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KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

DIGITAL SCHOOL OF VIRTUAL AND OPEN LEARNING

IN COLLABORATION WITH

SCHOOL OF PURE & APPLIED SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT: MATHEMATICS AND ACTUARIAL SCIENCE

SMA 102: BASIC MATHEMATICS

WRITTEN BY: Dr. JANE RIMBERIA

VETTED BY: Dr. WINFRED MUTUKU

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INTRODUCTION
Welcome to this module. The module deals with basic concepts and theorems in Mathematics.
This is an interactive instructional module that uses both action and collaborative learning styles
that provide you with diverse online learning experiences and effective learning processes. The
key purpose of this module is to help you build a good and solid foundation to advanced
understanding of mathematical concepts and operations.

In this module, we shall look at counting techniques in mathematics; introduce you to set theory
propositional logic, methods of proof and complex numbers.

We hope that you will find this module exciting, educative, and engaging.

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BASIC MATHEMATICS FLOW CHART

WEEK TOPIC

WEEK 1 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES

WEEK 2 REMAINDER AND FACTOR THEOREM AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

WEEK 3 & 4 PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

WEEK 5 & 6 BINOMIAL THEOREM AND APPLICATIONS

WEEK 7 & 8 SET THEORY

WEEK 9 LOGIC
WEEK 10 METHODS OF PROOF

WEEK 11 & 12 COMPLEX NUMBERS

WEEK 13 & 14 EXAMINATION

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OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE

Week 0: Introduction (Your Context, Your Goals)

This lesson is intended to help you acclimatize to blended learning and to create a community of
learners who will motivate each other during the course. You will be required to introduce
yourself to your lecturer and colleagues either physically during a face to face session or even
online before other academic interactions start.

Week 1: Quadratic Equations and Inequalities

In this first lesson, we will introduce you to various methods of solving quadratic equations and
inequalities. The purpose of this lesson is to help you establish and apply the relationship
between roots and coefficients of quadratic equations.

Week 2: Remainder and Factor Theorem and their Applications

In this lesson, we will consider the Remainder and Factor Theorems. These Theorems are useful
in solving equations involving polynomials of degree greater than two.

Week 3 & 4: Permutations and Combinations

In this lesson, we introduce you permutations and combinations. Permutations and combinations
are very useful tools for counting in Mathematics.

Week 5 & 6: Binomial Theorem and Applications

This lesson considers Binomial Theorem and its applications. This Theorem gives a new way of
obtaining coefficients in binomial expansion as opposed to the use of the classical Pascal’s
Triangle method.

Week 7 & 8: Set Theory

This lesson introduces the abstract concept of set theory and it’s applications to counting.
Algebra of sets will also be considered.

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Week 9: Logic

In this lesson you will be introduced to propositional logic. The main emphasis will be
determination of truth values of logical statements. Logical statements have truth value either
TRUE or FALSE but not both.

Week 10: Methods of Proof

Having studied logic in week 9, we will go a step further in this lesson to consider methods of
proof in Mathematics. We will consider both direct and indirect proofs.

Week 11 & 12: Complex Numbers

In weeks 7 and 8, you were introduced to sets. In this lesson we will study one particular set
called the set of complex numbers. We will introduce you to arithmetic operations of these
numbers, their polar representation and De Moivere’s Theorem.

Week 13 &14: Examination

These two weeks bring together the work you have been doing to an end. This course unit will
be examined and will partially contribute to the award of the degree in the programme that you
are undertaking.

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PURPOSE OF THE MODULE

The purpose of this module is to equip students with basic mathematical skills which build the
foundation of Mathematics.

MODULE LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this module the learner will be able to:

i) Solve quadratic equations and inequalities.

ii) State and apply the Remainder Theorem and the Factor Theorem

iii) Differentiate permutations and combinations and apply them in counting

iv) Perform set operations and apply set theory to counting

v) Determine validity of logical arguments

vi) Prove mathematical statements using direct proof, contradiction, contraposition and
induction.
vii)State and apply De Moivere’s Theorem.

COURSE DESCRIPTION

Quadratic equations and inequalities. Remainder and Factor Theorem and their applications.
Permutations and combinations, Binomial theorem and its applications. Set theory: Basic
operations on sets, Laws of set theory, Venn diagrams and application. Logic: Propositions,
compound propositions and truth tables. Methods of proof: Direct, indirect, Induction,
contradiction, cases, counter examples. Complex numbers: Arithmetic operations, Geometric
representations and polar form. De Moiver’s Theorem and its applications.

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COURSE REQUIREMENTS

This is a blended learning course that will utilize the flex model. This means that learning
materials and instructions will be given online and the lessons will be self-guided with the
lecturer being available briefly for face to face sessions and support and also on-site (online)
most of the time. You are advised to follow the topic flow-chart given so that you cover at least a
lesson every week.
You will be required to participate and interact online with your peers and the e-moderator who
in this case is your lecturer. Guidelines for the online activities (which we shall keep referring to
as e-tivities) will be provided whenever there is an e-tivity. Please note that since the online e-
tivities are part of the learning process, they may be graded at the discretion of your e-moderator.
Such grading will however be communicated in the e-tivity guidelines and feedback given as
soon as possible after the e-tivity. The e-tivities will include but will not be limited to online
assessment quizzes, assignments and discussions. There are also assessment questions that you
can attempt at the end of every lesson to test your understanding of the lesson. The answers to all
the assessment questions are at the end of the module after lesson 8. All the resources that have
been used in this module in form of books are available under the resources section after the
answers to the questions.

ASSESSMENT
It is important to note that the module has embedded certain learner formative assessment
feedback tools that will enable you gauge your own learning progress. The tools include online
collaborative discussions forums that focus on team learning and personal mastery and will
therefore provide you with peer feedback, lecturer assessment and self- reflection.
I wish you the very best of experiences in this course.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENT..............................................................................................................vii

LESSON ONE................................................................................................................................1

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES……………………................................1

1.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................1

1.2 Learning Outcomes..................................................................................................1

1.3 Assessment Questions............................................................................................12

1.4 References..............................................................................................................12

LESSON TWO.............................................................................................................................13

REMAINDER AND FACTOR THEOREM AND THEIR APPLICATIONS......................13

2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................13

2.2 Learning Outcomes................................................................................................13

2.3 Assessment Questions ...........................................................................................20

2.4 References..............................................................................................................20

LESSON THREE.........................................................................................................................22

PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS............................................................................22

3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................22

3.2 Learning Outcomes................................................................................................22

3.3 Assessment Questions............................................................................................32

3.4 References..............................................................................................................32

LESSON FOUR...........................................................................................................................33

BINOMIAL THEOREM AND ITS APPLICATIONS............................................................33

4.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................33

4.2 Learning Outcomes................................................................................................33

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4.3 Assessment Questions............................................................................................42

4.4 References……………………………..................................................................42

LESSON FIVE.............................................................................................................................43

SET THEORY..............................................................................................................................43

5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................43

5.2 Learning Outcomes................................................................................................43

5.3 Assessment Questions............................................................................................61

5.4 References………..................................................................................................61

LESSON SIX................................................................................................................................62

LOGIC..........................................................................................................................................62

6.1 Introduction............................................................................................................62

6.2 Learning Outcomes................................................................................................62

6.3 Assessment Questions………................................................................................76

6.4 References…………………..................................................................................77

LESSON SEVEN.........................................................................................................................78

METHOD OF PROOF................................................................................................................78

7.1 Introduction............................................................................................................78

7.2 Learning Outcomes................................................................................................78

7.3 Assessment Questions...........................................................................................86

7.4 References…..........................................................................................................86

LESSON EIGHT..........................................................................................................................87

COMPLEX NUMBERS..............................................................................................................87

8.1 Introduction............................................................................................................87

8.2 Learning Outcomes................................................................................................87

8.3 Assessment Questions..........................................................................................108

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8.4 References………………………........................................................................108

ANSWERS..................................................................................................................................109

RESOURCES.............................................................................................................................111

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