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Structural Programming
Auditory exercise 2

1. Introduction to C++
The C++ language was developed in the Bell Laboratories and was initially named “C with
Classes.”
The name “C++” includes operations to enhance the C language, indicating that C++ is an
extended version of C with additional capabilities.
C++ incorporates many features of the C language, supplemented with additional mechanisms
for object-oriented programming (OOP).
The C++ compiler can also be used to compile C programs.

2. Program Structure
Reminder: The source code of the C++ programming language is organized into functions.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
variable declaration;
program statements;
}

3. Basic C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// main function
int main() {

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/*
print messages to the screen
*/
cout << "Welcome to FINKI!" << endl;
return 0;
}

#include - directive to include external libraries.

<iostream> - library for working with standard input/output streams (keyboard, screen).
cout - global object for working with the output stream (screen).
<< - operator for printing to the output stream (screen).

4. Input/Output Streams in C++ (<iostream>)

In C++, for working with input/output streams, we use the operators: - << from the cout object (cout
<<) - >> from the cin object (cin >>)

These objects are part of the standard library iostream, which is included in the program using the
directive #include <iostream> at the beginning of the code.

Example:

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int value;
cout << "Enter a value for the variable value: ";
cin >> value;
cout << "The entered value is: " << value << '\n';
}

5. Variables
Variables are symbolic names for locations in memory where values are stored.
All variables must be declared before they are used.
Each time a new value is assigned to a variable, the old value is overwritten.

5.1. Variable Declaration in C++

In the C++ programming language, variables are declared with the following syntax:

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data_type variable_name = initial_value;

data_type refers to the type of data that the variable will store, such as an integer, a floating-point
number, a character, etc.
variable_name denotes the name of the variable, which should be unique within a given code
block. Variable names can be a combination of letters, digits, and the underscore character (_),
but they must start with a letter or an underscore. Variable names should clearly indicate what is
stored in them.
When declaring a variable, it is optional to provide an initial value.

Examples of variable declarations of different types:

int number = 5;
float price = 7.99;
char letter = 'a';
bool is_true = true;

5.2. Variable Types in C++

Integer Character Floating-Point Boolean

int char float bool

short double

long long double

6. Comments
Comments are used for explanations or documentation within the source code. There are two
types of comments:

Single-line comments:

// This is a single-line comment

Multi-line comments:

/*
This is a

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multi-line comment
*/

7. Operators
Operators are applied to numbers (integers or decimals):

Operator Operation

+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Multiplication

/ Division

% Modulus (remainder when dividing)

8. Exercises
8.1. Exercise 1

Write a program that calculates the value of the mathematical expression: x = 3/2 + (5 - 46*5/12)

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
float x = 3.0 / 2 + (5 - 46 * 5.0 / 12);
cout << "x = " << x << endl;
return 0;
}

8.2. Exercise 2

Write a program that, given a value of x (as a variable declaration), calculates and prints x
squared.

Solution:

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#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int x = 7;
cout << "The square of " << x << " is " << x * x << endl;
return 0;
}

8.3. Exercise 3

Write a program that, for given sides of an equilateral triangle, prints its perimeter and the square
of its area (let’s use a = 5, b = 7.5, c = 10.2).

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
float a = 5.0;
float b = 7.5;
float c = 10.2;
float perimeter = a + b + c;
float s = perimeter / 2;
float area = s * (s - a) * (s - b) * (s - c);
cout << "The perimeter is: " << perimeter << endl;
cout << "The area square is: " << area << endl;
return 0;
}

8.4. Exercise 4

Write a program that calculates the arithmetic mean of the numbers 3, 5, and 12.

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int a = 3;
int b = 5;
int c = 12;

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float average = (a + b + c) / 3.0

;
cout << "The arithmetic mean is: " << average << endl;
return 0;
}

8.5. Exercise 5

Write a program that prints the remainders when the number 19 is divided by 2, 3, 5, and 8.

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int num = 19;
cout << "The remainder when 19 is divided by 2 is: " << num % 2 << endl;
cout << "The remainder when 19 is divided by 3 is: " << num % 3 << endl;
cout << "The remainder when 19 is divided by 5 is: " << num % 5 << endl;
cout << "The remainder when 19 is divided by 8 is: " << num % 8 << endl;
return 0;
}

8.6. Exercise 6
Write a program to calculate and print the area and perimeter of a circle. The radius of the circle
should be read from the standard input (keyboard) as a decimal number.

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
float radius;
cin >> radius;

float perimeter = 2 * radius * 3.14;

float area = radius * radius * 3.14;

cout << "Perimeter = " << perimeter << endl;

cout << "Area = " << area << endl;

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return 0;
}

8.7. Exercise 7
Write a program that reads two integers from the standard input and prints their sum, difference,
product, and remainder when divided.

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int x, y;
cin >> x >> y;

cout << x << " + " << y << " = " << x + y << endl;
cout << x << " - " << y << " = " << x - y << endl;
cout << x << " * " << y << " = " << x * y << endl;
cout << x << " % " << y << " = " << x % y << endl;
return 0;
}

8.8. Exercise 8

Write a program that reads an uppercase letter from the standard input and prints the same letter
as lowercase. - Note: Each character is represented by an ASCII number.

Solution:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
char uppercase;
cout << "Enter an uppercase letter: " << endl;
cin >> uppercase;
cout << uppercase << " is written in lowercase as " << char(uppercase + ('a' - 'A')) <<
endl;
return 0;
}

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