5.

Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

Exercise

1. Examine the continuity of the following functions at the indicated point/points.

(i) f (x) = 5x − 3 at x = 0, x = −3 and x = 5.
Solution
f(x) = 5x − 3  f (0) = −3
lim f ( x) = −3 = f (0)
x →0

Again f ( x) = 5 x − 3  f (−3) = −18

lim f ( x) = −18 = f (−3)
x →−3

f (x) = 5x − 3  f (5) = 22
lim f ( x) = 25 − 3 = 22 = f (5) . Hence, f (x) is continuous at all the given points.
x →5

Aliter:
f(x) being a polynomial is continuous ∀ x ∈ R.
In general and in particular at x = 0, −3, 5.
 x, if x ≤ 1
(ii) f ( x) =  at x = 1.
 5, if x > 1
Solution
For x ≤ 1, f(x) = x  f(1) = 1
lim− f ( x) = 1 = LHL
x →1

For x > 1, f(x) = 5

lim+ f ( x) = 5 = RHL
x →1

LHL ≠ RHL ∴ f (x) is not continuous at x = 1.

 | x |
 , if x ≠ 0
(iii) f ( x) =  x at x = 0.
 0, if x = 0

Solution
Given f (0) = 0
| x|
For x ≠ 0, f ( x) =
x
−x
For x < 0, | x | = − x and f ( x) = = −1 ∴ lim− f ( x) = −1 = LHL
x x →0

x
For x > 0, | x | = x and f (x) = =1 ∴ lim+ f ( x) = 1 = RHL
x x →0

LHL ≠ RHL
∴ f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0
 x
 , if x < 0
(iv) f ( x) =  | x | at x = 0.
 −1, if x ≥ 0

Solution
x
Given f ( x) = for x < 0.
| x|

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2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

x
For x < 0, | x | = − x and f ( x) = = −1 ∴ lim− f ( x) = −1
−x x →0

For x > 0, f (x) = − 1 and lim+ f ( x) = −1 = RHL

x →0

∴ lim− f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = −1 = f (0) Hence, f (x) is continuous at x = 0

x →0 x →0

 x + 1, if x ≥ 1
(v) f ( x) =  2 at x = 1.
 x + 1, if x < 1
Solution
For x ≥ 1, f ( x) = x + 1  f (1) = 2
lim+ f ( x) = 1 + 1 = 2
x →1

For x < 1, f (x) = x2 + 1

lim− f ( x) = 1 + 1 = 2 or lim f ( x) = 2 = f (1) .
x →1 x →1

Hence, f (x) is continuous at x = 1.

 x + 5, if x ≤ 1
(vi) f ( x) =  at x = 1
 x − 5, if x > 1
Solution
For x ≤ 1, f (x) = x + 5  f (1) = 6
∴ lim− f ( x) = 1 + 5 = 6
x →1

For x > 1, f (x) = x − 5

∴ lim+ f ( x) = 1 − 5 = −4
x →1

LHL ≠ RHL ∴ lim f ( x) does not exist.

x →1

Hence, f (x) is not continuous at x = 1.

 x2 − 9
 , if x ≠ 3
(vii) f ( x) =  x − 3 at x = 3.
 6, if x = 3

Solution
Given f (3) = 6
x 2 − 9 ( x + 3) ( x − 3)
For x ≠ 3, f (x) = =
x−3 x −3
lim f ( x) = 6 = f (3)
x →3

Hence, f (x) is continuous at x = 3

 x3 − 8
 , for x ≠ 2
(viii) f ( x) =  x − 2 at x = 2.
 12, for x = 2

Solution
Given f (2) = 12
x3 − 8
For x ≠ 2, f ( x) =
x−2
( x − 2) ( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
lim f ( x) = lim = lim ( x 2 + 2 x + 4) = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 = f (2)
x →2 x →2 x−2 x →2

Hence, f (x) is continuous at x = 2.

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 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

 sin x
 , if x < 0
(ix) f ( x) =  x at x = 0.
 x + 1, if x ≥ 0

Solution
sin x
For x < 0, f ( x) =
x
sin x is continuous ∀ x ∈ R in general and in particular for x < 0
x being the identity function is continuous ∀ x ∈ R .
Hence, it is continuous for x < 0 also.
sin x
The quotient is continuous for x < 0.
x
For x > 0, f (x) = x + 1 this being a polynomial function is continuous.
Hence, f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
sin x − cos x, if x ≠ 0
(x) f ( x) =  at x = 0
 −1, if x = 0
Solution
lim f ( x) = sin 0 − cos 0 = −1= f (0) Hence f (x) is continuous.
x →0

 ax + 1, if x ≤ 3
2. Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f defined by f ( x) =  is
bx + 3, if x > 3
continuous at x = 3. [MQP]
Solution
Given for x ≤ 3, f (x) = ax + 1  f (3) = 3a + 1
lim− = 3a + 1 = LHL
x →3

For x > 3, f (x) = bx + 3

lim+ f ( x) = 3b + 3 = RHL
x →3

By data, f (x) is continuous at x = 3  LHL = RHL

 3a + 1 = 3b + 3
2
 3a = 3b + 2 ∴ a = b +
3
 sin 3x
 , for x ≠ 0
3. If f ( x) =  x is continuous at x = 0, find k.
 k , for x = 0

Solution
Given f (0) = k
sin 3 x
For x ≠ 0, f ( x) =
x
sin 3 x
lim f ( x) = lim 3 ⋅ = 3 × 1 = 3 = f (0) ∴ k = 3
x →0 x →0 3x
 x + 2, if x ≤1
4. Discuss the continuity of the function f defined by f ( x) = 
 x − 2, if x >1
Solution
The function f is defined at all points of the real line.

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2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

Case 1: If x < 1, then f (c) = c + 2

Therefore, lim f ( x) = lim ( x + 2) = c + 2
x →c x →c

Thus, f is continuous at all real numbers less than 1.

Case 2: If c > 1, then f (c) = c − 2
Therefore, lim f ( x) = lim (c − 2) = f (c)
x →c x →c

Thus f is continuous at all points x > 1

Case 3: If c = 1, then the left hand limit of f at c = 1 is lim− f ( x) = lim− ( x + 2) = 1 + 2 = 3
x →1 x →1

The right hand limit of f (x) at x = 1 is lim+ = lim+ ( x − 2) = 1 − 2 = −1

x →1 x →1

Since LHL ≠ RHL f is not continuous at x = 1

x = 1 is the only point of discontinuity.
| x | +3, if x ≤ −3

5. Find all the points of discontinuity of the function defined by f ( x) =  −2 x, if −3 < x < 3
6 x + 2, if x≥3

Solution
(i) Let us discuss the continuity of the function at x = − 3.
For x = − 3, f (x) = | x | + 3
 f (−3) = | − 3 | + 3 = 3 + 3 = 6
For x < − 3, f (x) = | x | + 3
and lim− f ( x) = lim− | x | +3 = 3 + 3 = 6 = LHL
x →−3 x →−3

For x > − 3, f (x) = − 2x

∴ lim+ f ( x) = −2(−3) = 6 = RHL
x →−3

∴ lim f ( x) = 6 = f (−3) Hence, the function is continuous at x = −3

x →−3

(ii) Now, let us discuss the continuity at x = 3

For x ≥ 3, f (x) = 6x + 2
∴ f (3) = 18 + 2 = 20
Again for x > 3, f (x) = 6x + 2
lim+ f ( x) = 6.3 + 2 = 20 = RHL
x →3

For x < 3, f (x) = −2x

lim− f ( x) = −6 = LHL
x →3

LHL ≠ RHL ∴ lim f ( x) does not exist. Hence, f (x) is not continuous at x = 3.
x →3

Thus, x = 3 is the only point of discontinuity.


 1 − cos 4 x ,
 for x < 0
x2

6. If f ( x) =  k, for x = 0 is continuous at x = 0, find k.

 x for x > 0
,
 16 + x − 4

Solution
For x = 0, f (x) = k  f (0) = k

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 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

1 − cos 4x
For x < 0, f (x) =
x2
2sin 2 2 x
∴ lim− f ( x) = lim−
x →0 x →0 x2
2
 sin 2 x 
= 2 lim− 4   = 2.4.1 = 8 = LHL
x →0  2x 
x
For x > 0, f ( x) =
16 + x − 4

lim+ f ( x) = lim+
( 16 + x + 4) x
x →0
( 16 + x − 4)( 16 + x + 4)
x →0

x ( 16 + x + 4 )
 lim f ( x) = lim
x → 0+ x → 0+ 16 + x − 16
= lim+
x →0
( 16 + )
x + 4 = 16 + 4 = 8 = RHL

∵ LHL = RHL = 8
lim f (x) = 8
x →0

Since the function is continuous, we must have lim f ( x) = f (0)

x →0

∴k=8
 kx + 1, if x≤5
7. Find the value of k so that the function f ( x) =  is continuous at x = 5. [2015 M]
3 x − 5, if x>5
Solution
lim− f ( x) = lim− (kx + 1)
x →5 x →5

= lim k (5 − h) + 1) = k (5 − 0) + 1 = 5k + 1
h →0

lim+ f ( x) = lim+ (3 x − 5) = lim(3(5 + h) − 5)

x →5 x →5 h →0

= 3(5 + 0) – 5 = 10
f (5) = 5k + 1
For continuity at x = 5,
lim− f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (5)
x →5 x →5

9
5k + 1 = 10  5k = 9  k =
5
 5, if x≤2

8. Find the values of a and b such that f ( x) = ax + b, if 2 < x < 10 is continuous function.
 21, if x ≥ 10

Solution
Since f is continuous for all x,
∴ f is continuous at x = 2, 10
At x = 2: lim− f ( x) = lim− (5) = 5
x→2 x →2

lim f ( x) = lim+ (ax + b) = lim(a (2 + h) + b) = a (2 + 0) + b = 2a + b

x → 2+ x →2 h →0

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2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

Also, f (2) = 5
For continuity, lim− f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (2)
x→2 x→2

 2a + b = 5 … (i)
At x = 10: lim− f ( x) = lim− (ax + b) = lim(a (10 − h) + b) = a(10 − 0) + b = 10a + b
x →10 x →10 h →0

lim+ f ( x) = lim+ (21) = 21

h →10 h →10

Also, f (10) = 21
For continuity, lim− f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = f (10)
x →10 x →10

 10a + b = 21 … (ii)
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 8a = 16  a = 2
Putting a = 2 in (i), we get 2(2) + b = 5  b = 5 – 4 = 1
Hence, a = 2, b = 1
9. Discuss the continuity of the function defined by
 x + 2, if x < 0
f ( x) = 
− x + 2, if x > 0
Solution
We observe that the function is defined at all points except at x = 0 domain of this function is
D1 ∪ D2
where D1 = {x ∈ R: x < 0} and D2 = {x ∈ R: x > 0}
Case 1: If c ∈ D1, then lim f ( x) = lim ( x + 2) = c + 2 = f (c)
x →c x →c

Hence, f is continuous in D1
Case 2: If c ∈ D2, then lim f ( x) = lim (− x + 2) = −c + 2 = f (c)
x →c x →c

∴ f is continuous in D2.
Thus the function f (x) is continuous in D1 ∪ D2.
However, f is not continuous at x = 0 because it is not defined at x = 0.
10. Check the continuity of the function f given by f (x) = 2x + 3 at x = 1. [MQP]
Solution
f (x) = 2x + 3  f (1) = 5
also lim f ( x) = lim(2 x + 3) = 2 + 3 = 5
x →1 x →1

∴ lim f ( x) = f (1)  f ( x) is continuous at x = 1.

x →1

11. Define a continuity of a function at a point. Find all the points of discontinuity of f defined by
f (x) = | x | − | x + 1 |. [MQP]
Solution
A function f (x) is said to be continuous as x = a if lim f ( x) = f (a )
x→a

Let g (x) = |x| and h (x) = |x + 1| are modulus functions are continuous, therefore g and h are continuous.
Also, the difference of two continuous functions is again continuous function.
i.e., f (x) = g (x) – h (x) = |x| – |x + 1| is continuous function. There is no point of discontinuity.
1
12. The function f ( x) = is not continuous at x = 5. Justify the statement. [MQP]
x−5
Solution
F (x) is not defined at x = 5 ∴ f (x) is not continuous at x = 5.

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 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

kx + 1, if x≤π
13. Find the value of k so that the function f given by f ( x) =  is continuous at x = π.
 cos x, if x>π
[MQP]
Solution
Since f(x) is continuous at x = π ∴ lim f ( x) = f (π)
x →π

L.H.L = R.H.L
lim− f ( x) = lim+ f ( x)
x →π x →π

lim(kx + 1) = lim cos x

x →π x →π

kπ + 1 = cos π
kπ + 1 = –1
kπ = –2
2
k =−
π
14. Find all points of discontinuity of the function defined by
2 x + 3, if x ≤ 2
f ( x) = 
 2 x − 3, if x > 2
Solution
The function is defined at x = 2 and f(2) = 2.2 + 3 = 7
For x < 2, f (x) = 2x + 3 lim− f ( x) = 2.2 + 3 = 7 = LHL
x→2

For x > 2, f (x) = 2x − 3 lim f ( x) = 4 − 3 = 1 = RHL

x → 2+

LHL ≠ RHL ∴ lim f ( x) does not exist.

x →2

Therefore, f (x) is not continuous at x = 2.

Hence, x = 2 is the point of discontinuity.
15. Give an example of a function which is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at a point. [MQP]
Solution
 x, if x ≥ 0
The function f ( x) = | x | =  is continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 0.
− x, if x < 0
16. If a function f (x) is differentiable at x = c, prove that it is continuous at x = c. [MQP]
Solution
Let f (x) be differentiable at x = c.
f ( x ) − f (c )
f ′(c) = lim exists and finite
x →c x−c
f ( x ) − f (c )
Consider f ( x) − f (c) = × ( x − c)
x−c
Applying limits as x → c
f ( x ) − f (c ) f ( x ) − f (c )
lim f ( x ) − f (c) = lim × ( x − c) lim f ( x) − lim f (c) = lim × lim( x − c)
x →c x →c x−c x →c x →c x →c x−c x →c

lim f ( x) − f (c) = f ′(c)(c − c)

x →c

lim f ( x) − f (c) = 0
x →c

lim f ( x) = f (c) ∴ f (x) is continuous at x = c

x →c

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2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

Differentiation
17. Differentiate the following with respect to x
(a) x3 sin x (b) x log x (c) 5 x sec x
(d) 2x tan x + ex sin x (e) x7 ⋅ 7x (f) (2ex − 5 log x) cot x
1 + x2
(g) xex sec x (h) (x2 + 5) (x3 − 1) cosec x (i)
1 − x2
a + bx a + b sin x e x cos x
(j) (k) (l) x
b + ax b + a sin x e − cos x
cos x + sin x 2 x + 3x 1 − cot x
(m) (n) x (o)
cos x − sin x 2 − 3x 1 + cot x
Solution
(a) Let y = x3 sin x
dy
∴ = x3 cos x + sin x (3 x 2 ) = x3 cos x + 3x2 sin x
dx
(b) Let y = x log e x
dy 1 1 1 log e x 2 + log e x
Then = x + log e x = + =
dx x 2 x x 2 x 2 x
(c) Let y = 5x sec x
dy x
Then = 5 (tan x sec x) + sec x (5 x log e 5) = 5x sec x (tan x + loge 5)
dx
(d) Let y = 2x tan x + ex sin x
dy
Then = 2 x sec 2 x + 2 tan x + e x cos x + e x sin x = 2(x sec2 x + tan x) + ex (sin x + cos x)
dx
(e) Let y = x7 7x
dy 7 x
Then = x 7 log e 7 + 7 x 7 x 6 = 7 x x 6 ( x log e 7 + 7)
dx
(f) Let y = (2ex − 5 loge x) cot x
dy  5
Then = (2e x − 5log e x ) (− cosec2 x) + cot x  2e x − 
dx  x
5
= 2e x (cot x − cosec 2 x) + 5log e x ⋅ cosec 2 x − cot x
x
x
(g) Let y = xe sec x
dy x
Then = e sec x + x e x sec x + xe x tan x sec x = ex sec x(1 + x + x tan x)
dx
(h) Let y = ( x 2 + 5) ( x3 −1)cosec x
dy
Then = 2 x ( x3 −1)cosec x + 3 x 2 ( x 2 + 5) cosec x − (x2 + 5) (x3 − 1) cot x cosec x.
dx
= cosec x[2x4 − 2x + 3x4 + 15x2 − cot x(x2 + 5) (x3 − 1)]
= cosec x [5x4 + 15x2 − 2x − cot x ⋅ (x2 + 5) (x3 − 1)]
1+ x 2
(i) Let y =
1− x 2
dy (1 − x 2 ) 2 x − (1 + x 2 ) (−2 x) 2 x − 2 x 3 + 2 x + 2 x3 4x
Then = 2 2
= 2 2
=
dx (1 − x ) (1 − x ) (1 − x 2 ) 2

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 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

a + bx
(j) Let y =
b + ax
dy (b + ax) b − ( a + bx ) a b 2 + abx − a 2 − abx b 2 − a 2
Then = = =
dx (b + ax ) 2 ( b + ax )2 (b + ax) 2
a + b sin x
(k) Let y =
b + a sin x
dy (b + a sin x) (b cos x) − (a + b sin x) (a cos x)
Then =
dx (b + a sin x) 2
b 2 cos x + ab sin x cos x − a 2 cos x − ab sin x cos x cos x ⋅ (b 2 − a 2 ) ( b − a ) cos x
2 2

= = =
(b + a sin x)2 (b + a sin x)2 ( b + a sin x )
2

e x cos x
(l) Let y =
e x − cos x
dy ( e x − cos x)(−e x sin x + e x cos x) − e x cos x(e x + sin x)
Then =
dx (e x − cos x)2
− e 2 x sin x + e x sin x cos x + e 2 x cos x − e x cos 2 x − e2 x cos x − e x sin x cos x
=
(e x − cos x)2
− e 2 x sin x − e x cos 2 x −e x (cos 2 x + e x sin x)
= =
(e x − cos x) 2 (e x − cos x) 2
cos x + sin x
(m) Let y =
cos x − sin x
dy (cos x − sin x) (− sin x + cos x) − (cos x + sin x) (− sin x − cos x)
Then =
dx (cos x − sin x) 2
(cos x − sin x) 2 + (cos x + sin x) 2
=
(cos x − sin x) 2
2cos 2 x + 2sin 2 x 2
= =
(cos x − sin x) 2 (cos x − sin x)2
2 x + 3x
(n) Let y =
2 x − 3x
dy (2 x − 3x )(2 x log 2 + 3x log 3) − (2 x + 3x ) (2 x log 2 − 3x log 3)
Then =
dx (2 x − 3x ) 2
3
x x2 ⋅ 6 x log  
=
−2 ⋅ 6 log 2 + 2 ⋅ 6 log 3
= 2
x x 2 x x 2
(2 − 3 ) (2 − 3 )
1− cot x
(o) Let y =
1 + cot x
dy (1 + cot x) (cosec 2 x) − (1− cot x) (− cosec2 x)
Then =
dx (1+ cot x)2
cosec 2 x + cot x cosec2 x + cosec 2 x − cot x cosec 2 x
=
(1 + cot x)2
2cosec2 x
=
(1 + cot x)2

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2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

1 ex
18. (a) If f ( x) = x 2 + find f ′(1). (b) If f ( x) = find f ′ (o).
x2 ex + 1
1 − cos 2 x dy dy
(c) If y = show that = sec 2 x. (d) If y = sec x + tan x, prove that = y sec x
1 + cos 2 x dx dx
2
1  ds 
(e) If s = ut + ft 2 where u and f are constants, show that   = u 2 + 2 fs .
2  dt 
Solution
1 2
(a) Given f ( x) = x 2 + 2
∴ f ′( x) = 2 x − 3
x x
∴ f 1 (1) = 2 − 2 = 0
ex
(b) Given f ( x) =
e x +1
(e x + 1) e x − e x (e x ) ex
∴ f ′( x) = =
(e x + 1) 2 (e x + 1)2
eo 1
f ′(o) = o 2
=
(e + 1) 4
1 − cos 2 x
(c) Given y = using 1 − cos 2x = 2sin2 x and 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2 x,
1 + cos 2 x
2sin 2 x dy
we get y= 2
= tan x ∴ = sec 2 x
2 cos x dx
(d) Given y = sec x + tan x
dy
∴ = tan x sec x + sec2 x = sec x (tan x + sec x)
dx
dy
= sec x ⋅ y ∴ = y sec x
dx
1 2
(e) Given s = ut + ft
2
ds 1
 = u + f (2t ) = u + ft
dt 2
2
 ds  1 
∴  = u 2 + f 2 t 2 + 2uft = u 2 + 2 f  ft 2 + ut 
 dt  2 
2
 ds 
= u2 + 2fs ∴  = u 2 + 2 fs
 dt 
19. Differentiate the following with respect to x.
1. (ax + b)n
Solution
dy
Let y = (ax + b)n, then = n(ax + b) n −1.a
dx
2. (x − 5)3
Solution
dy
Let (x − 5)3. Then = 3( x − 5) 2
dx

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 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

3. (3x2 − 9x + 5)9
Solution
Let y = (3x2 − 9x + 5)9.
dy 8
Then = 9 ( 3x 2 − 9 x + 5 ) (6 x − 9) .
dx
1
4.
( 5 x − 2 x 2 + 1)7
3

Solution
1 −7
Let y = 7
= ( 5 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 1)
( 5 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 1)
dy −8
Then = −7 ( 5 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 1) (15 x 2 − 4 x )
dx
dy −7 (15 x 2 − 4 x )
=
dx ( 5 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 1)8

5. (x2 − 7x + 5)2
Solution
Let y = (x2 − 7x + 5)2
dy
Then = 2 ( x 2 − 7 x + 5) ( 2 x − 7 )
dx
6. (x2 + 3)4 ⋅ (x2 + 5)2
Solution
Let (x2 + 3)4 ⋅ (x2 + 5)2
dy ( 2 4 2 3
Then = x + 3 ) 2 ( x 2 + 5 ) 2 x + ( x 2 + 5 ) 4 ( x 2 + 3) 2 x
dx
dy 4 2 3
= 4 x ( x 2 + 3) ( x 2 + 5 ) + 8 x ( x 2 + 5 ) ( x 2 + 3)
dx
7. sin 2 x
Solution
Let y = sin 2 x
dy 1 sin 2 x
Then = 2sin x cos x ⋅ =
dx 2 x 2 x
8. sin 4 1 + x 2
Solution
Let y = sin 4 1 + x 2
dy 1
Then = 4sin 3 1 + x 2 ⋅ cos 1 + x 2 ⋅ .2 x
dx 2 1 + x2
dy 4 x sin 3 1 + x 2 cos 1 + x 2
=
dx 1 + x2
9. cos3 (3 − 5x)2
Solution
Let y = cos3 (3 − 5x)2

11
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

dy
= 3cos 2 ( 3 − 5 x ) ( − sin(3 − 5 x)2 ) 2(3 − 5 x)(−5)
2
Then
dx
dy 2 2
= 30 cos 2 ( 3 − 5 x ) sin ( 3 − 5 x ) (3 − 5 x)
dx
10. cot5 (1 + x2)
Solution
Let y = cot5 (1 + x2)
dy
Then = 5cot 4 (1 + x 2 ) ( − cos ec 2 (1 + x 2 ) ) .2 x
dx
dy
= −10 x cot 4 (1 + x 2 ) cos ec 2 (1 + x 2 )
dx
11. (loge sec x)2
Solution
Le y = (loge sec x)2
dy 1
Then = 2log e (sec x). .sec tan x
dx sec x
dy
= 2 tan x.log e ( sex)
dx
5
12. ( 3x 2 − 7 x + 3) 2
Solution
5
Let y = ( 3 x 2 − 7 x + 3) 2
3
dy 5 ( 2
Then = 3 x − 7 x + 3) 2 (6 x − 7)
dx 2
1+ x
13. tan 2
1− x
Solution
1+ x
Let y = tan 2
1− x
dy 1+ x 1+ x 1  (1 − x).1 − (1 + x)(−1) 
Then = 2 tan .sec 2  
dx 1− x 1− x 1+ x  (1 − x) 2 
2
1− x
dy 2 1− x 1− x 1+ x
= tan sec 2
dx (1 − x)2 1+ x 1+ x 1− x
14. cos (x2) sin2 (x5)
Solution
Let y = cos (x2) sin2 (x5)
dy
Then = cos ( x 2 ) 2sin ( x 5 ) cos ( x 5 ) 5 x 4 + sin 2 ( x5 )(− sin ( x 2 ) .2 x
dx
dy
= 5 x 4 cos ( x 2 ) sin ( 2 x5 ) − 2 x sin 2 ( x5 ) sin ( x 2 )
dx

12
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

15. sinn (ax2 + bx + c)

Solution
Let y = sinn (ax2 + bx + c)
dy
Then = n sin −1 ( ax 2 + bx + c ) cos ( ax 2 + bx + c ) ( 2ax + b )
dx
16. sinm x cosn x
Solution
Let y = sinm x cosn x
dy
Then = sin mx n cos nx −1 (− sin x) + cos nx m sin mx −1 cos x
dx
dy
= − n sin mx cos nx tan x + m sin mx cos nx dx
dx
dy
= sin mx cos mx [ m cot x − n tan x ]
dx
17. sin (x2) + sin2 (x2)
Solution
Let y = sin (x2) + sin2 (x2)
dy
Then = cos ( x 2 ) .2 x + 2sin ( x 2 ) cos ( x 2 ) .2 x
dx
dy
= 2 x [ cos ( x 2 ) + sin ( 2 x 2 )]
dx
18. (x + 1)2 (x + 3)4
Solution
Let y = (x + 1)2 (x + 3)4
dy 2
Then = ( x + 1) 4( x + 3)3 + ( x + 3)4 .2( x + 1)
dx
dy
= 2( x + 3)3 ( x + 1) [ 2 x + 2 + x + 3]
dx
dy 3
= 2 ( x + 3) ( x + 1)(3 x + 5)
dx
19. e−x
Solution
Let y = e−x
dy
Then = −e − x
dx
x
20. e 2
Solution
x x
dy 1
Let y = e 2 . Then = e2 .
dx 2
21. e3x − 5
Solution
Let y = e3x − 5

13
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

dy
Then = e3 x −5 .3
dx
2
+ x +1
22. e x
Solution
2
Let y = e x + x +1
dy 2
Then = e x + x +1 (2 x + 1)
dx
23. etan x
Solution
dy
Let y = etan x. Then = e tan x .sec 2 x
dx
cot x
24. e
Solution
dy 1
Let y = e cot x
. Then =e cot x
( − cosec )
dx 2 cot x
dy −e cot x .cos ec 2 x
=
dx 2 cot x
( 2
+ tan x )
25. e x
Solution
2
Let y = e x + tan x
dy 2
Then = e x + tan x (2 x + sec 2 x)
dx
−1
26. e3sin x

Solution
−1
Let y = e3sin x .
dy −1 3
Then = e3sin x .
dx 1 − x2
−1
1− x 2
27. ecos
Solution
−1
1− x 2
Let y = ecos
dy −1
1− x 2  −1  1 
Then = ecos   (−2 x) 
dx  1 − ( 1 − x2 )
2
 2 1− x
2

 
−1 2
dy ecos 1− x
=
dx 1 − x2
−1 ( cos x)
28. e tan
Solution
−1 ( )
Let y = e tan cos x
1
Then
dy −1
= e tan (cos x)
2
( − sin x ) 1
dx 1 + cos x 2 x

14
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

−1
dy −e tan (cos x ).sin x
=
dx 2 x (1 + cos 2 x )
29. (2x2 − 3)10 (x2 + 5)5
Solution
Let y = (2x2 − 3)10 (x2 + 5)5
dy ( 2 10 4 5 9
Then = 2 x − 3) 5 ( x 2 + 5 ) 2 x + ( x 2 + 5 ) 10 ( 2 x 2 − 3) .(4 x)
dx
dy ( 2
= 2 x − 3) ( x 2 + 5 ) [10 x ( 2 x 2 − 3) + 40 x ( x 2 + 5 )]
9 4

dx
dy ( 2 9 4
= 2 x − 3) ( x 2 + 5 ) ( 60 x3 + 170 x )
dx
2
30. ecosec x + 3sin −1 x
Solution
2
Let y = ecosec x + 3sin −1 x
dy cosec2 x 3
Then e 2cosec x(− cosec x cot x) +
dx 1 − x2
dy 2 3
= −2cosec 2 x cot xecosec x +
dx 1 − x2
31. 102x
Solution
dy
Let y = 102x. Then = 102 x.2log e 10
dx
dy
= 2.102x log e 10
dx
x
32. 1010
Solution
x
Let y = 1010 .
dy x
Then = 1010 log e 10.10 x log e 10
dx
dy 2
= 1010 .10 x ( log10
e )
x

dx
2
33. 2cos x
Solution
2
Let y = 2cos x
dy 2
Then = 2cos x log e 2 .2cos x(− sin x)
dx
dy 2
= − log 2e .2cos x sin 2x
dx
2
( −1
x)
34. a sin
Solution
2
( −1
x)
Let y = a sin

15
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

dy ( −1 )2 1
Then = a sin x log ea .2sin −1 x
dx 1 − x2
35. 2loge ( cos x )
Solution
Let y = 2loge ( cos x )
dy 1
Then = 2loge (cos x ).log e2 . (− sin x)
dx cos x
dy
= − tan x.2loge (cos x ).log e2
dx
8x
36.
x8
Solution
8x
Let y = 8
x
dy x8 .8 x log8e − 8 x8 x 7
Then =
dx x16
dy x.8 x log 8e − 8 x8
=
dx x9
dy 8  x log e − 8
x 8

=
dx x9
37. log 3 x
Solution
log ex
Let y = log 3 x = = log e3 .log ex
log 3e
dy 1
Then = log 3e .
dx x
38. loge sin x [2014 M]
Solution
Let y = loge sin x
dy 1
Then = .cos x
dx sin x
dy
= cot x
dx
39. log e sin x
Solution
1
y = log e sin x =
log e sin x
2
dy 1 1 1
Then = . cos x = cot x
dx 2 sin x 2
40. log5 (loge x)
Solution
Let y = log 5 ( log ex ) = log 5e log e ( log ex )

16
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

dy 1 1 log 5e
Then = log 5e . x . =
dx log e x x log ex
41. loge (loge (loge x5))
Soltuion
Let y = loge (loge (loge x5))
dy 1 1 1
Then = . x5 . 5 .5 x 4
dx log e ( log e ) log e x
x 5

dy 5
=
dx x log e log e ( log ex5 )
( x 5)

42. log e ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
Solution
Let y = log e ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
dy 1  2x 
Then = 1 +
dx x + x 2 + a 2 2 2 
 2 x +a 
dy 1  x2 + a2 + x 
=  
dx x + x 2 + a 2  x2 + a2 
dy 1
=
dx x + a2
2

 a + b sin x 
43. log e  
 a − b sin x 
Solution
 a + b sin x 
y = log e  
 a − b sin x 
y = loge (a + b sin x) − loge (a − b sin x)
dy 1 1
Then = .b cos x − (−bcox)
dx a + b sin x a − b sin x
dy  1 1 
= b cos x  +
dx  a + b sin x a − b sin x 
dy 2ab cos x
= 2
dx a − b 2 sin 2 x
1 + sin x
44. log e
1 − sin x
Solution
1 + sin x
Let y = log e
1 − sin x
1
y= [log e (1 + sin x) − log e (1 − sin x)]
2
dy 1  cos x cos x 
Then = +
dx 2 1 + sin x 1 − sin x 
dy 1  2cos x 
=   = sec x
dx 2  1 − sin 2 x 

17
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

cos x
45. log sin x

Solution
cos x log ecos x
Let y = log sin x =
log e sin x
x  − sin x  cos x cos x
log sin   − log e .
 cos x 
e
dy sin x
Then = 2
dx ( logsine x )
dy − tan x log sin
e
x
− cot x log cos
e
x
= 2
dx ( logsin x ) e

1
46.
log e cos x
Solution
1 dy −1  1 
Let y = Then =  (− sin x) 
log cos
e
x
dx ( log cos x )  cos x
2

e

dy tan x
=
dx ( log cos x ) 2
e

47. loge (cos x2)

Solution
Let y = loge (cos x2)
dy 1
Then = 2
(− sin( x 2 ))2 x
dx cos( x )
dy
= −2 x tan ( x 2 )
dx
1 − cos x
48. log e
1 + cos x
Solution
1 − cos x
Let y = log e
1 + cos x
1
y= [log e (1 − cos x) − log e (1 + cos x)]
2
dy 1  sin x sin x 
Then =  +
dx 2 1 − cos x 1 + cos x 
dy 1  2sin x 
=   = cos ec x
dx 2  1 − cos 2 x 
49. log e sin x 2 + 1
Solution
dy 1 2x
Let y = log e sin x 2 + 1 , Then = cos x 2 + 1.
dx sin x 2 + 1 2 x2 + 1
dy x
= cot x 2 + 1
dx 2
x +1

18
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

50. log (( 72x − 5 x −1)

2

x + 4)

Solution
( 2 ) log e ( 7 x 2 − 5 x − 1)
Let y = log ( 7x2x+−45) x −1 = ( 2
+ 4)
log ex
( + 4)  4x − 5  2x
 − log e ( 7 x − 5 x − 1) 2
2
2
log ex  2
Then
dy
=  7 x − 5x − 1  x +4
2
dx  log e ( x + 4 ) 
2

 1

 1 + x 
51. log e    
4

1− x  
Solution
 1

  1 + x  1
  = [ log(1 + x) − log(1 − x) ]
4
Let y = log e  
1− x   4
dy 1  1 [−1]  1  1 − x + 1 + x 
Then =  − =
dx 4 1 + x 1 − x  4  (1 + x)(1 − x) 
dy 1 2 1
= 2
=
dx 4 1 − x 2(1 − x 2 )
  π x 
52. log e  tan  +  
  4 2 
Solution
  π x  dy 1 π x 1
Let y = log e  tan  +   Then = sec 2  +  .
  4 2  dx π x
tan  + 
4 2 2
 4 2
π x
sec 2  + 
dy
=  4 2
dx π x
2 tan  + 
4 2
 3

 x − 2 
53. log e  e x   
4

  x+2 
Solution
 3

  x − 2 
 
4
x
Let y = log e  e 
  x+2 
x 3
y = log ee +  log (ex − 2) − log (ex + 2) 
4
3
y = x +  log (ex − 2) − log (ex + 2) 
4
dy 3 1 1  3 x+2− x+2 
Then =1+  −  =1+ 
dx 4  x − 2 x + 2 4  ( x − 2)( x + 2) 
dy 3 x2 − 1
=1+ 2 = 2
dx x −4 x −4

19
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

54. ax 2 + bx + c
Solution
dy 2ax + b
Let y = ax 2 + bx + c Then =
dx 2 ax 2 + bx + c

55. sin x
Solution
dy cos x
Let y = sin x Then =
dx 4 sin x . x

56. log e ( log e ( cosec x ) )

Solution
Let y = log e ( log e ( cosec x ) )
dy 1 1 1
Then = . . ( − cosec x cot x )
dx 2 log e ( log e (cosec x) ) log e (cosec x) cosec x
dy − cot x
=
dx 2 log e ( log e (cos ecx) ) .log e cos ecx

57. sec x + tan x

Solution
Let y = sec x + tan x
dy sec x tan x + sec 2 x
=
dx 2 sec x + tan x
dy sec x(sec x + tan x)
=
dx 2 sec x + tan x
dy sec x sec x + tan x
=
dx 2
58. 2 cot ( x 2 )
Solution
Let y = 2 cot ( x 2 ) .
dy 2
Then = ( − cosec2 ( x 2 ) ) 2 x
dx 2 cot ( x ) 2

dy −2 x cosec 2 ( x 2 )
=
dx cot ( x 2 )

59. a+ a+x
Solution
Let y = a + a + x
dy 1  1 
Then = 0 + 
dx 2 a + a + x  2 a + x 
dy 1 1
= =
dx 4 a + a + x a+x 4 a a+ x +a+ x

20
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

60. x2 + a2 + x2
Solution
Let y = x 2 + a 2 + x 2
2x
2x +
dy 2 a2 + x2 = x  2 a 2 + x 2 + 1
Then =
dx 2 x 2 + a 2 + x 2 2 x 2 a 2 + x 2 + a 2 + x 2

61. 2x , x > 0
Solution
Let y = 2 x
dy 2 x log e2
Then =
dx 2 2 x
1
62.
a − x2
2

Solution
1
1 −
Let y = = ( a2 − x2 ) 2

a2 − x2
3
dy 1 −
Then = − ( a 2 − x 2 ) 2 (−2 x)
dx 2
dy x
= 3
dx ( 2
a − x2 ) 2
1 + ex
63.
1 − ex
Solution
1 + ex
Let y =
1 − ex
dy 1  (1 − e x ) e x − (1 + e x )( −e x ) 
Then =  
dx 1 + e x  (1 − e x )2 
2 x
1− e
dy 1 1 − e x x 1 − e x + 1 + e x 
= e  
dx 2 1 + e x x 2
 (1 − e ) 
dy 1 − ex 1
= ex .
dx 1 + e (1 − e x ) 2
x

1
64. sec 2 x − 1
3
Solution
1 dy 1 1
Let y = sec 2 x − 1 Then = .2sec x.sec x tan x
3 dx 3 2 sec 2 x − 1
dy sec 2 x.tan x sec 2 x
= =
dx 3.tan x 3

21
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

65. x + x 3 − 1
Solution
Let y = x + x 3 − 1
dy 3x 2
Then =1+
dx 2 x3 − 1
1 − x2
66.
1 + x2
Solution
1 − x2
Let y =
1 + x2
dy 1  (1 − x 2 ) (−2 x) − (1 − x 2 ) 2 x 
Then =  
dx 1 − x 2  (1 − x 2 )2 
2 2
1+ x
dy 1 + x2 1
= −2 x .
dx 1 − x (1 − x 2 ) 2
2

67. x 1 + x 2
Solution
Let y = x 1 + x 2
dy 2x
Then = x. + 1 + x 2 .1
dx 2 1+ x 2

dy x + 1 + x 2 2 x 2 + 1
2
= =
dx 1 + x2 1 + x2
x sin −1 x
68.
1 − x2
Solution
x sin −1 x
Let y =
1 − x2
 1   −2 x 
1 − x 2  x. + sin −1 x  − x sin −1 x 
2 2 
Then
dy
=  1− x   2 1− x 
dx 1 − x2
dy x + 1 − x 2 .sin −1 x + x 2 sin −1 x
=
dx 1 − x2
x2
69.
1 − x2
Solution
 −2 x 
2
1 − x 2 .2 x − x 2  
x dy  2 1 − x2 
Let y = Then =
1 − x2 dx 1 − x2
dy (1 − x 2 ) 2 x + x 3 2 x − x3
= = 3
dx 1 − x 2 (1 − x 2 ) (1 − x 2 ) 2

22
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

1+ x + 1− x
70.
1+ x − 1− x
Solution
1+ x + 1− x
Let y =
1+ x − 1− x
(  1 1   1 1 
1+ x − 1− x ) −  − ( 1 + x − 1 − x ) + 
Then
dy
=  2 1+ x 2 1− x   2 1+ x 2 1− x 
2
dx ( 1+ x − 1− x )
dy 1  ( 1 + x − 1 − x )( 1 − x − 1 + x ) − ( 1 + x + 1 − x ) 
2

=  2

dx 2  1 − x2 ( 1 + x − 1 − x ) 

1 ( 1+ x − 1− x ) + ( 1+ x − 1− x ) 
2 2
dy
=−  2

dx 2 1 − x2 ( 1 + x − 1 − x ) 

dy 1 2(1 + x + 1 − x) 
=− 
dx 2 1 − x 2 ( 1 + x − 1 − x )2 
 
dy −2
= 2
dx 1 − x2 ( 1 + x − 1 − x )
71. x loge x (x −1)
Solution
Let x loge x (x −1)
dy 1
Then = x log ex .1 + x( x − 1). + log ex ( x − 1)
dx x
dy
= x log ex + ( x − 1) + log ex ( x − 1)
dx
2
72. log e x ⋅ e tan x + x
Solution
2
Let y = log e x ⋅ e tan x + x
dy 2 1
= log ex e tan x + x ( sec2 x + 2 x ) + e tan x + x .
2
Then
dx x
5x
73. + sin 2 (2 x + 3)
3 2
1− x
Solution
5x
Let y = + sin 2 (2 x + 3)
3 2
1− x
1
−
y = 5 x (1 − x 2 ) 3 + sin 2 (2 x + 3) .
4 1
dy  1 − −
Then = 5 x  −  (1 − x 2 ) 3 ( −2 x ) + (1 − x 2 ) 3 5 + 2sin ( 2 x + 3) cos(2 x + 3).2
dx  3
4 1
dy 10 x 2 ( − −
= 1 − x 2 ) 3 + (1 − x 2 ) 3 5 + 2sin(4 x + 6)
dx 3

23
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

1 1 
74. x 2 − 1 − log e  + 1 + 2 
x x 
Solution
1 1 
Let y = x 2 − 1 − log e  + 1 + 2 
x x 
dy 2x 1  1 1  2 
Then = −  − 2+  0 − 3 
dx 2 x 2 − 1 1 1 x 1  x 
+ 1 + 2  2 1+ 2 
x x  x 
dy x 1  1 (− x) 
= +  − 2+ 
dx x2 − 1 1 x x3 x 2 + 1 
+ 1+ 2 
1
x x
dy x 1  1 1 
= +  2
+ 
dx 2
1 x 2 2
+ 1+ 2 
x −1 1 x x +1 
x x

75. log e 2 x + 4 x 2 + a 2
Solution
1
Let y = log e 2 x + 4 x 2 + a 2 = log e ( 2 x + 4 x 2 + a 2 ) .
2
dy 1  1  8x  1  2x 
Then =   2+  = 1 +

dx 2  2 x + 4 x 2 + a 2   2 
2 4 x2 + a2  2 x + 4x2 + a2 
2
4x + a 
dy 1  4 x2 + a2 + 2 x  1
=   =
dx 2 x + 4 x + a 
2 2 2
4x + a 2
 4x + a2
2

76. log e sec x

Solution
Let y = log e sec x
dy 1 1 sec tan x tan x
Then = .sec x tan x = =
dx sec x 2 sec x 2sec x 2
77. log 5 cos ecx
Solution
1 log cos ecx
log 5e ( )
Let y = log 5 cos ecx = e
5
= log ecos ecx
2 log e 2
dy log e5 1 cot x
Then = . (− cos ecx cot x) = − log 5e .
dx 2 cos ecx 2
( x+ x2 + a2 )
78. eloge
Solution
( 2 2 )
Let y = eloge x + x + a = x + x 2 + a 2
dy 2x x
Then =1+ =1+
dx 2
2 x +a 2
x + a2
2

24
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

79. sin x + cos 2 x

Solution
Let y = sin x + cos 2 x
dy 1 1
Then = cos x + 2cos x ( − sin x ) .
dx 2 x 2 x
dy cos x sin 2 x cos x − sin 2 x
= − =
dx 2 x 2 x 2 x
80. cot (cos−1 x)
Solution
Let y = cot (cos−1 x)
dy  1 
Then = − cosec 2 ( cos −1 x )  −
dx 2 
 1− x 
dy cosec2 ( cos −1 x )
=
dx 1 − x2
81. e2x cos 3x
Solution
dy
Let y = e2x cos 3x. Then = e 2 x (−3sin 3 x) + cos 3x.2e 2 x = e 2 x [−3sin 3 x + 2cos 3x]
dx
1− x 
82. cos −1  
1+ x 
Solution
1− x 
Let cos −1  .
1+ x 
dy −1  (1 + x)(−1) − (1 − x)  1+ x +1− x
Then =  =
dx 1− x  
2 (1 + x) 2  (1 + x)2 − (1 − x) 2
1−   .(1 + x) 2
1+ x  1+ x
dy 2 1
= =
dx 4 x (1 + x) x (1 + x)
83. tan −1 ( x x )
Solution
( )
Let y = tan −1 ( x x ) = tan −1 x 2 .
3

dy 1 3 32 −1 1 3 12 3 x
Then = 2
. x = 3
. x =
2(1 + x 3 )
dx
1+ x2( ) 3 2 1+ x 2

84. sec −1 ( x + 2 )
Solution
Let y = sec −1 ( x + 2 )
dy 1 1 1
Then = . =
dx ( 2 2
x + 1) ( x + 2 ) + 1 2 x 2 x ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 ) + 1

25
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

 x +1 
85. tan −1  
 x+2
Solution
 x +1 
Let y = tan −1  
 x+2
dy 1  x + 2 − ( x + 1)  1 1
Then = 2  2  = 2 2
= 2
dx  x + 1   ( x + 2)  ( x + 2 ) + ( x + 1) 2x + 6x + 5
1+  
 x+2
86. cos (1 − 2x)
Solution
Let y = cos (1 − 2x)
dy
Then = − sin(1 − 2 x) (−2)
dx
dy
= 2sin(1 − 2 x)
dx
87. sin (x2 + 5)
Solution
Let y = sin (x2 + 5)
dy
Then = cos ( x 2 + 5 ) .2 x
dx
88. tan (2x + 3) [2016 S]
Solution
Let y = tan (2x + 3)
dy
Then = sec 2 (2 x + 3).2
dx
89. tan 7 6 x + 1
Solution
Let y = tan 7 6 x + 1
dy 6
Then = 7 tan 6 6 x + 1sec 2 6 x + 1
dx 2 6x + 1
6 2
dy 21tan 6 x + 1sec 6 x + 1
=
dx 6x + 1
90. sec ( tan ( x −3 ) )
Solution
Let y = sec ( tan ( x −3 ) )
dy  −3 
Then = sec ( tan ( x −3 ) ) tan ( tan ( x −3 ) ) sec 2 ( x −3 )  4 
dx x 
91. cos ( tan x + 1 )
Solution
dy 1
Let y = cos ( tan x + 1 ) . Then = − sin ( tan x + 1 ) sec 2 x + 1.
dx 2 x +1

26
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

92. tan x
Solution
Let y = tan x
dy 1 1
Then = .sec 2 x .
dx 2 tan x 2 x
dy sec 2 x
=
dx 4 x tan x

 1 − x2 
93. log e  
 1 + x2 
Solution
 1 − x2 
Let y = log e  2 
= log e (1 − x 2 ) − log e (1 + x 2 )
1+ x 
dy −2 x 2x  1 + x2 + 1 − x2 
Then = − = − 2 x ( 2 
dx 1 − x 2 1 + x 2  1 − x )(1 + x ) 
2

dy −4 x
=
dx 1 − x 4
94. cos (4 cos x + 3 sin x)
Solution
Let y = cos (4 cos x + 3 sin x)
dy
Then = − sin(4cos x + 3sin x)(−4sin x + 3cos x)
dx
95. sin 3 x + tan 5 x
Solution
Let y = sin 3 x + tan 5 x
dy
Then = 3sin 2 x cos x + 5 tan 4 x sec 2 x .
dx
2
96. 2sin x
Solution
2
Let y = 2sin x
dy 2 2
Then, = 2sin x log e2 2sin x cos x = 2sin x log 2x sin 2 x
dx
97. sin−1 (x3)
Solution
Let y = sin−1 (x3)
dy 1 3x 2
Then = .3 x 2 =
dx 1 − ( x3 )
2
1 − x6

98. sin (m sin−1 x)

Solution
Let sin (m sin−1 x)
dy m
Then = cos(m sin −1 x).
dx 1 − x2

27
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

99. cos (loge x + ex), x > 0 [MQP]

Solution
Let y = cos ( log ex + e x )
dy 1 
Then = − sin ( log ex + e x )  + e x 
dx x 
100. sec (tan−1 x)
Solution
Let y = sec (tan−1 x)
dy 1
Then = sec(tan −1 x).tan (tan −1 x).
dx 1 + x2
−1
dy x sec(tan x)
=
dx 1 + x2
101. ecot x
Solution
Let y = ecot x
dy
Then = ecot x (− cos ec 2 x)
dx
102. log7 (loge x) [2015 J MQP]
Solution
log e (log ex )
Let y = log 7 ( log ex ) = 7
= log e7 .log e (log ex ).
log e
dy 1 log e7
Then = log e7 . x =
dx log e .x x log ex
103. loge (cos x)
Solution
Let y = loge (cos x)
dy 1
Then = (− sin x) = − tan x
dx cos x
104. cos (1 − x) [2014 S]
Solution
Let y = cos (1 − x)
dy
Then = − sin(1 − x)(−1) = sin(1 − x)
dx
105. sin(x2 + 5) [2015 M]
Solution
Let y = sin(x2 + 5)
dy
Then = cos ( x 2 + 5 ) .2 x
dx
106. cos x [2015 S]
Solution
dy − sin x
Let y = cos x . Then =
dx 2 x

28
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

20. If y =
(
log e x + 1 + x 2 ) , show that (1 + x ) dy + xy = 1
2

1+ x 2 dx
Solution
log ( x + 1 + x 2 )
y=
1+ x 2
 2x 
 1+ 
2 1+ x 2  2x
1+ x 2  − log ( x + 1 + x 2 )
 x + 1+ x 2  2 1+ x 2
dy
=  
dx 1+ x 2
dy  1 + x 2  1 + x 2 + x  log ( x + 1 + x 2 )
 (1 + x 2 ) =  
 
 − x.
dx  x + 1 + x 2  1 + x2  1 + x2
dy dy
 (1 + x 2 ) = 1 − xy  (1 + x 2 ) + xy = 1
dx dx
1 − cos x dy
21. If y = log e , show that = cosec x .
1 + cos x dx
Solution
1 − cos x  x
y = log = log tan  
1 + cos x 2
x
Using 1 − cos x = 2sin 2
2
x
1 + cos x = 2cos 2
2
dy 1  x  1 1 1
= sec 2   × = = = cosec x
dx  x  2 2  x  x  sin x
tan   2sin   cos  
2 2 2
 x +1  x −1  dy
22. If y = sin −1  −1
 + sec   , show that =0.
 x −1   x +1 dx
Solution
 x +1   x −1  x −1  x +1  x +1
y = sin −1  −1
 + sec   But sec −1  −1
 = cos   where θ =
 x −1   x +1   x +1   x −1  x −1
π dy
∴ y = sin −1 θ + cos −1 θ ∴y =  =0
2 dx
x dy
23. If y = x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin −1   , show that = 2 a2 − x2 .
a dx
Solution
x dy x (−2 x) a2 1
y = x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin −1   ; = + a2 − x2 +  
a dx 2 a 2 − x 2 x2
a
1−
a2
− x2 a2 − x2 + a2 − x2 + a2 2(a 2 − x 2 )
= + a2 − x2 + = = = 2 a2 − x2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a −x a −x a −x a −x

29
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

y dy 2a − y
24. If x = 2a sin −1 − 2ay − y 2 , prove that = . [CBSE]
2a dx y
Solution
 y 
x = 2 a sin −1   − 2ay − y
2

 2 a 
Differentiating w.r.t y
dx 1 1 1 1
= 2a × × − (2a − 2 y )
dy y y 2a 2 2ay − y 2
1− 2
2a 2a
2 a 2a 2a 1 (a − y)
= × × −
2a − y 2 y 2a 2ay − y 2
a (a − y ) a−a+ y y
= − = =
y 2a − y y 2a − y y 2a − y y 2a − y
y
=
2a − y
dx y dy 2a − y
∴ =  =
dy 2a − y dx y
2
 dy 
25. If y = ( x − 1 + x 2 ) , prove that (1 + x 2 )   = y 2
 dx 
Solution
dy 2x
y = ( x − 1 + x 2 ) , Then =1−
dx 2 1 + x2
2
dy  dy 
 1 + x2 = 1 + x 2 − x  (1 + x 2 )   = y 2
dx  dx 
e x + e− x dy
26. If y = x −x
, prove that = 1 − y2
e −e dx
Solution
e x + e− x dy ( e x − e − x )( e x − e − x ) − ( e x + e − x )( e x + e − x )
y= x , then =
e − e− x dx ( e x − e− x )2
2 2
dy ( e x − e − x ) − ( e x + e − x )
=
dx ( e x − e− x )2
dy
= 1 − y2
dx
1 − sin 2 x dy π 
27. If y = , prove that + sec2  − x  = 0
1 + sin 2 x dx 4 
Solution
1 − sin 2 x cos x − sin x 1 − tan x π 
y= = = = tan  − x 
1 + sin 2 x cos x + sin x 1 + tan x 4 
dy  π  dy  π 
Then = sec 2  − x  (−1)  + sec 2  − x  = 0
dx 4  dx 4 

30
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

n
dy ny
28. If y = ( x + x 2 + a 2 ) , prove that =
dx a + x2
2

Solution
n
y = ( x + x2 + a2 )
dy n −1
 2x 
Then = n ( x + x 2 + a 2 ) 1 + 
dx 2
 2 x +a 
2

n −1 
dy ( x2 + a2 + x 
= x + x 2 + a 2 )  
dx  x2 + a2 
n
dy n ( x + x 2 + a 2 )
=
dx x2 + a2
dy ny
=
dx x + a2
2

dy
29. If x2 − xy + 4y2 = 7 find .
dx
Solution
x2 − xy + 4y2 = 7
 dy  dy dy dy y − 2 x
 2x − x + y  +8 y = 0  (8 y − x) = y − 2 x  =
 dx  dx dx dx 8 y − x
dy
30. If x3 + y3 − 3axy = 0 find .
dx
Solution
x3 + y3 − 3axy = 0
dy  dy 
 3x2 + 3y2 − 3a  x + y  = 0
dx  dx 
dy 2 dy ay − x 2
 ( y − ax) = ay − x 2 ∴ = 2
dx dx y − ax
dy
31. If x3 + x2y + xy2 + y3 = 1 find at x = 1, y = 0.
dx
Solution
x3 + x2y + xy2 + y3 = 1
dy dy dy dy 2
 3x 2 + x 2 + 2 yx + 2 xy + y 2 + 3 y 2 = 0  ( x + 2 xy + 3 y 2 ) = − ( y 2 + 2 xy + 3 x 2 )
dx dx dx dx
dy −( y 2 + 2 xy + 3x 2 )
= 2
dx x + 2 xy + 3 y 2
dy −(0 + 0 + 3)
At x = 1, y = 0; = =−3
dx 1
x y dy y
32. If + = a and x ≠ y, show that = .
y x dx x
Solution
x y
+ =a
y x

31
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

y x dy x dy y
− −
2 x 2 y dx 2 y dx 2 x
 + =0
y x
 dy   dy 
 x y − x + y x − y =0
 dx   dx 
dy
 ( xy − x 2 ) = y 2 − xy
dx
dy y 2 − xy y ( y − x) y
∴ = = = (since y ≠ x)
dx xy − x 2 x ( y − x) x

dy a 2 − b2
33. If (a − b cos y) (a + b cos x) = a2 − b2, show that = .
dx a + b cos x
Solution
By data, a2 + ab cos x − b cosy (a + b cosx) = a2 − b2
 b cos y (a + b cos x) = ab cos x + b2
b + a cos x
 cos y = … (1)
a + b cos x
(a + b cos x) 2 − (b + a cos x) 2 (a 2 − b 2 )(1 − cos 2 x) a 2 − b 2 (sin x)
sin 2 y =1 − cos 2 y = = ∴ sin y =
(a + b cos x) 2 (a + b cos x)2 (a + b cos x)
Differentiating (1), we get
dy ( a + b cos x) ( − a sin x) − (b + a cos x) (− b sin x) (b 2 − a 2 )sin x
− sin y = =
dx ( a + b cos x) 2 (a + b cos x) 2
dy ( a 2 − b 2 )sin x dy (a 2 − b 2 )sin x (a + b cos x) a 2 − b2
= ∴ = × =
dx (a + b cos x)2 sin y dx (a + b cos x)2 a 2 − b 2 sin x a + b cos x
dy
34. If y = sin x + sin x + sin x + . . . . to ∞ find .
dx
Solution
y = sin x + sin x + sin x + ........ + ∞ ∴ y = sin x + y
y2 = sin x + y
dy dy
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get 2 y = cos x +
dx dx
dy dy cos x
 (2 y −1) = cos x  =
dx dx 2 y −1
 cos x  dy 1
35. If y = tan −1   show that =− .
 1 + sin x  dx 2
Solution
 π    π x  π x 
 cos x   sin  2 − x    2sin  4 − 2  cos  4 − 2  
y = tan −1  −1 −1  
 = tan   = tan  
 1 + sin x  1 + cos  − x  
π  π x
2cos 2  −  
 2     4 2 
  π x  π x π x dy 1
= tan −1  tan  −   = − ∴y= −  =−
  4 2  4 2 4 2 dx 2

32
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

 x − a2 − x2  dy 1
36. If y = tan −1   , show that = .
 x + a 2 − x 2  dx a − x2
2

Solution
 x − a2 − x2 
y = tan 
−1

 x + a 2 − x 2 
Put x = a cos θ
x − a2 − x2 a cos θ − a sin θ 1 − tan θ π 
= = = tan  − θ 
x+ a −x 2 2 a cos θ + a sin θ 1+ tan θ 4 
  π  π π  x
∴ y = tan −1  tan  − θ   = − θ = − cos −1  
  4  4 4 a
dy 1 1 a 1
∴ = × = =
dx  x a a a −x
2 2 2
a − x2
2

1−  
a
 x dy
37. If y = x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin −1   , show that = 2 a2 − x2 .
a dx
Solution
x
y = x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin −1  
a
1
2
dy x (−2 x) a 2 2
= +  + a − x
dx 2 a − x2 2
x 2
 a 
1− 2
a
(− x 2 ) a2
= a2 − x2 + + = a2 − x2 + a2 − x2 = 2 a2 − x2
2 2 2 2
a −x a −x
 1+ x − 1− x  dy 1
38. If y = tan −1   , show that = .
 1+ x + 1− x  dx 2 1 − x 2
Solution
 1+ x − 1 − x 
y = tan −1 
 1 + x + 1− x 
 
1
Put x = cos 2θ  θ = cos −1 x
2

 1 + cos 2θ − 1 − cos 2θ 
Now, y = tan −1  
 1 + cos 2θ + 1 − cos 2θ 
Using 1 + cos 2θ = 2cos 2 θ
1 − cos 2θ = 2sin 2 θ
 2.cos θ − 2.sin θ   2 cos θ(1 − tan θ) 
−1  −1   π  π
= tan −1   = tan   = tan  tan  − θ   = −θ
 2.cos θ + 2.sin θ   2 cos θ (1 + tan θ)    4  4
π 1 dy 1 −1 1
∴ y = − .cos −1 ( x)  =− . =
4 2 dx 2 1− x 2
2 1− x 2

33
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

 a + b cos x  dy − b 2 − a 2
39. If y = sin −1   , prove that = .
 b + a cos x  dx b + a cos x
Solution
 a + b cos x 
y = sin −1  
 b + a cos x 
dy 1  (b + a cos x)(−b sin x) − (a + b cos x)(−a sin x) 
=  
dx  a + b cos x 
2
 ( b + a cos x )2 
1−  
 b + a cos x 
dy (b + a cos x)(− sin x)  b 2 + ab cos x − a 2 − ab cos x 
=  
dx ( b + a cos x )2 − ( a + b cos x ) 2  (b + a cos x)2 
dy − sin x ( b 2 − a 2 )
=
dx (b + a cos x) b 2 + a 2 cos 2 x + 2ab cos x − a 2 − b 2 cos 2 x − 2ab cos x
dy − sin x ( b 2 − a 2 )
=
dx ( b 2 − a 2 ) − ( b 2 − a 2 ) cos 2 x (b + a cos x)
2
dy − sin x ( b 2 − a 2 ) − sin x ( b 2 − a 2 )
= =
dx ( b 2 − a 2 ) 1 − cos 2 x (b + a cos x) b 2 − a 2 .sin x(b + a cos x)
dy − b 2 − a 2
=
dx b + a cos x
 a + bx  dy 1
40. If y = tan −1   , show that = .
 b − ax  dx 1 + x 2
Solution
 a 
 +x 
 a + bx  b
y = tan −1  −1
 = tan  a 
 b − ax   1− x 
 b 
a dy 1  x+ y 
y = tan −1   + tan −1 x  = Using tan −1  −1 −1
 = tan x + tan y
b dx 1 + x 2  1 − xy 
 2 + 3x 2  dy 2x
41. If y = tan −1  2 
, prove that = .
 3 − 2x  dx 1 + x 4
Solution
 2 
 3 + x2  
 2 + 3x  2
y = tan −1  2 
 y = tan −1   3 

 3 − 2x   3 1 − 2 x 2  
  3  
2
 y = tan −1   + tan −1 ( x 2 )
3
dy 1 2x
Differentiating w.r.t. x = 2 2
(2 x) =
dx 1 + ( x ) 1 + x4

34
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

 4x  dy 4
42. If y = tan −1  2 
, prove that = .
4−x  dx 4 + x 2
Solution
 x x 
 2+2 
 4x  −1  x  −1  x 
y = tan −1  2 
 y = tan  2 
 y = tan −1
 2   y = 2 tan  
4− x  x 1 −  x   2
1 −   
 4    2  
Differentiating w.r.t
dy 2 1 4
= 2
. = 2
dx  x 2 4+ x
1+  
2
1− t2 2t dy
43. If x = 2
and y = 2
, find in terms of x and y.
1+ t 1+ t dx
Solution
1− t 2 2t
x= 2
and y =
1+ t 1+ t 2
By putting t = tan θ
1 − tan 2 θ 2 tan θ
x= 2
= cos 2 θ and y = = sin 2 θ
1 + tan θ 1 + tan 2 θ
dx dy
Now, = −2sin 2θ and = 2cos 2θ
dθ dθ
dy
dy d θ 2cos 2 θ − x
= = =
dx dx −2sin 2θ y
dθ
dy
44. If x = 3cos t − 2cos3 t and y = 3sin t − 2sin3 t, show that = cot t .
dx
Solution
x = 3cos t − 2cos3 t
y = 3sin t − 2sin3 t
dx
= − 3sin t + 6cos 2 t sin t = 3sin t (2cos 2 t −1) = 3sin t cos 2t
dt
dy
= 3cos t − 6sin 2 t cos t = 3cos t (1 − 2sin 2 t ) = 3cos t cos 2t
dt
dy
dy 3cos t cos 2t
∴ = dt = = cot t
dx dx 3sin t cos 2t
dt
dy b
45. If x = a sin 2θ(1 + cos 2θ) and y = b cos 2θ(1 − cos 2θ), show that = tan θ . [CBSE]
dx a
Solution
x = a sin 2θ (1 + cos 2θ) y = b cos 2θ (1 − cos 2θ)
dx
= a [sin 2θ ( − 2sin 2θ) + 2(1 + cos 2θ) cos 2θ]
dθ

35
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

= 2a [cos 2θ + cos2 2θ − sin22θ]

= 2a [cos2θ + cos 4θ] = 4a cos 3θ cos θ
dy
= b [cos 2θ (2sin 2θ) + (1− cos 2θ) (− 2sin 2θ)]
dθ
= 2b[sin 2θ cos 2θ − sin 2θ + sin 2θ cos 2θ]
= 2b[sin 4θ − sin 2θ] = 4b cos 3θ sin θ
dy
dy d θ 4b cos3θ sin θ b
Now, = = = tan θ
dx dx 4 a cos3θ cos θ a
dθ
1− t dy
46. If x = tan −1 and y = cos−1(4t3 − 3t), find .
1+ t dx
Solution
1− t
x = tan −1 and y = cos −1 (4t 3 − 3t )
1+ t
Put t = cos θ
θ
2sin 2  
x = tan −1
1 − cos θ
= tan −1  2  = tan −1  tan θ  = θ
 
1 + cos θ θ  2 2
2cos 2  
2
dy
dy d θ 3
y = cos−1 (4cos3 θ − 3cos θ) = cos−1 (cos 3θ) = 3θ ∴ = = =6
dx dx 1
dθ 2
dy
47. If x = et (cos t + sin t) and y = et(cos t − sin t), show that = − tan t .
dx
Solution
x = et (cos t + sin t)
dx t
= e (− sin t + cos t ) + et (cos t + sin t ) = et (2cos t )
dt
y = et (cos t − sin t)
dy t
= e (− sin t − cos t ) + (cos t − sin t ) et = et (−2sin t )
dt
dy
dy −2et sin t
∴ = dt = t = − tan t
dx dx 2 e cos t
dt
−1 dy
48. If y = x sin x
− (sin −1 x) x find .
dx
Solution
−1
y = u − v where u = x sin x and v = (sin −1 x) x
dy du dv
∴ = −
dx dx dx
−1
u = x sin x  log u = sin −1 x log x … (1)

36
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

1 du sin −1 x log x
Differentiate, = +
u dx x 1− x 2

du sin −1 x  sin −1 x log x 

∴ =x  +  … (2)
dx  x 1 − x 2 
 
Also v = (sin−1x)x  log v = x log(sin−1x)
1 dv x
Differentiate, = + log (sin −1 x)
v dx sin x 1 − x 2
−1

dv  x 
∴ = (sin −1 x) x  + log sin −1 x  … (3)
dx  sin −1 x 1 − x 2 

dy sin −1 x  sin −1 x log x   x 

Using (2) and (3) in (1), we get, =x  +  − (sin −1 x) x  + log (sin −1 x) 
dx  x 1− x 2   sin −1 x 1 − x 2 
   
dy
49. If y = (tan x)x + (cot x)x find .
dx
Solution
y = u + v where u = (tan x)x and v = (cot x)x
dy du dv
 = + … (1)
dx dx dx
u = (tan x)x  log u = x log (tan x)
1 du x sec2 x
Differentiate, = + log (tan x)
u dx tan x
du  x sec2 x 
∴ = (tan x) x  + log (tan x) 
dx  tan x 
v = (cot x)x  log v = x log (cot x)
1 dv x (− cosec2 x)
Differentiate = + log (cot x)
v dx cot x
dv  − x cosec 2 x 
∴ = (cot x) x  + log (cot x) 
dx  cot x 
dy du dv
From (1), = +
dx dx dx
 x sec2 x   − x cosec2 x 
y = (tan x) x  + log(tan x)  + (cot x) x  + log (cot x) 
 tan x   cot x 
x
y dy x− y
50. If x = e , prove that =
dx x log e x
Solution
 dy 
x
 y.1 − x dx 
x

x = e  (1)
y
∴ 1= e  y

 y2 
 dy  dy
 y2 = x  y − x   x2 = xy − y 2
 dx  dx

37
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

dy y ( x − y ) x − y x − y
 = = =
dx x2 x
x x log x
y
dy −(2 − log x)
51. If xy = ex + y, show that = .
dx (1 − log x)2
Solution
xy = ex + y y log x = x + y
−x
 y (1 − log x) = − x ∴ y =
1 − log x
 1
(1 − log x) (−1) + x  − 

dy
=  x  = −2 + log x ∴
dy − (2 − log x)
=
2
dx (1 − log x) (1− log x) 2 dx (1− log x)2
dy
52. If xy + yx = a, find .
dx
Solution
xy + yx = a  u + v = a
du dv
 + =0 … (1)
dx dx
where u = xy and v = yx
Now, u = xy
1 du y dy
 log u = y log x  = + log x … (2)
u dx x dx
du  y dy   y dy 
 = u  + log x  = x y  + log x 
dx x dx  x dx 
Consider, v = yx, log v = x log y
1 dv x dy
 = + log y
v dx y dx
dv  x dy   x dy 
=v  + log y  = y x  + log y  …(3)
dx  y dx   y dx 
y dy   x dy 
Using (2) and (3) in (1), we get, x y  + log x  + y x  + log y  = 0
x dx   y dx 
dy −  y log y + y x 
x y −1

= − [ y x y −1 + y x log y ]  =  y
dy
 [xy log x + yx − 1x]
dx dx x log x + x y x −1
 x  dy
53. If y = tan −1   , find dx .
2 2
 a −x 
Solution
 x  x
y = tan −1  . Let x = a sin θ  sin −1   = θ
2 2  a
 a −x 
 a sin θ   a sin θ 
y = tan −1   = tan −1  
2 2 2 2
 a − a sin θ   a 1 − sin θ 
 sin θ 
y = tan −1  −1
 = tan (tan θ) = θ
 cos θ 

38
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

x dy 1 1 a 1 1
y = sin −1   ∴ = . = . =
a dx x a2
a −x a
2 2
a − x2
2
1− 2
a
 2 x +1 ⋅ 3x  dy
54. If y = sin −1  x  , find .
 1 + ( 36 )  dx
Solution
 2 x +1 ⋅ 3x  −1  2.6 x 
y = sin −1  x  = sin  x 2 
. Let 6x = tan θ
 1 + ( 36 )   1 + (6 ) 
 2 tan θ 
y = sin −1  −1
 = sin (sin 2θ) = 2θ = 2 tan (6 )
−1 x

 1 + tan θ 
2

dy 2 x 6 2.6 x log 6e
∴ = .6 .log e =
dx 1 + (6 x ) 2 1 + 36 x
 sin x + cos x  π π dy
55. If y = cos −1   , − 4 < x < 4 , find dx .
 2 
Solution
 sin x + cos x  −1  1 1 
y = cos −1   = cos  cos x + sin x 
 2   2 2 
 π π   π 
y = cos −1  cos x cos + sin x sin  = cos −1  cos  x −  
 4 4   4 
π dy
y= x− ∴ =1
4 dx
56. Find f ′ ( x ) , if f(x) = (sin x)sin x, for all 0 < x < π.
Solution
f (x) = (sin x)sin x  loge f (x) = sin x loge sin x
1 1
 f ′( x) = sin x. cos x + log e sin x cos x
f ( x) sin x
 f ′( x) = f ( x)[1 + log e sin x]cos x
sin x
f ′( x) = ( sin x ) (1 + log e sin x ) cos x
57. Differentiate w.r.t. x
2 2
(i) x x −3 + ( x − 3) x , for x > 3 (ii) (loge x)log x, x > 1
π 3π
(iii) (5x)3 cos 2x (iv) (sin x − cos x)sin x − cos x, <x< .
4 4
(v) (loge x)cos x [2017 M]
Solution
2 2
(i) Let y = x x −3 + ( x − 3) x
2 2
y = u + v, where u = x x −3 and v = ( x − 3) x
dy du dv
Then = +  (1)
dx dx dx
( 2 )
u = x x −3  log e u = ( x 2 − 3) log e x
1 du ( 2 1
Then = x − 3) + log ex .2 x
u dx x

39
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

du  x2 − 3  2  x2 − 3 
= u + 2 x log ex  = x x − 3  + 2 x log ex 
dx  x   x 
x2
v = ( x − 3)  log ve = x 2 log( x − 3)
1 dv 1
Then = x2 + 2 x log e ( x − 3)
v dx x−3
dv  x2 ( ) x2  x
2

= v + 2 x log ex − 3  = ( x − 3)  + 2 x log e( x −3) 
dx x−3  x−3 
dy ( 2  2
) x −3  x 2 
x 2

(1)  = x x −3  + 2 x log ex  + ( x − 3)  + 2 x log e( x −3) 
dx  x   x−3 
log ex
(ii) Let y = ( log ex )
Then log ey = log ex .log e log ex 
log ex
1 dy 1 1 1 dy  1 log e ( log ex )  ( log ex )
 = log ex . x . + log e ( log ex ) .  = y + = 1 + log e ( log ex ) 
y dx log e x x dx x x  x
(iii) Let y = (5 x)3 cos 2x
Then log ey = 3cos 2 x log (5
e
x)

1 dy  1  dy  cos 2 x 
 = 3 cos 2 x. .5 − 2sin x 2 x log e(5 x )   = 3y  − 2sin 2 x log(5 x) 
y dx  5x  dx  x 
dy  cos 2 x 
= 3(5 x)3cos 2 x  − 2sin 2 x log(5 x) 
dx  x 
(iv) Let y = (sin x − cos x)sinx −cosx
Then log ey = (sin x − cos x) log e ( sin x − cos x )
1 dy 1
 = (sin x − cos x) (cos x + sin x) + log e ( sin x − cos x)(cos x + sin x )
y dx sin x − cos x
dy
= y ( sin x + cos x ) [1 + log e (sin x − cos x) ]
dx
dy sin x − cos x
= ( sin x − cos x ) ( sin x + cos ) 1 + log e ( sin x − cos x ) 
dx
cos x
(v) Let y = ( log ex )
Then log ey = cos x log ex
1 dy 1
 = cos x. − sin x log ex
y dx x
dy  cos x  cos x  cos x 
= y − sin x log ex  = ( log ex )  − sin x log ex 
dx  x   x 
to ∞
sin x⋰ dy
58. If y = (sin x)(sin x ) ,find .
dx
Solution
to ∞
sin x⋰
y = (sin x)(sin x )
y = (sin x)y
1 dy cos x dy
loge y = y loge sin x. Then = y. + log e sin x
y dx sin x dx

40
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

1  dy
 y − log e sin x  dx = y cot x
 
dy y 2 cot x
=
dx 1 − y log e sin x
x +e− x . . . ∝ dy
59. If y = e x + e , find .
dx
Solution
dy  dy 
y = ex + y. Then = e x + y 1 + 
dx  dx 
dy dy dy y
= y+ y  =
dx dx dx 1 − y
1− x  −1  2 x 
60. Differentiate tan −1   w.r.t. tan  .
1+ x   1 − x2 
Solution
1− x   2x 
Let tan −1  −1 −1
 = tan (1) − tan x and v =  2 
= 2 tan −1 x
1+ x  1− x 
du 1
0−
Then
du dx
= = 1 + x2 = − 1
dv dv 2 2
dx 1 + x2
 2x  −1  1 − x 
2
61. Differentiate sin −1   w.r.t. cos  .
 1 + x2   1 + x2 
Solution
 2x  −1  1 − x 
2
Let u = sin −1  2 
= 2 tan −1
x and v = cos  2 
= 2 tan −1 x
1+ x  1+ x 
du 2
du dx 1 + x 2
Then = = =1
dv dv 2
dx 1 + x 2
 2x 
62. Differentiate tan −1  −1
 w.r.t tan x.
 1 − x2 
Solution
 2x 
Let u = tan −1  2 
= 2 tan −1 x and v = tan−1 x
1− x 
du
u = 2v ∴ =2
dv
63. Differentiate sin 3 x w.r.t cos3 x.
Solution
du
du dx 3sin 2 x cos x
Let u = sin3x and v = cos3x. Then = = = − tan x
dv dv 3cos 2 x(− sin x)
dx

41
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

64. Differentiate sin (x2) w.r.t. x3.

Solution
du
du 2 x cos( x 2 ) 2cos( x 2 )
Let u = sin (x2) and v = x3. Then = dx = =
dv dv 3x 2 3x
dx
65. Differentiate (x2 − 5x + 8) (x3 + 7x + 9) in three ways mentioned below:
(i) by using product rule.
(ii) by expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial.
(iii) by logarithmic differentiation.
Solution
(i) Let y = (x2 − 5x + 8) (x3 + 7x + 9)
dy d d
= ( x 2 − 5 x + 8) ( x3 + 7 x + 9) + ( x 3 + 7 x + 9) ( x 2 − 5 x + 8)
dx dx dx
2 2 3
= (x − 5x + 8) (3x + 7) + (x + 7x + 9)(2x − 5)
= 3x4 − 15x3 + 24x2 + 7x2 − 35x + 56 + 2x4 + 14x2 + 18x − 5x3 − 35x − 45
dy
= 5 x 4 − 20 x 3 + 45 x 2 − 52 x + 11
dx
(ii) Let y = (x2 − 5x + 8)(x3 + 7x +9)
= x5 − 5x4 + 8x3 + 7x3 − 35x2 + 56x + 9x2 − 45x + 72
y = x5 − 5x4 + 15x3 − 26x2 + 11x + 72
Differentiating w.r.t. x
dy
= 5 x 4 − 20 x 3 + 45 x 2 − 52 x + 11
dx
(iii) Let y = (x2 − 5x + 8)(x3 + 7x + 9) … (1)
By taking logarithms on both sides
log y = log (x2 − 5x + 8) + log (x3 + 7x + 9)
Differentiating w.r.t. x
1 dy 2x − 5 3x 2 + 7
= 2 + 3
y dx x − 5 x + 8 x + 7 x + 9
dy  (2 x − 5)( x3 + 7 x + 9) + (3 x 2 + 7)( x 2 − 5 x + 8) 
= y 
dx  ( x 2 − 5 x + 8)( x 3 + 7 x + 9) 
y[2 x 4 − 5 x 3 + 14 x 2 − 35 x + 18 x − 45 + 3x 4 + 7 x 2 − 15 x3 − 35 x + 24 x 2 + 56]
=
y
dy
= 5 x 4 − 20 x 3 + 45 x 2 − 52 x + 11
dx
d du dv dw
66. If u, v, and w are functions of x, then show that (uvw) = vw + u w + uv one by product rule,
dx dx dx dx
second by logarithmic differentiation
Solution
(i) By using repeated application of product rule:
dy d du
Let y = uvw = u (vw) + vw
dx dx dx

42
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

 dw dv  du
= u v + w  + vw
 dx dx  dx
dw dv du
= uv + uw + vw
dx dx dx
d du dv dw
(uvw) = vw + u w + uv
dx dx dx dx
(ii) By using logarithmic differentiation:
log y = log u + log v + log w
Differentiating w.r.t. x
1 dy 1 du 1 dv 1 dw
= + +
y dx u dx v dx w dx
dy  1 du 1 dv 1 dw 
= y + +
dx  u dx v dx w dx 
 1 du 1 dv 1 dw 
= uvw  + + [using (i)]
 u dx v dx w dx 
dy du dv dw
= vw + u w + uv
dx dx dx dx
−1 −1 dy y
67. If x = a sin t
y = a cos t
. Then prove that =− . [2015 M]
dx x
Solution
−1 −1
Given x = a sin t , y = a cos t

Consider
−1
−1 −1
t + cos −1 t
xy = a sin t . a cos t
= a sin
 π
xy = a π /2 ∵ sin −1 t + cos −1 t = 
 2
Differentiating w.r.t. x
dy
x + y=0
dx
dy
x = −y
dx
dy y
=−
dx x
1 a
t+  1 dy y log e a
68. If y = a t
and x =  t +  . Then prove that = where a is a positive constant.
 t dx  1
a −1

at + 
 t
Solution
1
t+
y=a t

Differentiating w.r.t. t
1
dy t+  1
= a t . 1 − 2  .log a
dt  t 
a
 1
x = t + 
 t

43
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

Differentiation w.r.t. t
a −1
dx  1 d  1
= at +  . t + 
dt  t  dt  t 
a −1
dx  1  1
= a  t +  1 − 2 
dt  t  t 
dx
≠ 0 only if t ≠ ±1 ∴ For t ≠ ±1
dt
1
dy t+  1
a t 1 − 2  log a
dy dt
= =  t 
a −1
dx dx  1  1
dt a  t +  1 − 2 
 t  t 
dy y log a
= a −1
dx  1
at + 
 t
 2 x +1  dy 2 x +1.log e 2
69. If y = sin −1   ,then prove that = [MQP]
 1 + 4x  dx 1 + 4x
Solution
 2 x +1 
y = sin −1  
 1 + 4x 
 2 x.2 
= sin −1  x 2 
 1 + (2 ) 
 2 tan θ 
= sin −1  
 1 + tan 2 θ 
= sin−1 (sin 2θ)
= 2θ
y = 2tan−1(2x)
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dy 1 d
=2 x 2
. (2 x )
dx 1 + (2 ) dx
2 dy 2 x +1 log 2
= (2 x ) log 2 =
1 + 4x dx 1 + 4x
 1 − x2  dy
70. If y = sin −1  2 
, find .
 1 + x  dx
Solution
 1 − x2 
y = sin −1  
 1 + x2 
 1 − tan 2 θ 
= sin −1  
 1 + tan 2 θ 
= sin−1(cos 2θ)
 π 
= sin −1  sin  − 2θ  
  2 

44
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

π
= − 2θ
2
π
y = − 2 tan −1 x
2
Differentiating w.r.t. x
dy 2
=−
dx 1 + x2
 2x  dy
71. If y = cos −1  2 
, find .
1+ x  dx
Solution
 2x   2 tan θ 
y = cos −1  2 
= cos −1  
1+ x   1 + tan 2 θ 
= cos−1(sin 2θ)
 π  π
= cos −1  cos  − 2θ   = − 2θ
 2  2
π
y = − 2 tan −1 x
2
Differentiate w.r.t. x.
dy 2
=−
dx 1 + x2
( x − 1)( x − 2) dy
72. If y = ,find .
( x − 3)( x − 4)( x − 5) dx
Solution
( x − 1)( x − 2)
y= … (1)
( x − 3)( x − 4)( x − 5)
Taking logarithms on both sides
1  ( x − 1)( x − 2) 
log y = log  
2  ( x − 3)( x − 4)( x − 5) 
1
log y = [ log( x − 1) + log( x − 2) − log( x − 3) − log( x − 4) − log( x − 5)]
2
Differentiating w.r.t. x
1 dy 1  1 1 1 1 1 
=  + − − −
y dx 2  x − 1 x − 2 x − 3 x − 4 x − 5 
dy 1  1 1 1 1 1 
= y + − − − [using (1)]
dx 2  x − 1 x − 2 x − 3 x − 4 x − 5 
dy
73. If y = (x + 3)2 (x + 4)3 (x + 5)4 , find .
dx
Solution
y = (x + 3)2 (x + 4)3 (x + 5)4 … (1)
Taking logarithms on both sides
log y = log (x + 3)2 + log(x + 4)3 + log(x + 5)4
log y = 2 log (x + 3) + 3 log(x + 4) + 4 log (x + 5)
Differentiating w.r.t. x

45
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

1 dy 2 3 4
= + + .
y dx x + 3 x + 4 x + 5
dy  2 3 4 
= y + +
dx  x + 3 x + 4 x + 5 
dy  2 3 4 
= ( x + 3)2 ( x + 4)3 ( x + 5) 4  + + [using (1)]
dx  x + 3 x + 4 x + 5 
dy
74. If y + sin y = cos x, find [2014 M]
dx
Solution
Differentiating with respect to x,
dy dy
+ cos y ⋅ = − sin x
dx dx
dy sin x
This gives =− where y ≠ (2n + 1)π
dx 1 + cos y
dy y
75. If x + y = 10 ,show that + =0 [2014 S]
dx x
Solution
x + y = 10
1 1 dy
+ =0
2 x 2 y dx
Multiplying by 2 y on both sides, we get
dy y dy y
+ =0 + =0
dx x dx x
dy
76. Find , if (a) y = (loge x)cos x [2014 S]
dx
(b) y = xsin x, x > 0 [2018 M]
Solution
(a) Let y = (log x)cos x … (i)
Taking log on both sides of (i), we get
log y = cos x log (log x) … (ii)
On differentiating (ii) both sides w.r.t. x, we get
1 dy 1 1 cos x
= cos x ⋅ + log(log x)(− sin x) = − sin x log(log x)
y dx log x x x log x
dy  cos x 
= (log x)cos x  − sin x log(log x) 
dx  x log x 
(b) log y = sin x . log x
Differentiating w.r.t x.
1 dy sin x
= + log x ⋅ cos x
y dx x
dy  sin x 
 = xsin x  + log x ⋅ cos x 
dx  x 

46
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

dy
77. Find , if x2 + xy + y2 = 100 [2015 M]
dx
Solution
We are given that x2 + xy + y2 = 100 … (i)
Differentiating (i) both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy
2x + x + y + 2 y = 0
dx dx
dy dy −(2 x + y )
 [ x + 2 y ] = −(2 x + y )  =
dx dx ( x + 2 y )
dy x log e a − y
78. If xy = ax, prove that = [2016 M]
dx x log e x
Solution
x y = ax
Taking logarithm on both sides y log x = x log a
Differentiating w.r.t. x
1 dy
y + log x ⋅ = log a
x dx
y
log a −
dy
= x , dy = x log a − y
dx log x dx x log x
dy y
79. If x = a cos3 θ, y = a sin3 θ , prove that = −3 [2016 M]
dx x
Solution
x = a cos3 θ y = a sin3 θ
dx dy
= −3a cos 2 θ sin θ = 3a sin 2 θ cos θ
dθ dθ
3
y
2
dy dy / d θ 3a sin θ cos θ sin θ dy y
= = 2
=− , = − a = −3
dx dx / d θ −3a cos θ sin θ cos θ dx x x
3
a
dy θ
80. If x = a(θ − sin θ) and y = a(1 + cos θ) ,then prove that = − cot   . [2016 S]
dx 2
Solution
Here x = a (θ – sin θ) … (1)
y = a(1 + cos θ) … (2)
Differentiating (1) and (2) w.r.t. θ, we get
dx
= a[1 − cos θ]
dθ
θ θ
−2sin   cos  
dy
= −a sin θ ,
dy dy / d θ
= =
−a sin θ
=
− sin θ
= 2  2  = − cot θ
dθ dx dx / d θ a (1 − cos θ) 1 − cos θ  
θ 2
2sin 2  
2

47
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

dy
81. Find , if y = x cos x , x > 0 .
dx
Solution
Let y = xcos x
Taking logarithm on both sides, we have log y = cos x log x
Differentiate w.r.t. x
1 dy 1
= (cos x) + log x(− sin x)
y dx x
dy  cos x   cos x 
or = y − sin x log x  = x cos x  − sin x log x 
dx  x   x 
dy y
82. If x + y = a , prove that =− [MQP]
dx x
Solution
x+ y= a
1 1 dy dy 2 y y
Differentiate w.r.t. x, + =0; =− =−
2 x 2 y dx dx 2 x x
dy
83. If y = (sin−1 x)x, find [MQP]
dx
Solution
y = (sin–1 x)x
Taking log on both sides
log y = x log (sin–1 x)
Differentiate w.r.t. x,
1 dy 1 1
= x ⋅ −1 ⋅ + log(sin −1 x)
y dx sin x 1 − x 2
dy  1 1 
= y  x ⋅ −1 ⋅ + log(sin −1 x) 
dx  sin x 1 − x
2

dy 1 − y2
84. If y = sin(loge x) , prove that = [MQP]
dx x
Solution
y = sin (log x)
sin–1 y = log x
1 1 1 − y2
y′ =  y′ =
1 − y2 x x

85. Find the derivative of xx − 2sin x with respect to x. [MQP]

Solution
d x
Using ( x ) = x x (1 + log x)
dx
y = xx – 2sin x, y′ = x x (1 + log x) − 2sin x ⋅ cos x ⋅ log 2

48
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

 3 x − x3  −1 1 dy
86. If y = tan −1  2 
, <x< ,find [MQP]
 1 − 3x  3 3 dx
Solution
 3x − x 3   −1 1 
y = tan −1  2   Where ≤x≤ 
 1 − 3x   2 2
Put x = tan θ ; θ = tan–1 x
 3tan θ − tan 3 θ 
y = tan −1  2
−1
 = tan (tan 3θ)
 1 − 3tan θ 
3
y = 3θ = 3tan −1 x  y′ =
1 + x2
87. Differentiate sin2 x w.r.t. ecosx. [MQP]
Solution
u = sin2 x ; v = ecos x
du dv
= sin 2 x ; = − sin x ⋅ ecos x
dx dx
du
du dx sin 2 x
= = cos x
= −2cos xe − cos x
dv dv − sin x ⋅ e
dx
 sin x  dy 1
88. If y = tan −1   , prove that = [MQP]
1 + cos x  dx 2
Solution
 sin x 
y = tan −1  
 1 + cos x 
 x x
 2sin cos 
= tan −1  2 2

2 x
 2cos 
 2 
 x x 1
= tan −1  tan   y = y′ =
 2 2 2
dy
89. If sec(x + y) = xy, then find .
dx
Solution
sec(x + y) = xy
 dy  dy
Then sec( x + y ) tan( x + y ) 1 +  = x + y
 dx  dx
dy y − sec( x + y ) tan( x + y )
 =
dx sec( x + y ) tan( x + y ) − x
dy
90. If y = cos −1 (sin x) , then prove that = −1 [MQP]
dx
Solution
y = cos–1 (sin x)

49
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

 π 
y = cos −1 cos  − x  
 2 
π dy
y= −x  = −1
2 dx
dy
91. If tan−1 (x2 + y2) = a, find .
dx
Solution
tan−1 (x2 + y2) = a  x2 + y2 = tan a
dy
Then 2 x + 2 y = 0
dx
dy x
∴ =−
dx y
dy
92. If sin2 x + cos2 y = 1, find [MQP]
dx
Solution
sin2 x + cos2 y = 1
Differentiate w.r.t. x,
dy
2sin x cos x + 2cos y (− sin y ) =0
dx
dy
sin 2 x − sin 2 y =0
dx
dy sin 2 x
=
dx sin 2 y
dy
93. If ax + by2 = cos y, find [2017 M]
dx
Solution
Given ax + by2 = cos y
Differentiating w.r.t. x
dy dy dy
a + 2by = − sin y  (2by + sin y) = −a
dx dx dx
dy −a
∴ =
dx 2by + sin y
94. Differentiate (sin x)x w.r.t. x [2017 S]
Solution
Let y = (sin x)x
1 dy cos x
 log y = x log sin x  =x + logsin x
y dx sin x
dy
∴ = y ( x cot x + log sin x )
dx
dy
95. Find , if 2x + 3y = sin y [2017 S]
dx
Solution
2x + 3y = sin y
Differentiating w.r.t. x

50
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

dy dy dy
2+3 = cos y  ( 3 − cos y ) = −2
dx dx dx
dy −2
∴ =
dx 3 − cos y
dy
96. If (x2 + y2)2 = xy, find .
dx
Solution
(x2 + y2)2 = xy.
 dy  dy
Then 2(x2 + y2)  2 x + 2 y  = x + y
 dx  dx
( 4 x 2 y + 4 y 3 − x ) dy = y − 4 x3 − 4 xy 2
dx
dy y − 4 x3 − 4 xy 2
∴ =
dx 4 x 2 y + 4 y 3 − x
dy dx
97. If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, show that =1
dx dy
Solution
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
 dy  dy dy
Then 2ax + 2h  x + y  + 2by + 2 g + 2 f =0
 dx  dx dx
dy
(hx + by + f ) = −(ax + hy + g )
dx
dy  ax + hy +g dx  hx + by + f 
= −  and = − 
dx  hx + by + f  dy  ax + hy + g 
dy dx
∴ . =1
dx dy

Additional Information

98. Verify Rolle’s theorem for each of the following functions

(i) f (x) = sin2 x on [0, π]
Solution
Given function is
f (x) = sin2 x and a = 0, b = π
sin x is continuous and hence sin2 x is continuous in [0, π]
f ′( x) = 2sin x cos x exists in (0, π)
∴f (x) is differentiable in (0, π)
f (a) = f (0) = sin2 0 = 0,
f (b) = f (π) = sin2 π = 0 ∴ f (a) = f (b).
Hence f (x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem. By Rolle’s theorem,
f ′(c) = 0  2sin c cos c = 0
sin c = 0 or cos c = 0
sin c = 0  c = 0 c = 0 ∉ (0, π)

51
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

π
cos c = 0  c = ∈ (0, π)
2
Hence, Rolle’s theorem is verified.
(ii) f (x) = x2 − 8x + 12 on [2, 6]
Solution
f (x) = x2 − 8x + 12, a = 2, b = 6
f (x) being a polynomial is continuous in [2, 6]
f ′( x) = 2 x − 8 exists in (2, 6)
 f (x) is differentiable in (2, 6)
F (2) = 4 − 16 + 12 = 0 and f(6) = 36 − 48 + 12 = 0  f (2) = f (6)
Hence f(x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem.
∴ f ′(c) = 0  2c − 8 = 0  c = 4 ∈ (2, 6)
Hence Rolle’s theorem is verified.
(iii) f (x) = x(x − 2)2 on [0, 2]
Solution
f (x) = x(x − 2)2, a = 0, b = 2
f (x) = x(x2 + 4 − 4x) = x3 − 4x2 + 4x being a polynomial is continuous in [0, 2]
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 8 x + 4 exists in (0, 2)
 f (x) is differentiable in (0, 2)
f (0) = (0) and f (2) = 0  f (0) = f (2)
Therefore f (x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem.
Thus f ′(c) = 0  3c 2 − 8c + 4 = 0
 3c 2 − 6c − 2c + 4 = 0  3c(c − 2) − 2(c − 2) = 0  (c − 2) (3c − 2) = 0
c − 2 = 0  c = 2 ∉ (0, 2) and 3c − 2 = 0
2
 c = ∈ (0, 2)
3
Hence, Rolle’s theorem is verified.
(iv) f (x) = x2 + 5x + 6 on [−3, −2]
Solution
f (x) = x2 + 5x + 6, a = − 3, b = −2
f (x) being a polynomial is continuous in [−3, −2]
f ′( x) = 2 x + 5 exists in (−3, −2)  f(x) is differentiable in (–3, –2)
f (−3) = 9 − 15 + 6 = 0 and f(−2) = 4 − 10 + 6 = 0  f (−3) = f (−2)
Hence Rolle’s theorem is applicable for the given function on [−3, −2]
−5
Thus, f ′(c) = 0  2c + 5 = 0  c = ∈ (−3, −2)
2
Hence, Rolle’s theorem is verified.
(v) Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function f (x) = x2 − 6x + 8 in the interval [2, 4].
Solution
f (x) being a polynomial, it is continuous ∀ x ∈ R and hence it is continuous in the interval [2, 4]
also. f ′( x) = 2 x − 6 exists for all x ∈ (2, 4). Hence f(x) is differentiable in the open interval (2, 4).
f (a) = f (2) = 4 − 12 + 8 = 0 and f (b) = f (4) = 16 − 24 + 8 = 0
 f (2) = f (4)

52
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

Thus, f (x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem. Hence f ′(c) = 0 .
i.e., 2c − 6 = 0  c = 3 and 3 ∈ (2, 4) i.e., 2 < 3 < 4.
Hence, the theorem is verified.
(vi) Examine whether the function f ( x) = 2 + ( x − 1)2/3 in [0, 2] satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s
theorem. If so, find c such that f ′(c) = 0 .
Solution
2
Given f ( x) = 2 + ( x − 1) 3
2 1 2
2 −1 2 −
3 =
′
f ( x) = 0 + ( x − 1) = ( x − 1)
3 1
3 3 3( x − 1) 3
f ′( x) does not exist at x = 1 ∈ (0, 2)
∴ f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1
Hence, Rolle’s theorem is not applicable.
99. Verify Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the following function
(i) Verify MVT if f (x) = x2 + x − 1 on [0, 4]
Solution
f (x) = x2 + x − 1, a = 0, b = 4
f (x) is continuous in [0, 4] being a polynomial.
 f(x) is differentiable in (0, 4)
f ′( x) = 2 x + 1 exists in (0, 4)
 f ′(c) = 2c + 1
f (a) = f (0) = −1, f (b) = f (4) = 19
f (b) − f (a )
By MVT, = f ′(c)
b−a
19 + 1
 = 2c + 1  5 = 2c + 1  c = 2∈ (0, 4)
4−0
Hence LMVT is verified.
(ii) Verify MVT if f ( x) = x 2 − 4 in [2, 4].
Solution
f ( x) = x 2 − 4 is continuous in the closed interval [2, 4]
2x x
f ′( x) = = exists for 2 < x < 4
2 2
2 x −4 x −4
i.e., f (x) is differentiable in the open interval (2, 4)
f (a) = f (2) = 0, f (b) = f (4) = 16 − 4 ≡ 2 3
f (b) − f (a ) 2 3 −0 c c
By MVT, = f ′(c)  =  3=
b−a 4−2 2
c −4
2
c −4
3 c 2 − 4 = c  3(c 2 − 4) = c 2
2c2 = 12, c2 = 6, c = ± 6
c = 6 ∈ (2, 4) where as c = − 6 is outside the interval (2, 4)
Discarding the value, c = − 6 , we have a value c = 6 which lies between 2 and 4.
Hence the theorem is verified.

53
2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

(iii) Verify MVT if f (x) = loge x in [1, e].

Solution
f (x) = loge x, a = 1, b = e
f (a) = f (1) = 0
f (b) = f (e) = loge e = 1
loge x is continuous for all x > 0
1
f ′( x) = exists for all x ∈ (1, e) ∴ x ≠ 0
x
f (b) − f (a )
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem = f ′(c)
b−a
1− 0 1
 =  c = e − 1 ∈(1, e) ∵ 1 < e −1 < 2 < e
e −1 c
Hence the theorem is verified.
d2y
100. Find of the following.
dx 2
(a) x log x (b) y = e2x sin 2x (c) y = 2x (d) y = sin 5x sin 3x
c
(e) y = cos 3x sin 2x (f) x = ct and y = (g) x3y2 = a4
t
Solution
(a) y = x log x
dy x log x 1 log x 2 + log x
 = + = + =
dx x 2 x x 2 x 2 x
1 2 2 2 log x
(2 x )   − (2 + log x) − −
d2y  x 2 x x x x = − log x
 2
= =
dx 4x 4x 4x x
dy
(b) = e 2 x (2cos 2 x) + sin 2 x(2e 2 x ) = 2e2 x [cos 2 x + sin 2 x]
dx
d2y
 2
= 2e 2 x (−2sin 2 x + 2cos 2 x) + (cos 2 x + sin 2 x)(4e 2 x )
dx
= 4e2x[−sin 2x + cos 2x + cos 2x + sin 2x] = 8e2x cos 2x
dy d2y
(c) = 2 x log 2 ∴ 2 = (2 x log 2) log 2 = 2 x (log 2) 2
dx dx
−1
(d) y = sin 5 x sin 3 x = [cos(8 x) − cos 2 x]
2
dy +8sin8 x 2sin 2 x d2y
 = − = 4sin8 x − sin 2 x  2 = 32cos8 x − 2cos 2 x
dx 2 2 dx
1
(e) y = cos3 x sin 2 x = [sin 5 x − sin x]
2
dy 1 d2y 1
 = (5 cos 5 x − cos x)  = (−25 sin 5 x + sin x)
dx 2 dx 2 2
dx c dy −c dy −c / t 2 1 d 2 y 2 dt 2
(f) x = ct  = c and y =  = 2 ∴ = =− 2  2
= 3 = 3
dt t dt t dx c t dx t dx t c
3 2 4
(g) x y = a

54
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

dy dy −3x 2 y 2 −3y
 3x 2 y 2 + 2x 3 y =0  = =
dx dx 2x 3 y 2x
 dy 
x − y
d 2 y −3  dx −3   −3y  
 2
=  2  = 2 x  − y
dx 2  x  2x   2x  
 
d2 y 3 3  3  5y  15y
 2
= 2  y + y = 2   = 2
dx 2x  2  2x  2  4x
101. (a) If f (x) = 4sin x + 3cos x, show that f″(0) = −3.
(b) If f (x) = 3e2x + 5e−2x show that f″(0) = 32.
Solution
(a) f (x) = 4sin x + 3cos x
 f ′ (x) = 4cos x – 3sin x  f ′′(x) = −4sin x − 3cos x ∴ f ′′(0) = −3
(b) f (x) = 3e2x + 5e−2x
 f ′ (x) = 6e2x − 10e−2x  f ′′(x) = 12e2x + 20e−2x
∴ f ′′(0) = 12 + 20 = 32
θ
sec3  
2
102. If x = 3sin 2θ + 2sin 3θ and y = 2cos 3θ − 3cos 2θ, show that
d y −1
= 2 .
2
dx 24  5θ 
cos  
 2 
Solution
x = 3sin 2θ + 2sin 3θ
dx
 = 6cos 2θ + 6cos3θ = 6(cos 2θ + cos3θ)
dθ
y = 2cos 3θ − 3cos 2θ
dy
 = −6sin 3θ + 6sin 2θ = 6(sin 2θ − sin 3θ)
dθ
 5θ   θ 
−2cos   sin  
∴
dy 6(sin 2θ − sin 3θ) −(sin 3θ − sin 2θ)
= = =  2   2  = − tan  θ 
 
dx 6(cos 2θ + cos3θ) cos3θ + cos 2θ  5θ  θ 2
+2cos   cos  
 2  2
dy θ
∴ = − tan
dx 2
θ 1 θ θ
− sec 2   × − sec2   − sec3  
 θ  1 dθ
2
d y
= − sec 2   × . = 2 2 = 2 = 2
dx 2
 2  2 dx 6(cos 2θ + cos3θ)   5θ   θ   5θ 
12  2cos   cos    24cos  
  2   2   2 
d2y
103. If x = 2cost − cos 2t and y = 2sin t − sin 2t find .
dx 2
Solution
dx
x = 2cos t − cos 2t ∴ = −2sin t + 2sin 2t
dt
dy
y = 2sin t − sin 2t ∴ = 2cos t − 2cos 2t
dt

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 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

 3t   t 
+2sin   sin  
∴
dy cos t − cos 2t
= =  2   2  = tan  3t 
 
dx sin 2t − sin t  3t   t  2
2cos   sin  
   
2 2
d 2 y 3 2  3t  dt
= sec   ⋅
dx 2 2  2  dx
3  3t  1
= sec 2   ⋅
2  2  2 ( sin 2t − sin t )
d2y 6a 2
104. If x2 − xy + y2 = a2 show that =
dx 2 ( x − 2 y )3
Solution
x2 − xy + y2 = a2
dy dy
 2x − x − y + 2 y =0
dx dx
dy dy y − 2 x
 (2 y − x) = y − 2 x  =
dx dx 2 y − x
 dy   2dy 
(2 y − x)  − 2  − ( y − 2 x)  − 1
d2y  dx   dx 
 =
dx 2 (2 y − x) 2
1  dy 
2 
= . (2 y − x − 2 y + 4 x) + (−4 y + 2 x + y − 2 x) 
(2 y − x)  dx 
1  dy 
= 3x. − 3 y 
(2 y − x) 2  dx 
1   y − 2x   3 xy − 6 x 2 − 6 y 2 + 3 xy
=  
3 x  − 3 y =
(2 y − x) 2   2 y − x   (2 y − x)3
−6( x 2 + y 2 − xy ) 6a 2
= =
(2 y − x)3 ( x − 2 y )3
d2y h 2 − ab
105. If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 1, show that = .
dx 2 (hx + by )3
Solution
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 1 … (1)
 dy  dy
 2ax + 2h  x + y  + 2by =0
 dx  dx
dy
 (hx + by ) = −(ax + hy )
dx
dy ax + hy
 − = … (2)
dx hx + by
 dy   dy 
2(hx + by )  a + h  − (ax + hy )  h + b 
d y
− 2 =  dx   dx 
dx (hx + by )2
dy 2
(h x + hby − bax − hby ) + (ahx + aby − ahx − h 2 y )
= dx
(hx + by ) 2

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 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

dy   ax + hy  
x(h 2 − ab) + y (ab − h 2 ) (h 2 − ab)  − x   − y
= dx =   hx + by   from (2)
2 2
(hx + by ) (hx + by )
−(h 2 − ab)[ax 2 + hxy + hxy + by 2 ] −d 2 y ab − h 2
=  = from (1)
(hx + by )3 dx 2 (hx + by )3
d2y h 2 − ab
∴ =
dx 2 (hx + by )3
−1
106. If y = e a sin x
show that (1 − x2)y2 − xy1 − a2y = 0.
Solution
−1
y = e a sin x

−1
dy e a sin x
= a
dx 1 − x2
dy −1
∴ 1 − x2 = ae a sin x = ya
dx
2
2  dy 
Squaring, (1 − x )   = a 2 y 2 i.e. (1 − x 2 ) y12 = a 2 y 2
 dx 
Differentiate again with respect to x
2 (1 − x 2 ) y1 y2 − 2 x ( y1 ) = a 2 2 y ⋅ y1
2

Dividing throughout by 2 y1 , we get

(1 − x ) y
2
2 − xy1 = a 2 y  (1 − x 2 ) y2 − xy1 − a 2 y = 0

107. If x = sin t and y = cos pt show that (1 − x2) y2 − xy1 + p2y = 0

Solution
x = sin t …(1) y = cos pt … (2)
 t = sin x using this in (2)
−1

y = cos (p sin−1 x) … (I)

Differentiating with respect to x
− p sin ( p sin −1 x)
y1 = … (II)
1 − x2
Differentiating with respect to x
 2 cos ( p sin
−1
x) p ( p sin −1 x) 
 1 − x − sin (−2 x) 
2 2
y2 = − p  1− x 2 1− x 
 1 − x2 
 
 
 y x
 (1 − x 2 ) y2 = − p  py + 1 
 −p
using (I) and (II)
2
 (1 − x ) y2 = − p 2 y + xy1
 (1 − x 2 ) y2 − xy1 + p 2 y = 0

57
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

(
108. If y = x + 1 + x 2 ) , show that (1 + x2) y2 + xy1 − m2y = 0

Solution
m

(
y = x + 1 + x2 )
dy m −1  2x   1 + x2 + x 
dx
(
= m x + 1 + x2 ) 1 + 2
 2 1+ x 
 = m( x + 1 + x 2 )m −1 



1 + x 2 
m

 y1 =
(
m x + 1 + x2 ) =
my
… (1)
2
1+ x 1 + x2
 1 + x 2 y1 = my
 (1 + x2) y12 = m 2 y 2
 (1 + x 2 ) . 2 y1 y2 + y12 (2 x) = m 2 (2 yy1 )
 (1 + x 2 ) y2 + xy1 = m 2 y
 (1 + x 2 ) y2 + xy1 − m 2 y = 0

d2y dy
109. If y = ex log x, show that x 2
− (2 x −1) + ( x −1) y = 0
dx dx
Solution
ex ex
y = ex log x y1 = + e x log x = + y
x x
 xy1 = e x + xy … (1)
xy2 + y1 = e x + xy1 + y
 xy2 + y1 = ( xy1 − xy ) + xy1 + y  xy2 − 2 xy1 + y1 + xy − y = 0
 xy2 − (2 x − 1) y1 + ( x − 1) y = 0
 y x
110. If cos −1   = n log   , show that x2y2 + xy1 + n2y = 0.
n n
Solution
 y  x
cos −1   = n log  
n n
1 1 dy n 2 1
 − × × = ×
y2 n dx x n
1− 2
n
1 dy n dy
−
2
n −y
. =
2 dx x
 −x =n
dx
( n2 − y2 )
2
 dy 
Squaring, x 2   = n 2 ( n 2 − y 2 )
 dx 
2
dy d 2 y  dy  dy
Differentiating, we get 2 x ⋅ 2
+ 2 x   = n 2 ( −2 y )
2

dx dx  dx  dx
dy
Dividing by 2 , we get x 2 y2 + xy1 = − n 2 y  x 2 y2 + xy1 + n 2 y = 0
dx

58
 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

111. If ey (x + 1) = 1, show that y2 = y12 . [MQP]

Solution
1
ey =
x +1
1
 e y . y1 = − = −( e y ) 2  y1 = −ey
( x + 1)2
 y2 = −ey. y1 = y1y1
= y12
112. If y = sin−1 x show that (1 − x2) y2 − xy1 = 0 [MQP]
Solution
Consider y = sin–1 x
1
Differentiate w.r.t. x, y1 =
1 − x2
Squaring both sides (1 − x ) y12 = 1
2

Differentiate again w.r.t. x

(1 − x 2 )2 y1 y2 − 2 xy12 = 0 , divide by 2y1
 (1 – x2) y2 – xy1 = 0
d2y
113. If y = tan−1 x, find in terms of y alone.
dx 2
Solution
y = tan−1 x  tan y = x.
dy dy
Then sec 2 y =1 = cos 2 y .
dx dx
Differentiate again w.r.t. x
d2y dy
2
= −2cos y sin y
dx dx
d2y
= − sin 2 y.cos 2 y
dx 2
dy y d2y
114. If xm ⋅ yn = (x + y)m + n, prove that (i) = (ii) =0
dx x dx 2
Solution
xm ⋅ yn = (x + y)m + n
 m log ex + n log ey = (m + n) log e ( x + y )
Differentiate again w.r.t. x
m n dy m + n  dy 
+ = 1+
x y dx x + y  dx 
 n  m + n   dy m + n m
 −  = −
 y  x + y   dx x + y x
 nx + ny − my − ny  dy mx + nx − mx − my
 y( x + y)  dx = ( x + y) x
 
dy y
∴ =
dx x

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 2PBDBEMS-Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation

Differentiate again w.r.t. x

dy  y
x − y x  − y
d2y
=  x 2
y− y
2
= dx 2 = 2 =0
dx x x x
x2 y2 d 2 y −b 4
115. If + = 1 , show that =
a 2 b2 dx 2 a 2 y 3
Solution
x2 y2
+ = 1 : Differentiate again w.r.t. x
a 2 b2
2 x 2 y dy
+ =0
a 2 b 2 dx
dy −b 2 x
= .
dx a 2 y
Differentiate again w.r.t. x
 dy 
y.1 − x 
d 2 y −b 2  dx
= 2  
dx 2 a  y2 
 b x 
2 2

2 y+ 2 .
2
d y −b
 a y 
=
dx 2 a 2  y2 
d 2 y −b 2  a 2 y 2 + b 2 x 2 
= 2  
dx 2 a  a2 y3 
d 2 y −b 2  a 2b 2  −b 4
= 2  2 3= 2 3
dx 2 a a y  a y

116. If y = log ( x + x 2 + a 2 ) , prove that (x2 + a2)y2 + xy1 = 0

Solution
y = log ( x + x 2 + a 2 ) .
1  2x 
Then y1 = 1 +
2 2 2 2 
x+ x +a  2 x +a 
1  x2 + a2 + x 
y1 =  
x + x 2 + a 2  x 2 + a 2 
1
y1 =  ( x 2 + a 2 ) y12 = 1
2 2
x +a
Differentiate again w.r.t. x
( x 2 + a 2 ) 2 y1 y2 + y12 .2 x = 0 ÷ b s by 2 y1
(x2 + a2)y2 + xy1 = 0

60