1 Advanced Data Structure and Algorithm Ms.

Vibhuti
2 Advanced Computer Networks Mr.Arvin
3 Artificial Intelligence Ms.Shreya
4 Research Methodology Er.Rohit
5 Advanced Databases Ms.Deepshikha
6 Advanced Software Engineering Ms.Anchal
7 Mobile Application Development Mr.Tarun
8 Machine Learning with Python Ms.Parul Syal
9 Business Intelligence and Applications Ms.Simrandeep
10 Python using Data Science Ms.Shreya
11 Full Stack Development Mr.Shahid
12 Internet of Things Dr.Mandeep kaur
13 Information Security Ms.Deepshikha
 Question Content Question Category
Images

Which of the following is a key feature of the IoT architectural Engineering

overview?
In IoT, which layer connects physical devices to the network? Engineering

Which of the following is NOT an IoT design principle? Engineering

What is the main role of sensors in an IoT system? Engineering

Which technology enables M2M communication in IoT systems? Engineering

What is the main benefit of using cloud computing in IoT? Engineering

Which of the following is an example of an IoT application in smart Engineering

cities?
What does XaaS stand for in the context of IoT? Engineering

Which is a primary security concern in IoT systems? Engineering

In IoT systems, what role does a gateway play? Engineering

Which of the following is a popular microcontroller used in IoT Engineering

systems?
What is the main role of a Raspberry Pi in IoT applications? Engineering

Which communication protocol is primarily designed for low- Engineering

power IoT networks?
In IoT, which hardware component is responsible for capturing Engineering
physical data like temperature or humidity?
Which protocol is most suitable for constrained IoT devices with Engineering
limited bandwidth?
What role does an actuator play in an IoT system? Engineering

Which of the following protocols is widely used for lightweight Engineering

publish-subscribe messaging in IoT?
Which programming language is commonly used for controlling Engineering
IoT devices like Arduino?
In IoT systems, what does the TCP protocol provide? Engineering

Which interface allows an IoT system to interact with the physical Engineering
environment?
What is the primary goal of device integration in IoT applications? Engineering

Which of the following is a method for acquiring data from IoT Engineering
devices?
 In IoT, what does unstructured data storage refer to? Engineering

Which of the following platforms is commonly used for Engineering

unstructured data storage in IoT applications?
What is the role of authentication in IoT device communication? Engineering

Which method is primarily used for authorizing IoT devices to Engineering

access system resources?
In an IoT solution framework, what is the purpose of a cloud Engineering
server for device data storage?
Which protocol is widely used for secure data transmission in IoT Engineering
applications?
In the IoT application development lifecycle, what does "data Engineering
integration" refer to?
What is a key challenge in implementing authentication and Engineering
authorization for IoT devices?
Which of the following databases is most commonly used for Engineering
storing IoT time-series data?
In IoT, what is the main difference between real-time and batch Engineering
processing?

What is the primary goal of predictive maintenance in IoT Engineering

systems?
Which type of algorithm is commonly used for anomaly detection Engineering
in IoT systems?
In IoT data management, why is a time-series database often Engineering
preferred?
Which of the following tools is commonly used for data Engineering
visualization in IoT systems?
What role does machine learning play in IoT data analytics? Engineering

In real-time IoT data processing, which framework is commonly Engineering

used for large-scale distributed processing?
How does anomaly detection contribute to IoT data management? Engineering

In the context of IoT, what is the main advantage of using batch Engineering
processing for data analytics?
Which of the following is a major security challenge in IoT Engineering
systems?
Which type of attack is common in IoT due to unsecured Engineering
communication between devices?
What is the primary function of encryption in IoT security? Engineering

Why is device authentication crucial in IoT systems? Engineering

Which of the following is a key privacy concern in IoT? Engineering

Which of the following is considered a best practice for securing Engineering
IoT devices?
What is a common vulnerability in IoT systems? Engineering

How does regulatory compliance impact IoT security practices? Engineering

Which IoT security protocol is widely used for securing wireless Engineering
communication?
What is the main role of encryption in securing IoT data Engineering
transmission?
Which of the following is a primary benefit of IoT in industrial Engineering
automation?
In smart transportation systems, what is the primary purpose of Engineering
using IoT sensors?
How can IoT technology enhance agricultural practices? Engineering

What is a significant application of IoT in healthcare? Engineering

Which IoT application can enhance home automation systems? Engineering

In which area does IoT play a crucial role in reducing energy Engineering
consumption?
Which IoT technology is commonly used in smart agriculture for Engineering
monitoring soil conditions?
How does IoT contribute to improving patient care in healthcare Engineering
settings?
What is a key feature of IoT home automation systems? Engineering

In IoT-based smart transportation, what data can be collected Engineering

from vehicles to improve safety?
What is the correct syntax to define a variable in Python? Engineering

Which Python data structure is mutable and ordered? Engineering

How do you create a tuple in Python? Engineering

What does the len() function return when applied to a list in Engineering
Python?
Which of the following operations is not supported by a set in Engineering
Python?
How can you create a dictionary in Python? Engineering

What is the output of 5 ** 2 in Python? Engineering

Which function is used to convert a list into a set in Python? Engineering

What is Jupyter Notebook primarily used for? Engineering

Which of the following Python data types can hold a sequence of Engineering
characters?
Which Python library is commonly used to work with CSV files? Engineering

What function in Python is used to return the current date and Engineering
time?
What is the map() function used for in Python? Engineering

Which of the following is a feature of a Pandas Series? Engineering

What is the function used to create a scatter plot in Matplotlib? Engineering

Which graph is most appropriate for showing parts of a whole? Engineering

How do you add grid lines to a Matplotlib plot? Engineering

What type of plot is used to show data distribution and variability? Engineering

What is the function to define axis labels in Matplotlib? Engineering

What is the purpose of the Hashing Trick in data science? Engineering

Which library in Python is commonly used for machine learning Engineering

tasks?
What function is used for benchmarking performance in Python? Engineering

How can you achieve parallelism on multiple cores in Python? Engineering

What is the key advantage of using Scikit-learn for data wrangling? Engineering

Which of the following is a supervised learning algorithm? Engineering

What is the main purpose of cross-validation in machine learning? Engineering

Which of the following is an unsupervised learning algorithm? Engineering

What does PCA (Principal Component Analysis) help with in Engineering

machine learning?
What metric is commonly used to evaluate classification models? Engineering

What is the purpose of the train_test_split function in Scikit-learn? Engineering

Which learning technique is used when no labeled data is Engineering

available?
In machine learning, what is "overfitting"? Engineering
 Which of the following algorithms is best suited for predicting a Engineering
continuous output variable?
Which of the following is an example of a deep learning algorithm? Engineering

Which of the following is a classification algorithm in machine Engineering

learning?
What is the primary goal of unsupervised learning? Engineering

In machine learning, which method is used for reducing the Engineering

dimensionality of data?
Which of the following is an advantage of using Scikit-learn for Engineering
machine learning?
Which of the following is a feature selection technique in machine Engineering
learning?
What is the difference between clustering and classification? Engineering

Which of the following machine learning algorithms is best suited Engineering

for regression problems?
In Scikit-learn, which function is used to calculate accuracy for Engineering
classification problems?
What is the role of the GridSearchCV method in Scikit-learn? Engineering

In the context of machine learning, what does "ensemble learning" Engineering

refer to?
What is the primary purpose of the hashing trick in data wrangling? Engineering

Which of the following libraries is commonly used for performing Engineering

data wrangling in Python?
What is the main role of the memory_profiler in Python? Engineering

Which Scikit-learn class is used to perform deterministic selection Engineering

of features?
What does the term “benchmarking” refer to in the context of data Engineering
wrangling?
What is a key advantage of running a data processing task on Engineering
multiple cores in Python?
In the context of Scikit-learn, what is the purpose of parallelism? Engineering

What is the hashing trick used for in data wrangling? Engineering

Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

What does the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) Dimension measure? Machine Learning

Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning

Bernoulli distribution?
Which clustering method divides data into k groups based on Machine Learning
feature similarity?
 In Linear Discriminant Analysis, what is the primary goal? Machine Learning

Which graphical model is a tree where all variables are connected Machine Learning
without forming any loops?
Which of the following is a method to assess a classification Machine Learning
algorithm's performance?
Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning
Bernoulli distribution?
Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

Which clustering method divides data into k groups based on Machine Learning
feature similarity?
Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning
Bernoulli distribution?
Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning
Bernoulli distribution?
Which graphical model is a tree where all variables are connected Machine Learning
without forming any loops?
Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning
Bernoulli distribution?
Which of the following is a method to assess a classification Machine Learning
algorithm's performance?
Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

Which clustering method divides data into k groups based on Machine Learning
feature similarity?
Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

Which graphical model is a tree where all variables are connected Machine Learning
without forming any loops?
Which graphical model is a tree where all variables are connected Machine Learning
without forming any loops?
Which clustering method divides data into k groups based on Machine Learning
feature similarity?
Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning

Bernoulli distribution?
Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

 Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning

Bernoulli distribution?
Which clustering method divides data into k groups based on Machine Learning
feature similarity?
Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning
Bernoulli distribution?
Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

What does the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) Dimension measure? Machine Learning

Which graphical model is a tree where all variables are connected Machine Learning
without forming any loops?
Which clustering method divides data into k groups based on Machine Learning
feature similarity?
Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

Which clustering method divides data into k groups based on Machine Learning
feature similarity?
Which clustering method divides data into k groups based on Machine Learning
feature similarity?
In Linear Discriminant Analysis, what is the primary goal? Machine Learning

Which clustering method divides data into k groups based on Machine Learning
feature similarity?
Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning
Bernoulli distribution?
What does the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) Dimension measure? Machine Learning

Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning

Bernoulli distribution?
What does the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) Dimension measure? Machine Learning

Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning

Bernoulli distribution?
Which graphical model is a tree where all variables are connected Machine Learning
without forming any loops?
What does the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) Dimension measure? Machine Learning

Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning

Bernoulli distribution?
Which clustering method divides data into k groups based on Machine Learning
feature similarity?
Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning
 Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

Which of the following is a method to assess a classification Machine Learning

algorithm's performance?
Which graphical model is a tree where all variables are connected Machine Learning
without forming any loops?
Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning
Bernoulli distribution?
In Linear Discriminant Analysis, what is the primary goal? Machine Learning

Which parametric method is used to estimate the parameters of a Machine Learning

Bernoulli distribution?
Which clustering method divides data into k groups based on Machine Learning
feature similarity?
Which of the following is an example of Supervised Learning? Machine Learning

Which type of research focuses on finding solutions to immediate Research

problems? Methodology
Which research design involves no manipulation of variables? Research
Methodology
Which is a key component of a literature review? Research
Methodology
What is the main objective of experimental research design? Research
Methodology
Which experimental design uses groups and blocks to reduce Research
variability? Methodology
What is the term for a statement that can be tested to determine Research
its accuracy? Methodology
Which type of hypothesis suggests no relationship between Research
variables? Methodology
Which is a primary method of data collection? Research
Methodology
What type of data collection involves face-to-face questioning? Research
Methodology
Which criterion is important for constructing a hypothesis? Research
Methodology
What is the difference between primary and secondary data? Research
Methodology
What type of research design involves manipulating one variable to Research
see its effect on another? Methodology
Which hypothesis predicts a relationship between variables? Research
Methodology
Which of the following is not a data collection method? Research
Methodology
What is the first step in formulating a research problem? Research
Methodology
What is the significance of literature review in research? Research
Methodology
 What type of sampling involves selecting every nth member of a Research
population? Methodology
Which measure of central tendency is affected by extreme values? Research
Methodology
What is the purpose of hypothesis testing in research? Research
Methodology
What is the Latin Square Design used for in experiments? Research
Methodology
Which method of data collection is based on historical data or Research
records? Methodology
What is convenience sampling? Research
Methodology
Which statistical method analyzes relationships between variables? Research
Methodology
Which test is used to compare more than two groups for statistical Research
differences? Methodology
What does a right-skewed distribution indicate? Research
Methodology
Which validity assesses whether a test measures what it claims to Research
measure? Methodology
Which analysis technique is used to reduce data dimensions? Research
Methodology

What is the meaning of correlation in statistics? Research

Methodology

Which sampling method involves dividing a population into groups Research

and randomly sampling each group? Methodology
What is the purpose of reliability in research? Research
Methodology

What is the significance of regression analysis in research? Research

Methodology

What is meant by stratified sampling? Research

Methodology
Which central tendency measure is best for skewed distributions? Research
Methodology
What technique is used to identify factors in data? Research
Methodology
Which measure of data dispersion indicates the spread of data? Research
Methodology

What type of validity relates to future performance? Research

Methodology

Which sampling technique uses predefined quotas? Research

Methodology
What is a key characteristic of qualitative research? Research
Methodology
What statistical test compares observed and expected Research
frequencies? Methodology
What technique visualizes relationships among variables? Research
Methodology

What does high kurtosis in a distribution indicate? Research

Methodology
What is a distinguishing feature of exploratory research? Research
Methodology
Which method helps in understanding patterns in time-series Research
data? Methodology
Which non-parametric test is used for median comparison? Research
Methodology
What does multicollinearity refer to in regression analysis? Research
Methodology

Which test measures association between categorical variables? Research

Methodology
What is the use of discriminant analysis in research? Research
Methodology

What is the purpose of a pilot study? Research

Methodology

What is the primary focus of descriptive research? Research

Methodology

How does cluster analysis group data? Research

Methodology
Who are the stakeholders in a software project? Engineering
 What is the main goal of agile teams? Engineering

Which of the following is NOT a coordination issue in software Engineering

teams?
What does the W5 HH principle stand for? Engineering

What is the main focus of the RAD model? Engineering

Which of the following is a common software metric? Engineering

What does "XP" in Agile methodology stand for? Engineering

In Agile, which of the following is an important communication Engineering

issue?
Decomposing a problem in software is essential to: Engineering

Which of the following is a key process metric? Engineering

What is the primary objective of Clean Room software Engineering

engineering?
Which of the following is a Clean Room technique for design? Engineering

In the Clean Room approach, what is NOT a feature of the Engineering

functional specification?
What role do formal methods play in Clean Room engineering? Engineering

The Z specification language is used in: Engineering

Which of the following is a Clean Room testing technique? Engineering

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of formal methods in Engineering

software engineering?
What does Z specification language focus on? Engineering

Which of these is NOT a mathematical concept used in formal Engineering

methods?
Which of the following is a future trend in formal methods? Engineering

What does CBSE primarily focus on? Engineering

Which of the following is a phase of CBSE? Engineering

Which of these is a key feature of Version Control Systems (VCS)? Engineering

What is the main role of domain engineering in CBSE? Engineering

Which language is NOT commonly used in VCS? Engineering

 In a distributed version control system, where is the repository Engineering
stored?
Which of these VCS tools is distributed? Engineering

CBSE focuses primarily on: Engineering

The main economic benefit of CBSE is: Engineering

What is a common challenge in CBSE? Engineering

What is reverse reengineering? Engineering

What is software reengineering focused on? Engineering

Which of the following is a key feature of forward reengineering? Engineering

CASE tools are used in: Engineering

What is the goal of business process reengineering? Engineering

Which tool is commonly found in a CASE environment? Engineering

Restructuring involves: Engineering

Which of the following is an economic benefit of reengineering? Engineering

What does a CASE repository store? Engineering

Forward reengineering typically involves: Engineering

Which of the following is a key attribute of web-based Engineering

applications?
What is a major challenge in web-based systems? Engineering

In web engineering, what is a common design issue? Engineering

Client/Server systems typically involve: Engineering

In client/server software engineering, testing issues often arise Engineering

from:
Which of the following is essential for client/server systems? Engineering

Web engineering frameworks focus on: Engineering

In web-based applications, testing usually includes: Engineering

Object-oriented analysis involves: Engineering

 Metrics for object-oriented systems include: Engineering

What is AI primarily concerned with? Engineering

Which of the following is a key milestone in AI development? Engineering

Which AI approach is based on simulating human intelligence? Engineering

Which of the following techniques involves learning from data to Engineering

make predictions?

Which of the following is a direct application of AI? Engineering

What is the Turing Test used to assess? Engineering

Which algorithm is commonly used in search problems? Engineering

What does a semantic network represent? Engineering

In expert systems, which component is responsible for reasoning? Engineering

What technique is used to reduce uncertainty in knowledge Engineering

representation?

Which of the following best describes a neural network? Engineering

Which learning method is characterized by the use of labeled data? Engineering

In backpropagation, which function is primarily used to minimize Engineering

error?

What is the primary goal of reinforcement learning? Engineering

Which component of natural language processing is responsible for Engineering

understanding the meaning of sentences?

What is fuzzification in fuzzy logic? Engineering

 What is the primary purpose of a decision tree? Engineering

Which algorithm is used for creating a decision tree? Engineering

In Bayesian learning, what does Bayes' theorem relate? Engineering

Which learning method uses prior knowledge to guide learning? Engineering

What does the STRIPS algorithm represent in planning? Engineering

In multi-agent systems, what role do agents play? Engineering

Which of the following is a technique for handling uncertainty in AI? Engineering

What does knowledge representation refer to in AI? Engineering

What is a major limitation of traditional AI approaches? Engineering

What does "conceptual dependency" aim to capture in knowledge Engineering

representation?

Which of the following is a common application of natural language Engineering

processing?

Which learning approach focuses on the structure of data? Engineering

What is a primary characteristic of unsupervised learning? Engineering

In natural language processing, what does parsing refer to? Engineering

What is an example of a probabilistic method in AI? Engineering

Which of the following is a type of unsupervised learning? Engineering

What is the main goal of genetic algorithms? Engineering

Which planning approach involves breaking tasks into smaller sub- Engineering
tasks?

In which area of AI is the Naive Bayes Classifier used? Engineering

What is the primary focus of multi-agent systems? Engineering

Which of the following describes the concept of "fuzziness"? Engineering

What type of learning is characterized by feedback from the Engineering

environment?

Which AI technique is used to optimize problem-solving? Engineering

In which scenario would you use a decision tree? Engineering

What does "goal stack planning" emphasize? Engineering

Which technique allows a model to learn and adjust from its Engineering
mistakes?

What is a common use of fuzzy logic in AI? Engineering

Which of the following is an application of natural language Engineering

processing?

What is a benefit of using neural networks for data analysis? Engineering

What is the role of an inference engine in an expert system? Engineering

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of deep learning? Engineering

In a genetic algorithm, what does "crossover" refer to? Engineering

What is a primary advantage of using reinforcement learning? Engineering

In natural language processing, what does tokenization refer to? Engineering

 What is Android? Engineering

Which layer of the Android architecture provides the foundation of Engineering

the Android platform?

What is the primary programming language used for Android Engineering

development?

What tool is used to build Android apps? Engineering

Which file describes essential information about the app, such as Engineering
permissions and components?

Which component is responsible for showing a user interface in an Engineering

Android app?

What is the correct order of activity lifecycle events? Engineering

Which Android component handles background tasks? Engineering

What type of intent is used to start an activity within your own app? Engineering

Which component helps you manage interactions between Engineering

applications?

What does "Application Context" refer to in Android? Engineering

Which intent is used to navigate between activities? Engineering

What is the role of an Intent Filter? Engineering

What is the purpose of the AndroidManifest.xml file? Engineering

Which method is used to broadcast an intent in Android? Engineering

Which is NOT a part of the Android application lifecycle? Engineering

What is an explicit intent? Engineering

 How do you define an intent filter in AndroidManifest.xml? Engineering

Which method is used to stop an activity? Engineering

What permissions are required to use the internet in an Android Engineering

app?

Which layout aligns its children both vertically and horizontally? Engineering

What is the correct way to define a Button in an XML layout file? Engineering

Which UI component displays a progress indicator to the user? Engineering

Which component is used to display a scrollable list of items? Engineering

Which layout allows child views to be positioned relative to each Engineering

other or the parent container?

Which storage method is used for key-value pairs in Android? Engineering

What database is used for lightweight local storage in Android? Engineering

Which Firebase service is used for real-time data synchronization? Engineering

Which method is used to save data to SharedPreferences? Engineering

What is the primary use of Firebase Authentication? Engineering

Which library is commonly used for network requests in Android? Engineering

What is the role of REST APIs in Android networking? Engineering

Which HTTP method is used to retrieve data from a server? Engineering

What is JSON used for in Android networking? Engineering

 Which method is used to execute background tasks without Engineering
blocking the main thread?

What step is essential before publishing an Android app? Engineering

Which platform is commonly used for distributing Android apps? Engineering

What is versioning in Android? Engineering

What tool is used for monitoring app performance after release? Engineering

What is post-release maintenance in Android apps? Engineering

What is the default layout in Android? Engineering

What is a common use case for Firebase in Android apps? Engineering

What does the method onCreate() do in an activity? Engineering

Which view is best suited for displaying a list of items in a scrollable Engineering
view?

What is a key benefit of using Firebase for authentication in Engineering

Android?

What is the purpose of an Intent in Android? Engineering

Which method in the Activity class is called when the activity Engineering
becomes visible to the user?

What is a Service in Android? Engineering

Which layout allows positioning of elements relative to each other? Engineering

What type of Intent is used for launching an activity in another app? Engineering

Which topology connects each device to every other device in a Advanced

network? Computer Networks
 In the OSI model, which layer is responsible for routing packets? Advanced
Computer Networks

Which standard is used for Ethernet networking? Advanced

Computer Networks

AppleTalk was a network protocol developed by which company? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which topology has a single central node that all other nodes Advanced
connect to? Computer Networks

Which network type covers the largest geographic area? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which topology connects all nodes to a central hub or switch? Advanced

Computer Networks

The OSI model was developed by which organization? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which protocol family does AppleTalk belong to? Advanced

Computer Networks

In the OSI model, what is the main function of the Transport layer? Advanced
Computer Networks

Which of the following represents digital data in analog form? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which term describes the weakening of a signal over distance? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which error detection method uses a polynomial division? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which of these is a Data Link layer protocol? Advanced

Computer Networks

The Stop-and-Wait protocol is commonly used for: Advanced

Computer Networks

Which type of signal can have only discrete values? Advanced

Computer Networks

What is the purpose of multiplexing in data transmission? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which of the following is NOT a data link layer error-detection Advanced

method? Computer Networks
 Which switching technique is used in traditional telephony Advanced
networks? Computer Networks

The Go-back-N ARQ protocol is used in which layer? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which routing algorithm is based on Dijkstra’s algorithm? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which protocol provides connection-oriented service in the Advanced

transport layer? Computer Networks

IPv6 addresses are how many bits long? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which protocol does NOT belong to the network layer? Advanced

Computer Networks

The token bucket algorithm is primarily used for which purpose? Advanced
Computer Networks

What algorithm is typically used for shortest-path routing? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which of these protocols does not provide connection-oriented Advanced

services? Computer Networks

What is the main purpose of flow control in the Transport layer? Advanced
Computer Networks

Which method helps prevent packet loss during congestion? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and Advanced

terminating sessions? Computer Networks

What is the main purpose of the Presentation layer? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which protocol is used to send emails over the Internet? Advanced

Computer Networks

In which layer does the Domain Name System (DNS) operate? Advanced
Computer Networks

Which technique is commonly used in data compression? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which layer of the OSI model handles data compression? Advanced

Computer Networks
 Which of the following protocols is used for email transmission? Advanced
Computer Networks

What is the main purpose of DNS? Advanced

Computer Networks

The Presentation layer performs which of the following functions? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which protocol allows a user to log into another host over a Advanced
network? Computer Networks

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of ad hoc Advanced

networks? Computer Networks

Ad hoc networks are primarily used in which of the following Advanced

scenarios? Computer Networks

Which protocol is NOT commonly used in ad hoc networks? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which of the following is a MAC protocol commonly used in ad hoc Advanced

networks? Computer Networks

WLL stands for which of the following? Advanced

Computer Networks

Bluetooth technology is primarily used to create which type of Advanced

network? Computer Networks

Which of the following simulators is often used for network Advanced

performance analysis? Computer Networks

What is the primary use of LMDS in wireless networks? Advanced

Computer Networks

WLL (Wireless Local Loop) is primarily used for: Advanced

Computer Networks

Which technology allows high-speed data transfer over a short Advanced

distance? Computer Networks

Which protocol standard does Bluetooth use? Advanced

Computer Networks

Which of the following best represents input data for a data mining Engineering
process?

What is the first step in the data mining process? Engineering

 Which of the following is NOT an analysis methodology used in Engineering
data mining?

What does data validation ensure in the context of data mining? Engineering

What is the purpose of data transformation in data mining? Engineering

Which technique is used for data reduction in data mining? Engineering

What is the main difference between prescriptive and descriptive Engineering

data mining?

Which of the following statements is true regarding descriptive data Engineering

mining?

In the context of data mining, which of the following processes Engineering

follows data preparation?

What is the primary goal of a classification problem in data mining? Engineering

Which metric is commonly used to evaluate the performance of a Engineering

classification model?

What does a confusion matrix provide in the context of classification Engineering

model evaluation?

Which of the following is a technique to handle imbalanced classes Engineering

in classification?

Bayesian classification relies on which of the following principles? Engineering

Which of the following is a common Bayesian classification Engineering

algorithm?

What is the primary use of logistic regression? Engineering

In logistic regression, the output is modeled using which function? Engineering

Which of the following describes a neural network? Engineering

In neural networks, what is the purpose of the activation function? Engineering

What is the primary focus of relational marketing? Engineering

Sales force management primarily involves: Engineering

What does supply chain optimization aim to achieve? Engineering

Which of the following is an optimization model used for logistics Engineering

planning?

Revenue management systems are primarily used to: Engineering

What is the purpose of data envelopment analysis (DEA)? Engineering

What does the efficient frontier represent in DEA? Engineering

The CCR model in DEA stands for: Engineering

Which of the following is a measure of efficiency in DEA? Engineering

Identifying good operating practices through DEA involves: Engineering

What is the primary goal of Artificial Intelligence (AI)? Engineering

Which of the following is NOT a common definition of AI? Engineering

How does Artificial Intelligence differ from Natural Intelligence? Engineering

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to natural Engineering

intelligence?

What is an expert system? Engineering

Which of the following is a core component of an expert system? Engineering

 In which area are expert systems commonly used? Engineering

Which of the following is an advantage of using expert systems? Engineering

What is the function of the inference engine in an expert system? Engineering

What does knowledge engineering involve in the context of expert Engineering

systems?

Which of the following is the time complexity of Quick Sort in the Engineering
best-case scenario?

What does "amortized analysis" refer to in algorithm complexity Engineering

analysis?

Which sorting algorithm has the worst-case time complexity of Engineering

O(n^2) but is efficient in practice?

Which hashing technique uses open addressing to resolve Engineering

collisions?

What is the purpose of competitive analysis in algorithm Engineering

complexity?

Which sorting algorithm performs a comparison of adjacent Engineering

elements and swaps them if they are in the wrong order?

What is the primary advantage of using a hash table? Engineering

In the counting sort algorithm, what type of data structure is used to Engineering
store the count of elements?

What is the worst-case time complexity of the heap sort algorithm? Engineering

In hashing, which technique stores elements in linked lists at the Engineering

array index corresponding to the hash?

What is the height of an AVL tree with n nodes? Engineering

Which data structure supports union and find operations efficiently? Engineering

What is the time complexity of inserting a node into a Red-Black Engineering

Tree?
 Which tree data structure allows self-adjusting operations such as Engineering
splaying?

Which of the following is a balanced binary tree that allows more Engineering
than two children per node?

Which algorithm is used to find the shortest path in a weighted Engineering

graph?

What is the time complexity of DFS on a graph with n vertices and e Engineering
edges?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an Eulerian Engineering

Graph?

Which algorithm can be used to solve the max-flow min-cut Engineering

problem?

What is the purpose of topological sorting in a Directed Acyclic Engineering

Graph (DAG)?

What is the time complexity of the Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP) string Engineering

matching algorithm?

In the Rabin-Karp algorithm, how is the hash value of the substring Engineering
recalculated efficiently?

Which string matching algorithm uses the concept of bad character Engineering
and good suffix heuristics?

What is the primary application of suffix trees? Engineering

In which of the following fields is string matching widely used for Engineering
pattern recognition?

What is the primary characteristic of NP-complete problems? Engineering

Which of the following algorithms is an approximation algorithm for Engineering

the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP)?

Which type of problem is categorized as NP-Hard? Engineering

In Knapsack Problem, what does a fully polynomial-time Engineering

approximation scheme (FPTAS) provide?

Why are approximation algorithms used? Engineering

 Which of the following is an example of a Las Vegas algorithm? Engineering

What is the primary characteristic of Monte Carlo algorithms? Engineering

What is the time complexity of Randomized Quick Sort on average? Engineering

Which randomized algorithm solves the minimum cut problem in a Engineering

graph?

Which of the following techniques is commonly used in game- Engineering

theoretic randomized algorithms?

What is the purpose of an approximation algorithm? Engineering

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is an example of which Engineering

type of problem?

What is the approximation ratio of the Christofides Algorithm for the Engineering
Traveling Salesman Problem?

Which of the following is an NP-Hard problem? Engineering

Which Knapsack Problem variant has a fully polynomial-time Engineering

approximation scheme (FPTAS)?

What does an approximation ratio of α = 2 indicate about an Engineering

algorithm?

Which of the following is a deterministic approximation algorithm for Engineering

the Knapsack problem?

What is the difference between P and NP-complete problems? Engineering

Set Cover Problem is classified as which type of problem? Engineering

Which approximation technique is commonly used for minimizing Engineering

makespan in scheduling problems?

Which of the following is a self-balancing binary search tree? Engineering

What is the height of an AVL Tree with n nodes in the worst case? Engineering
 What is the time complexity of the Brute Force string-matching Engineering
algorithm in the worst case?

Which string-matching algorithm uses hashing to find patterns in a Engineering

text?

Which of the following algorithms preprocesses the pattern to Engineering

improve search time?

The Boyer-Moore Algorithm improves search time by skipping parts Engineering

of the text based on what rule?
Sub Category Point if Point if Options Type Difficulty Correct
Correct Incorrect Randomi
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and Validity

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 Networking 1 1 Single Easy 3
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Networking 1 1 Single Easy 1

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Intelligence Choice

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Intelligence Choice

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Intelligence Choice

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Intelligence Choice
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 Option 1 Option 2

Interoperability Latency

Perception layer Application layer

Scalability High energy consumption

Collect data Process data

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) 5G

Scalable data processing Local data storage

Smart traffic management Wearable devices

Everything as a Service Experience as a Service

Unauthorized access High latency

Connect devices to the internet Provide local analytics

Arduino Intel Core i7

A mini-computer for edge computing A sensor for environmental data

ZigBee FTP

Sensor Actuator

CoAP TCP

Converts electrical signals into Collects data from the environment

physical actions
MQTT HTTP

C++ Java

Reliable communication Low-latency communication

I/O Interface OS Interface

Enabling seamless communication Ensuring power efficiency

between devices
Sensors and gateways Relays and switches
 Storing data without predefined Storing data in relational databases
schema
MongoDB MySQL

Verifying the identity of devices Encrypting all data transmission

before communication
Role-based access control (RBAC) Data redundancy

To store and process large amounts of To control connected devices

device-generated data
HTTPS FTP

Combining data from different Filtering unnecessary data

sources into a unified format
Limited computing resources on High network latency
devices
InfluxDB MySQL

Real-time processing analyzes data as Both process data in groups

it arrives, while batch processing
processes data in groups
Prevent equipment failure by Reduce hardware cost
predicting it in advance
Machine Learning Sorting Algorithm

It is optimized for time-stamped data It stores data in tables

Grafana Eclipse

Helps to make predictions from large Stores real-time data

amounts of data
Apache Kafka MongoDB

Identifies unexpected patterns in data Compresses large datasets

Efficient processing of large volumes Low-latency data analysis

of data at once
Limited computing resources on High latency
devices
Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack Phishing attack

Protecting data from unauthorized Ensuring device interoperability

access
To verify that devices communicating To speed up data transmission
are legitimate
Unauthorized tracking of users Data redundancy
 Regular firmware updates Sharing passwords among devices

Weak password protection Strong encryption protocols

Ensures devices meet legal standards Reduces costs for manufacturers

for data protection
WPA2 FTP

Ensuring that data remains Speeding up data transfer

confidential during transit
Increased operational efficiency Higher employee costs

To monitor vehicle conditions and To reduce fuel prices

traffic flow
By enabling precision farming through By reducing water usage
data analytics
Remote patient monitoring Manual record-keeping

Smart lighting and thermostat control Traditional lighting systems

Smart buildings management Manufacturing machinery

Soil moisture sensors Solar panels

By providing real-time health By reducing hospital staff

monitoring
Remote control of home devices Use of traditional wiring

Speed, location, and driver behavior Aesthetic features

variable_name = value int variable_name = value

Tuple List

tuple = [1,2,3] tuple = {1,2,3}

The number of elements in a list The sum of all elements in a list

Indexing Union

dict = {1,2,3} dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

10 25

set() list()

Writing and executing Python code Compiling Java programs

 List String

os math

datetime.now() time.current()

To apply a function to each item in a To add items to a list

list
Supports multi-dimensional data One-dimensional labeled array

plot() scatter()

Histogram Bar chart

add_grid() show_grid()

Box plot Line plot

define_axis() xlabel() and ylabel()

To efficiently map features To sort large datasets

NumPy Scikit-learn

timeit profiler

By using multithreading By using multiprocessing

It only supports classification It provides efficient data

preprocessing
Linear Regression K-means

To increase model complexity To evaluate model performance

Logistic Regression Decision Trees

Predicting target variable Data scaling

Accuracy Mean Squared Error

To shuffle the dataset To split data into training and test

sets
Supervised learning Reinforcement learning

When the model performs well on When the model performs equally
training data but poorly on unseen well on all datasets
data
 Logistic Regression Linear Regression

Decision Trees Random Forest

Decision Tree K-means

To predict labels To minimize error

Regression PCA

Extensive library of algorithms Requires no preprocessing

Gradient Descent Linear Regression

Clustering predicts labels Classification identifies groups

K-means Linear Regression

accuracy_score mean_squared_error

Splits data into training and test sets Reduces model complexity

Using a single model Training multiple identical models

To reduce memory usage To improve model accuracy

Matplotlib Pandas

To optimize CPU usage To visualize data

KNeighborsClassifier DecisionTreeClassifier

Comparing the performance of Using unsupervised learning

different approaches algorithms
It ensures no errors It increases execution speed

To train models sequentially To shuffle datasets

To remove duplicates To encode variable-length data into

fixed-length vectors
Classification Clustering

Regression Performance Model Complexity

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

Hierarchical Clustering k-Means Clustering

Maximize between-class variance Minimize within-class variance

Junction Tree Poly Tree

K-Fold Cross Validation Randomization

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

Classification Clustering

Classification Clustering

Classification Clustering

Hierarchical Clustering k-Means Clustering

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

Junction Tree Poly Tree

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

K-Fold Cross Validation Randomization

Classification Clustering

Hierarchical Clustering k-Means Clustering

Classification Clustering

Junction Tree Poly Tree

Junction Tree Poly Tree

Hierarchical Clustering k-Means Clustering

Classification Clustering

Classification Clustering

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

Classification Clustering

Classification Clustering
 Classification Clustering

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

Hierarchical Clustering k-Means Clustering

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

Classification Clustering

Regression Performance Model Complexity

Junction Tree Poly Tree

Hierarchical Clustering k-Means Clustering

Classification Clustering

Hierarchical Clustering k-Means Clustering

Hierarchical Clustering k-Means Clustering

Maximize between-class variance Minimize within-class variance

Hierarchical Clustering k-Means Clustering

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

Regression Performance Model Complexity

Classification Clustering

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

Regression Performance Model Complexity

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

Junction Tree Poly Tree

Regression Performance Model Complexity

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

Hierarchical Clustering k-Means Clustering

Classification Clustering
 Classification Clustering

K-Fold Cross Validation Randomization

Junction Tree Poly Tree

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

Maximize between-class variance Minimize within-class variance

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Bayes' Estimator

Hierarchical Clustering k-Means Clustering

Classification Clustering

Fundamental Research Applied Research

Experimental Design Observational Design

Data Collection Problem Definition

Prediction Causality

Completely Randomized Design Randomized Block Design

Theory Observation

Alternative Hypothesis Research Hypothesis

Literature Review Secondary Analysis

Survey Experiment

Clarity Subjectivity

Primary is firsthand data Secondary is published

Experimental Design Descriptive Design

Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis

Survey Interview

Data Collection Problem Identification

Identifies gaps in existing research Ends the research process

 Random Sampling Systematic Sampling

Mode Median

To determine the validity of a To define a research problem

statement
To block one variable To block two variables

Survey Interview

Non-random sampling method Random sampling method

Central Tendency Time Series Analysis

ANOVA t-test

Positive Skew Negative Skew

Reliability Content Validity

Regression Analysis Factor Analysis

Cause and effect Relationship between variables

Systematic Sampling Convenience Sampling

Consistency of results Validity of data

Data summarization Predicting relationships

Dividing population Stratified Sampling

Median Mean

Principal Component Analysis Factor Analysis

 Variance Standard deviation

Face validity Criterion validity

Cluster Sampling Quota Sampling

Subjective analysis In-depth understanding

Chi-square test ANOVA

Heatmap Scatterplot

Light tails Fat tails

Concept generation Data mining

Autocorrelation Trend analysis

Kruskal-Wallis Mann-Whitney U

High predictor Interrelated variables

Cramer's V Chi-square

Classification Dimension reduction

Test procedures Testing method

Creates groups Sorts data

To establish cause-and-effect To describe characteristics of a

relationships population
Creates groups based on similarities Sorts data in chronological order
 Programming languages Network architecture

Invention of the internet Development of neural networks

Symbolic AI Evolutionary Algorithms

Symbolic AI Expert Systems

Web browsing Graphics rendering

Machine learning capability Machine's ability to exhibit

intelligence

Depth-first search Genetic algorithms

Set of mathematical operations Relationships among concepts

Knowledge base Inference engine

Fuzzy logic Genetic algorithms

A set of rules for decision making A model inspired by biological

neurons

Reinforcement Learning Supervised Learning

Mean Squared Error Logarithmic loss

To classify data To maximize cumulative reward

Syntax analysis Semantic analysis

Converting fuzzy data into precise Converting precise data into fuzzy
data data
 To visualize data relationships To predict outcomes

K-means clustering ID3 algorithm

Prior and posterior probabilities Mean and variance

Inductive learning Analytical learning

State transition representations Planning actions

Agents perform tasks independently Agents communicate with users

Decision trees Fuzzy logic

Storing information Processing data

They lack learning capabilities They require extensive data

Relationships among concepts Temporal sequences

Data encryption Sentiment analysis

Structured Learning Unstructured Learning

Requires labeled data Learns patterns from unlabeled data

Analyzing sentence structure Understanding context

Decision trees Bayesian networks

Classification Clustering

To evolve solutions to problems To store data

 Hierarchical Planning Goal Stack Planning

Sentiment analysis Image recognition

Coordination among agents Individual agent performance

Clear boundaries between categories Gradual transitions between

categories

Supervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Genetic algorithms Naive Bayes Classifier

Predicting stock prices Categorizing images

Keeping track of goals Managing resources

Supervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

Control systems Data storage

Voice recognition Image classification

High interpretability Ability to model complex relationships

It stores the knowledge base It processes and applies knowledge

Requires a large amount of data Learns hierarchical representations

Combining two parent solutions Evaluating solutions

It learns from feedback It requires labeled data

Splitting text into meaningful units Understanding sentence structure

 A web development framework An operating system for mobile
devices

Application Framework Linux Kernel

Python Kotlin

Android Studio Visual Studio Code

MainActivity.java strings.xml

Activity Service

onCreate(), onStart(), onResume(), onStart(), onCreate(), onPause(),

onPause(), onStop(), onDestroy() onResume(), onStop(), onDestroy()

Activity Service

Implicit intent Explicit intent

Activity Content Provider

The context of a particular activity The global context of the current

process

Implicit intent Explicit intent

To control access to shared To define which intents an activity

preferences can respond to

It declares activities, services, and It contains all the layout files

permissions required by the app

sendBroadcast() startBroadcast()

onCreate() onDestroy()

Intent that specifies the target Intent that allows an action to be

component by name performed by any available app
 <activity-filter> <intent-filter>

finish() stop()

<uses-permission <uses-permission
android:name="android.permission.AC android:name="android.permission.I
CESS_NETWORK_STATE" /> NTERNET" />
LinearLayout RelativeLayout

<Button android:id="@+id/button" <Button id="@+id/button"

android:layout_width="wrap_content" layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" layout_height="wrap_content" />
/>
SeekBar ProgressBar

ListView TextView

LinearLayout RelativeLayout

SharedPreferences SQLite

Firebase SQLite

Firebase Authentication Firebase Realtime Database

save() apply()

Storing user data Enabling user login and registration

Retrofit Volley

To format data as XML To make HTTP requests and

exchange data between client and
server
POST GET

Storing data locally Parsing data received from a server

 AsyncTask onPostExecute()

Adding debug logs Signing the APK

Apple App Store Google Play Store

Changing the app icon Assigning a version number to the

app for tracking updates

Android Studio Profiler Firebase Analytics

Updating the UI only Fixing bugs, improving performance,

and updating features after app
release
LinearLayout RelativeLayout

Storing and syncing user data in real- Building Android APKs

time

Initializes the activity and its UI Handles app updates

components

TextView Button

Offers built-in social login options like Allows storing data locally on the
Google and Facebook device

To start new activities or pass data To store data locally

between components

onCreate() onStart()

A component used to display the UI A storage method

LinearLayout RelativeLayout

Implicit Intent Explicit Intent

Star Ring
 Data Link Network

IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.3

Microsoft Apple

Ring Star

LAN MAN

Mesh Ring

IEEE ISO

TCP/IP IPX/SPX

Reliable Data Transfer Routing

Modulation Multiplexing

Distortion Noise

Checksum Parity Bit

IP TCP

Flow Control Error Correction

Analog Digital

Amplify Signal Reduce transmission errors

Hamming Code CRC

 Packet Switching Message Switching

Physical Layer Data Link Layer

Distance Vector Routing Link State Routing

IP ICMP

32 64

ICP ICMP

Routing Error Correction

Bellman-Ford RSA

TCP UDP

Error Correction Multiplexing

Leaky Bucket Token Passing

Network Presentation

Routing Data Formation and Encryption

FTP HTTP

Application Presentation

RSA Encryption Huffman coding

Application Layer Presentation Layer

 HTTP FTP

IP Address Resolution Data Compression

Routing Addressing

FTP Telnet

Centralized Control Fixed Infrastructure

Mobile Communication Large Corporate LANs

AODV DSR

HTTP IEEE 802.11

Wired Local Loop Wireless Local Loop

LAN PAN

NS2 MatLab

Local Network Address Long-Range wireless communication

Cable TV Distribution Satellite Communication

Bluetooth WLL

IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.11

Raw data collected from various Summarized data reports

sources

Data transformation Data cleaning

 Classification Regression

Data is stored efficiently Data is accurate and meets quality

standards

To reduce the size of the dataset To convert data into a suitable format
for analysis

Normalization Clustering

Prescriptive data mining predicts Descriptive data mining predicts

future outcomes; descriptive data future outcomes; prescriptive data
mining summarizes past data. mining summarizes past data.

It provides recommendations for future It focuses on finding patterns and

actions. relationships in historical data.

Data collection Data storage

To group data into clusters To predict categorical labels for new

observations

Mean Absolute Error Accuracy

A visual representation of the model's A summary of prediction results for

architecture each class

Data normalization Oversampling the minority class

Deterministic algorithms Probability and Bayes' theorem

Support Vector Machine Decision Tree

Predicting continuous outcomes Classifying binary outcomes

Linear function Exponential function

A linear regression model A series of connected nodes

(neurons) that process data in layers
 To optimize the model To introduce non-linearity into the
model

Increasing transaction frequency Building long-term relationships with

customers

Designing promotional materials Managing and optimizing the

performance of the sales team

Maximizing the number of suppliers Minimizing total supply chain costs

while maximizing service levels

Linear programming Regression analysis

Analyze competitor pricing Optimize pricing and inventory based

on demand forecasts

To forecast sales trends To measure the efficiency of

decision-making units (DMUs)

The maximum output that can be The average performance of all

achieved with a given set of inputs DMUs

Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes model Continuous, Comprehensive, and

Robust model

Profit margin Output-to-input ratio

Focusing solely on financial metrics Comparing efficient units to inefficient

ones to find best practices

To replace human jobs To create systems that can perform

tasks that normally require human
intelligence
Machine learning Reasoning and problem-solving

AI is always more efficient than human Natural intelligence is biological,

intelligence. while AI is created through
programming and algorithms
Problem-solving Learning from experience

A system that can perform basic A program that uses knowledge and
calculations inference rules to solve specific
problems
Database User interface
 Social media analysis Medical diagnosis and treatment
recommendations

They can replace human experts in all They provide consistent and
fields. unbiased recommendations

To store the knowledge base To process user inputs

Developing user interfaces Extracting, structuring, and

organizing domain knowledge

O(n^2) O(n)

Average cost per operation Worst-case scenario analysis

Merge Sort Bucket Sort

Direct Address Tables Perfect Hashing

Analyzing memory usage Comparing algorithms in different

conditions

Bubble Sort Quick Sort

Memory optimization Constant time complexity for search

Array Linked List

O(n) O(n^2)

Open addressing Chaining

O(n) O(log n)

Stack Queue

O(n) O(log n)
 Splay Tree AVL Tree

AVL Tree Red-Black Tree

Prim’s Algorithm Kruskal’s Algorithm

O(n) O(n + e)

All vertices are even degree It contains a Euler circuit

Dijkstra’s Algorithm Kruskal’s Algorithm

Determine task dependencies Find shortest path

O(n^2) O(n + m)

Rolling Hash Technique Divide and Conquer

Brute Force Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP)

String Matching Sorting

Data Compression Graph Traversal

They can be solved in polynomial time They are undecidable

Ford-Fulkerson Bellman-Ford

Problems that can be solved in As hard as the hardest problems in

polynomial time NP

Approximation within a guaranteed Exact solution

bound

To find exact solutions To improve space complexity

 Quick Sort Bubble Sort

Always gives the correct result Worst-case guarantees

O(n^2) O(n log n)

Rabin-Karp Dijkstra’s Algorithm

Randomized Strategies Deterministic Payoffs

To provide exact solutions To find near-optimal solutions

P NP

2 1.5

Minimum Spanning Tree Shortest Path

0/1 Knapsack Fractional Knapsack

The solution is exact The solution is at most twice the

optimal value

Greedy Algorithm Randomized Algorithm

Both can be solved in polynomial time P problems are unsolvable

P BQP

Randomized Selection Integer Programming

AVL Tree Binary Search Tree

O(log n) O(n log n)

 O(nm) O(log n)

KMP Algorithm Rabin-Karp Algorithm

Brute Force Rabin-Karp Algorithm

Prefix Rule Backward Rule

 Option 3 Option 4

Bandwidth Manual processing

Transport layer Business layer

Interoperability Security

Encrypt data Store data

GPS NFC

Remote monitoring Hardware management

Cloud storage Online streaming

Extendable as a Service Exclusive as a Service

Interoperability Large storage needs

Manufacture devices Actuate sensors

NVIDIA GPU AMD Ryzen

A communication protocol A power source

HTTP SMTP

Gateway Power module

UDP Bluetooth

Transmits data wirelessly Encrypts communication

SMTP FTP

Python Node.js

High-power usage Wireless communication

Power Interface Middleware

Limiting data transmission Reducing data storage needs

Cloud infrastructure Database queries

 Encrypting sensitive data Organizing data into tables

PostgreSQL Oracle DB

Storing data securely Compressing device data

Simple storage service Middleware layer

To monitor device health To reduce device power usage

IMAP Telnet

Encrypting device data Transmitting data wirelessly

Excessive data generation Power management

MongoDB Oracle DB

Real-time is slower than batch Batch processing requires more

storage

Ensure high latency in data processing Optimize data storage

Brute Force Compression

It supports relational data models It is easy to scale horizontally

GitHub Telnet

Encrypts device data Communicates with sensors

HTTP Node.js

Enhances data security Lowers power consumption

Real-time alert generation Minimizes data redundancy

Large storage needs Complex sensor integration

Brute force attack Keylogging attack

Reducing data storage Improving processing speeds

To store device data To ensure data is encrypted

Limited network capacity Device battery consumption

 Disabling encryption Using default credentials

Data compression techniques Role-based access control

Increases device performance Limits the use of encryption

HTTP Telnet

Reducing data loss Compressing data before

transmission
Slower production speeds Increased manual labor

To improve aesthetics To enhance driver comfort

By eliminating the need for equipment By removing the need for

monitoring
In-person consultations Paper prescriptions

Manual door locking Basic appliances

Transportation logistics Warehouse storage

Manual weather stations Data logging devices

By increasing paperwork By limiting patient access

Manual operation of devices Non-integrated systems

Passenger preferences Fuel efficiency rates

var variable_name = value def variable_name

Set Dictionary

tuple = (1,2,3) tuple = <1,2,3>

The first element None

Intersection Difference

dict = [1:'a', 2:'b'] dict = set(1,2,3)

7 Error

dict() tuple()

Running SQL queries Analyzing images

 Tuple Dictionary

csv re

date.today() now()

To delete items To sort a list

No indexing available No data manipulation

bar() hist()

Pie chart Scatter plot

gridlines() grid(True)

Pie chart Bar chart

show_axis() mark_axis()

To remove duplicate rows To apply hashing to keys

Pandas Matplotlib

benchmark() process_time()

By using hash functions By using recursion

It handles image processing It supports visualization

PCA DBSCAN

To reduce training time To optimize memory

K-means Naive Bayes

Data normalization Dimensionality reduction

R-squared Silhouette Score

To train multiple models To visualize the data

Unsupervised learning Transfer learning

When the model is too simple When the model uses deep
learning algorithms
 K-means Decision Tree

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) K-nearest neighbors

PCA Linear Regression

To find hidden patterns To label data

Cross-validation Clustering

Only supports supervised learning Limited scalability

Decision Trees Recursive Feature Elimination

Classification predicts labels Clustering finds labels

Decision Tree Random Forest

silhouette_score r2_score

Handles imbalanced datasets Optimizes hyperparameters

Combining predictions from multiple Training on the same dataset

models
To prevent overfitting To increase dataset size

Numpy TensorFlow

To monitor memory usage To handle exceptions

LinearRegression SelectFromModel

Creating plots Merging datasets

It simplifies code It prevents memory leaks

To execute code in parallel across To reduce overfitting

multiple cores
To reduce dataset size To improve model accuracy

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Capacity of a Hypothesis Class Error Margin

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Mixture Densities Expectation-Maximization

Maximize total variance Minimize error rate

Markov Random Field Belief Propagation

Bootstrapping Blocking

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Mixture Densities Expectation-Maximization

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Markov Random Field Belief Propagation

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Bootstrapping Blocking

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Mixture Densities Expectation-Maximization

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Markov Random Field Belief Propagation

Markov Random Field Belief Propagation

Mixture Densities Expectation-Maximization

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

 Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Mixture Densities Expectation-Maximization

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Capacity of a Hypothesis Class Error Margin

Markov Random Field Belief Propagation

Mixture Densities Expectation-Maximization

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Mixture Densities Expectation-Maximization

Mixture Densities Expectation-Maximization

Maximize total variance Minimize error rate

Mixture Densities Expectation-Maximization

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Capacity of a Hypothesis Class Error Margin

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Capacity of a Hypothesis Class Error Margin

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Markov Random Field Belief Propagation

Capacity of a Hypothesis Class Error Margin

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Mixture Densities Expectation-Maximization

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

 Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Bootstrapping Blocking

Markov Random Field Belief Propagation

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Maximize total variance Minimize error rate

Gaussian Density Multinomial Density

Mixture Densities Expectation-Maximization

Reinforcement Learning Association Rules

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

Descriptive Design Factorial Design

Review of Previous Studies Hypothesis Testing

Description Correlation

Latin Square Design Response Surface Design

Hypothesis Conclusion

Null Hypothesis Positive Hypothesis

Questionnaire Meta-analysis

Observation Interview

Bias Ambiguity

Primary is theoretical Secondary is numeric

Correlational Design Survey Design

Random Hypothesis Testable Hypothesis

Observation Assumption

Literature Review Experimentation

Provides irrelevant data Establishes a hypothesis

 Stratified Sampling Cluster Sampling

Mean Range

To analyze the mean To collect data

To control variability across two factors For response surface analysis

Observation Secondary Data Analysis

Hypothesis testing method A type of survey

Regression Analysis Hypothesis Testing

Chi-Square Regression

Symmetric Distribution Uniform Distribution

Construct Validity Criterion Validity

ANOVA Chi-Square

Average calculation Data collection

Stratified Sampling Cluster Sampling

Experiment design Data analysis

Data collection Testing hypothesis

Convenience Sampling Frequency analysis

Range Quartile

Linear Regression Discriminant Analysis

 Mean Skewness

Concurrent validity Internal validity

Randomized sampling Structured Sampling

Numerical values Data interpretation

Regression line P-value test

Kurtosis Histogram

Hypothesis formation Outliers detection

Pattern discovery Concept testing

Chi-Square Regression coefficients

Correlated variables Sign test

Cross-tabulation Regression diagnostics

Predictor analysis Factor loadings

Research focus Discriminant function

Hierarchical Pre-test

Data segmentation

To test hypotheses To analyze historical data

Identifies outliers in data Analyzes variance among groups

Making intelligent machines Database management

Moore's Law Quantum computing

Probabilistic Models Fuzzy Logic

Machine Learning Game theory

Database indexing Autonomous driving

AI's ethical implications Human behavior

A* algorithm Dijkstra’s algorithm

Physical objects Programming syntax

User interface Data storage

Neural networks Ontologies

A database structure A programming language

Unsupervised Learning Genetic Algorithms

Hinge loss Cross-entropy loss

To optimize parameters To learn syntax

Pragmatics Morphology

Analyzing linguistic variables Storing data

 To minimize error To classify data

Linear regression Logistic regression

Random and systematic sampling Training and testing

Supervised learning Reinforcement learning

Goal states Resource allocation

Agents store knowledge Agents analyze data

Neural networks Genetic algorithms

Analyzing algorithms Testing systems

They are always accurate They cannot adapt

Syntax rules Visual representations

Image recognition Database management

Semi-structured Learning Reinforcement Learning

Needs user intervention Always accurate

Generating text Storing information

Genetic algorithms Neural networks

Regression Markov models

To analyze algorithms To classify data

 Linear Planning Non-linear Planning

Data encryption Speech recognition

Data analysis Rule enforcement

Exact classifications Defined categories

Unsupervised Learning Deep Learning

Decision Trees Neural networks

Predicting weather Classifying emails

Developing strategies Analyzing data

Unsupervised Learning Genetic algorithms

Pattern recognition Database queries

Predictive modeling Data encryption

Low computation time Requirement of labeled data

It manages user interfaces It generates reports

Mimics human thought processes Always requires supervision

Selecting solutions Mutating solutions

It is always accurate It works without data

Analyzing sentiment Generating text

 A programming language A cloud service

Android Runtime Libraries

Swift Ruby

Xcode IntelliJ IDEA

AndroidManifest.xml activity_main.xml

Broadcast Receiver Content Provider

onCreate(), onStop(), onResume(), onPause(), onCreate(),

onPause(), onStart(), onDestroy() onResume(), onStart(), onStop(),
onDestroy()
Content Provider Broadcast Receiver

Filtered intent Broadcast intent

Broadcast Receiver Intent

A special context for system-level None of the above

services

Broadcast intent Filtered intent

To define permissions in To configure UI components

AndroidManifest.xml

It stores runtime data It is responsible for building the

app

triggerBroadcast() broadcastMessage()

onPause() onExecute()

Intent used to broadcast events Intent used only in services

 <service-filter> <component-filter>

close() end()

<uses-permission <uses-permission
android:name="android.permission.BLU android:name="android.permission
ETOOTH" /> .ACCESS_WIFI_STATE" />
FrameLayout TableLayout

<Button id="@button" width="wrap" <Button id="@+id/button"

height="wrap" /> wrap_width="content"
wrap_height="content" />

TextView EditText

ImageView Button

GridLayout ConstraintLayout

Firebase Internal storage

MongoDB MySQL

Firebase Storage Firebase Analytics

commit() put()

Retrieving user statistics Uploading files

Both A and B Neither A nor B

To handle Bluetooth connections To define screen layouts

PUT DELETE

Sending push notifications Rendering UI elements

 sendBroadcast() finish()

Removing all images Changing app name

Windows Store None of the above

Deleting user data after updates None of the above

Google Play Console All of the above

Signing the app Removing app permissions

ConstraintLayout FrameLayout

Storing user data Authentication

Saves the activity state Closes the app

ListView ImageView

Reduces app size Provides better UI customization

To manage app updates To handle network requests

onResume() onPause()

A background process component A lifecycle method

FrameLayout TableLayout

Broadcast Intent Content Intent

Mesh Bus
 Transport Application

IEEE 802.5 IEEE802.15

IBM Cisco

Mesh Bus

WAN PAN

Star Bus

IETF ANSI

SNA Proprietary

Data Encoding Physical Addressing

Switching Encoding

Attenuation Amplification

CRC Hamming Code

PPP UDP

Connection Establishment All of the Above

Continuous Carrier

Combine Multiple signals for efficient Encrypt Signals

transmission

Checksum Parity Checking

 Circuit Switching Multiplexing

Transport Layer Application Layer

Bellman-Ford Algorithm Border Gateway Protocol

UDP TCP

128 256

UDP IPv6

Congestion Control Data Encapsulation

Leaky Bucket Stop-and-Wait

FTP Telnet

Congestion Control Matching the sender and receiver

speeds

Stop-and-Wait ALOHA

Session Transport

Data Correction Physical Addressing

SMTP SNMP

Checksum Leaky Bucket

Session Layer Transport Layer

 SMTP HTTPS

Error Correction File Transfer

Data Compression and encryption Flow Control

SMTP SNMP

Self-Organizing High Power Consumption

Traditional Telephony Fixed Wireless Networks

OSPF TORA

SMTP TCP

Wireless LAN Link Wired LAN Link

WAN MAN

Netsim SPICE

Point-to-Point Communication Local multipoint distribution

Underwater Distributions Voice and Data Services

Satellite Optical Fiber

IEEE 802.15 IEEE 802.5

Analyzed data results Visualized data outputs

Data selection Data analysis

 Data entry Clustering

Data is visually appealing Data is transformed into multiple

formats

To eliminate redundant data To increase the complexity of the

dataset

Dimensionality reduction Data validation

There is no difference; both terms mean Prescriptive data mining focuses

the same. on data collection; descriptive data
mining focuses on data analysis.

It requires real-time data processing. It is only used for predictive

analytics.

Data analysis Data reporting

To summarize numerical data To transform data into a different

format

Silhouette Score R-squared

A comparison of different models A dataset used for training the

model

Feature selection Dimensionality reduction

Gradient descent optimization Nearest neighbor analysis

Naive Bayes K-Means

Clustering data Reducing dimensionality

Sigmoid function Polynomial function

A clustering algorithm A decision tree structure

To reduce the size of the input data To increase the number of output
classes

Maximizing sales volume Reducing marketing costs

Setting pricing strategies Analyzing market trends

Reducing the time spent on logistics Simplifying production processes

planning

Decision trees Time series analysis

Increase production capacity Manage supplier relationships

To analyze customer preferences To develop marketing strategies

The minimum cost of production The relationship between market

share and profit

Cost, Capability, and Risk model Centralized, Collaborative, and

Real-time model

Market share Return on investment

Analyzing only internal processes Collecting qualitative data from

customers

To store large amounts of data To automate repetitive tasks

Data storage Understanding natural language

AI can feel emotions, while natural There is no difference; they are the
intelligence cannot same.

Emotional understanding Data processing

A type of artificial neural network A hardware device that enhances

human capabilities

Knowledge base All of the above

 Gaming applications Video streaming

They require minimal data input They do not need updates

To apply logical rules to the knowledge To manage user interactions

base to draw conclusions

Writing the software code Creating hardware components

O(n log n) O(log n)

Space complexity Randomized analysis

Quick Sort Heap Sort

Chaining Linear Probing

Measuring time complexity Determining worst-case

performance

Merge Sort Heap Sort

Sorting capability Easy implementation

Stack Queue

O(n log n) O(log n)

Direct Address Table Perfect Hashing

O(n log n) O(1)

Disjoint Set Binary Tree

O(n^2) O(1)
 Red-Black Tree B-Tree

Splay Tree B-Tree

Dijkstra’s Algorithm Ford-Fulkerson

O(e log n) O(n^2)

It contains Euler path Graph is bipartite

Bellman-Ford Algorithm Ford-Fulkerson

Find minimum spanning tree Perform DFS

O(log n) O(n log n)

Dynamic Programming Memoization

Rabin-Karp Boyer-Moore

Shortest Path Hashing

Bioinformatics Network Flow

They are uncomputable No known polynomial-time solution

exists

Christofides Algorithm Dijkstra’s Algorithm

Tractable Problems Linear Problems

Worst-case analysis Exponential-time solution

To reduce code size To solve NP-complete problems

efficiently
 Insertion Sort Selection Sort

May provide incorrect results with a Randomized time complexity

small probability

O(n) O(log n)

Prim’s Algorithm Karger’s Algorithm

Fixed Strategies

To minimize complexity To solve polynomial problems

efficiently

NP-Hard NP-Complete

1 3

Set Cover Sorting

Multidimensional Knapsack Infinite Knapsack

The solution is at least twice the optimal The solution is always optimal
value

Ford-Fulkerson Bellman-Ford

NP-complete problems are undecidable P problems are solvable in

polynomial time, but NP-complete
are not
NP-Complete Polynomial

Branch and Bound List Scheduling

Heap Trie

O(n) O(n^2)
 O(m+n) O(n^2)

Boyer-Moore Algorithm Suffix Tree

Knuth-Morris-Pratt (KMP) Algorithm Bubble Sort

Preprocessing Rule Bad Character Rule