNOLOGIES A Computer Science Perspective by Jeffrey C.
Jackson.

Other References:

1. www.w3schools.com
2. Web Design with HTML & CSS3 Comprehensive by Jessica Minnick;
Lisa Friedrichsen, ISBN- 978-1-305-57816-6.
3. HTML5 and CSS3, Visual Quickstart Guide, Seven Edition, by Elizabeth
Castro, Bruce Hyslop ISBN-13: 978-0321-71961-4
4. Internet & World Wide Web, How to program, Fifth Edition, By Paul,
Harvey, Abbey DEITEL, Pearson, ISBN-13: 978-0-13-215100-9
End of Chapter 1

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