Magnets - Magnetsim.....

MBARARA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
MAGNETS AND MAGNETISM
INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNER: HAJJAT ZAINAB

Magnets and Magnetism
Magnets
•Materialsthat attract other metals
•Three classes: natural, artificial and
electromagnets
•Permanent or Temporary
•CRITICAL to electric systems:
– Generation of electricity
– Operation of motors
– Operation of relays
Magnetic Fields and Forces
•Magnetic lines of force
– Lines indicating magnetic field
– Direction from N to S
– Density indicates strength
•Magnetic field is region where
force exists
• Laws of magnetic attraction
and repulsion
–Like magnetic poles repel
each other
–Unlike magnetic poles
attract each other
–Closer together, greater the

force
Magnetic Theories
Molecular theory of
Magnetism
Magnets can be split into two magnets

Electron theory of magnetism
•Electrons spin as they orbit (similar to earth)
•Spin produces magnetic field
•Magnetic direction depends on direction of

rotation
•Non-magnets → equal number of electrons

spinning
in opposite direction
•Magnets → more spin one way than other

Right Hand Rule (Conductor)
•Determines direction of magnetic

field
•Imagine grasping conductor

with right hand
•Thumb in direction of current

flow (not electron flow)
•Fingers curl in the direction of

magnetic field
Conductor coils
•Single conductor not very useful
•Multiple winds of a conductor

required for most applications,
– e.g. electromagnet, motors,

solenoids
•Strength of magnetic field now

dependent on current
magnitude and number of turns
Right Hand Rule (Coil)
•Imagine grasping coil with right

hand
•Fingers in direction of current

flow (not electron flow)
•Thumb points in direction of

magnetic field through coil
Magnetic Force on Moving Charge
•A magnetic field has a force on a
moving charge
•Lorentz Force Law (write notes on it in
your free time)
Two right hand rules.
Choose which one is best
for you.
I like the one on the right
Magnetic Circuits
•Magnetic Flux in circuit similar to current
– Unit: Maxwells (Mx) = 1 magnetic line of force.
• Magnetomotive Force (mmf) similar to voltage

– Unit: Gilberts (Gb) = the mmf that will establish a flux of 1 Mx in a
magnetic circuit having a reluctance (rel) of 1 unit.
– In electromagnets mmf is proportional to coil current and number of
turns
• Reluctance (rel) is similar to resistance

– Material's opposition to magnetic flux
• Permeance is similar to conductance

– inverse of reluctance
– Material's ability to conduct magnetic flux
ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION
- If the magnetic flux through a circuit changes, an emf and a current are
induced.
- A time-varying magnetic field can act as source of electric field.
Maxwell
- A time-varying electric field can act as source of magnetic field.
1. Induction Experiments (Faraday / Henry)

- An induced current (and emf) is generated when: (a) we move a magnet
around a coil, (b) move a second coil toward/away another coil, (c) change the current in the second
coil by opening/closing a switch.
- Magnetically induced emfs are always the result of the action of non-
electrostatic forces. The electric fields caused by those forces are En (non-
Coulomb, non conservative).
2. Faraday’s Law
Magnetic flux:
Φ B =  B ⋅ dA =  B cos ϕ ⋅dA
If B is uniform over a flat area A: Φ B = B ⋅ A = B ⋅ A ⋅ cos ϕ

Faraday’s Law of Induction:
- The induced emf in a closed loop equals the negative of the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux through the loop.
dΦ - Increasing flux ε<0; Decreasing flux ε>0

ε = − dt B
dΦ B
Coil:
ε = −N N = number of turns
dt
- If the loop is a conductor, an induced current results from emf. This current
produces an additional magnetic field through loop. From right hand rule,
that field is opposite in direction to the increasing field produced by
electromagnet.
Ex: - Generator I: a simple alternator

3. Lenz’s Law
- Alternative method for determining the direction of induced current or emf.
The direction of any magnetic induction effect is such as to oppose the

cause of the effect.
-The “cause” can be changing the flux through a stationary circuit due to
varying B, changing flux due to motion of conductors, or both.
Lenz’s Law and the Response to Flux Changes
- Lenz’s Law gives only the direction of an induced current. The magnitude
depends on the circuit’s resistance.
- If loop is a good conductor I induced present as long as magnet moves

with respect to loop. When relative motion stops I = 0 quickly (due to
circuit’s resistance).
- If R = 0 (superconductor) I induced (persistent current) flows even after

induced emf has disappeared (after magnet stopped moving relative to loop).
The flux through loop is the same as before the magnet started to move flux
through loop of R =0 does not change.
4. Motional Electromotive Force
- A charged particle in rod experiences a
magnetic force F = qv × B that causes
free charges in rod to move, creating excess
charges at opposite ends.
- The excess charges generate an electric

field (from a to b) and electric force (F = q E)
opposite to magnetic force.
- Charge continues accumulating until FE

compensates FB and charges are in
equilibrium qE=qvB
Vab = E ⋅ L = v ⋅ B ⋅L
- If rod slides along stationary U-shaped
conductor no FB acts on charges in U-
shaped conductor, but excess charge at
ends of straight rod redistributes along U-
conductor, creating an electric field.
-The electric field in stationary U-shaped conductor creates a current
moving rod became a source of emf (motional electromotive force). Within
straight rod charges move from lower to higher potential, and in the rest of
circuit from higher to lower potential.
ε = vBL Length of rod and velocity perpendicular to B.
Induced current: ε vBL

I= =
R R
- The emf associated with the moving rod is equivalent to that of a
battery with positive terminal at a and negative at b.
Motional emf: general form (alternative expression of Faraday’s law)
dε = (v × B) ⋅ dl ε =  (v × B) ⋅ dl Closed conducting loop
-This expression can only be used for problems involving moving conductors.
When we have stationary conductors in changing magnetic fields, we need to
use: ε= -dΦB/dt.
5. Induced Electric Fields
- An induced emf occurs when there is a
changing magnetic flux through a stationary
conductor.
- A current (I) in solenoid sets up B along its
axis, the magnetic flux is:
Φ B = B ⋅ A = µ0 nIA
dΦ B dI
ε =− = −µ0 nA
dt dt
Induced current in loop (I’): I’ = ε / R
- The force that makes the charges move

around the loop is not a magnetic force.
There is an induced electric field in the

conductor caused by a changing magnetic
flux.
- Faraday’s law:
1) an emf is induced by magnetic forces on charges when

a conductor moves through B.
2) a time-varying B induces E in stationary conductor

and emf.
Induced E is non-conservative, “non-electrostatic”. No

potential energy associated, but FE = q E.
6. Eddy Currents
- Induced currents that circulate throughout the
volume of a material.
Ex.: B confined to a small region of rotating

disk Ob moves across B and emf is induced
induced circulation of eddy currents. Sectors
Oa and Oc are not in B, but provide return
conducting paths for charges displaced along Ob to
return from b to O.
Induced I experiences FB that opposes disk rotation:

F = IL × B (right) current and L downward.
(the return currents lie outside B do not

experience FB).
-The interaction between eddy currents and B causes

braking of disk.
(a) Metal detector (airport security checkpoint) generates an alternating B0
that induces eddy currents in conducting object (suitcase). These currents
produce alternating B’ that induces current in detector’s receiver (I’).
(b) Same principle as (a).

Displacement current (iD): fictitious current in region between capacitor’s
plates.
dΦ E
iD = ε
dt
Changing the flux through curved surface is equivalent in Ampere’s law to

a conduction current through that surface (iD)
Generalized Ampere’s Law:  B ⋅ dl = µ (I

0 C + I D ) encl
Valid for any surface we use: for curved
surface ic = 0, for flat surface iD = 0.
ic (flat surface) = iD (curved surface)
Displacement current density (jD):

iD dE
jD = =ε
A dt
The displacement current is the source of B in between

capacitor’s plates. It helps us to satisfy Kirchoff’s junction’s rule: IC in and ID out
Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
Qencl
 E ⋅ dA =
Gauss Law for E
ε0
 B ⋅ dA =0 Gauss Law for B (there are no magnetic monopoles)
 Φ
 0 d E Ampere’s law
 ⋅ =µ  + ε dt  encl
0 C
B dl i
dΦ B
 E ⋅ dl = − dt
Faraday’s law
Total electric field = E caused by a distribution of charges

E = Ec + E n at rest (Ec = electrostatic) + E magnetically induced (En,
non-electrostatic).
Symmetry in Maxwell’s Equations
In empty space ic = 0, Qencl = 0 Φ E =  E ⋅ dA

Φ B = B ⋅ dA

d
 B ⋅ dl =ε o µ0 dt  E ⋅ dA
d
 E ⋅ dl = − dt  B ⋅ dA
F = q(E + v × B)
BON COURANGE
MERCI A TOUS

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MBARARA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND

MAGNETS AND MAGNETISM

INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNER: HAJJAT ZAINAB

•CRITICAL to electric systems:

– Density indicates strength

•Magnetic field is region where

–Closer together, greater the

Magnets can be split into two magnets

•Electrons spin as they orbit (similar to earth)

•Spin produces magnetic field

•Magnetic direction depends on direction of

•Non-magnets → equal number of electrons

•Magnets → more spin one way than other

•Determines direction of magnetic

•Imagine grasping conductor

•Thumb in direction of current

•Fingers curl in the direction of

•Single conductor not very useful

•Multiple winds of a conductor

– e.g. electromagnet, motors,

•Strength of magnetic field now

•Imagine grasping coil with right

•Fingers in direction of current

•Thumb points in direction of

• Magnetomotive Force (mmf) similar to voltage

• Reluctance (rel) is similar to resistance

• Permeance is similar to conductance

1. Induction Experiments (Faraday / Henry)

If B is uniform over a flat area A: Φ B = B ⋅ A = B ⋅ A ⋅ cos ϕ

dΦ - Increasing flux ε<0; Decreasing flux ε>0

Ex: - Generator I: a simple alternator

- Alternative method for determining the direction of induced current or emf.

The direction of any magnetic induction effect is such as to oppose the

- If loop is a good conductor I induced present as long as magnet moves

- If R = 0 (superconductor) I induced (persistent current) flows even after

- The excess charges generate an electric

- Charge continues accumulating until FE

Induced current: ε vBL

Motional emf: general form (alternative expression of Faraday’s law)

dε = (v × B) ⋅ dl ε =  (v × B) ⋅ dl Closed conducting loop

- The force that makes the charges move

There is an induced electric field in the

1) an emf is induced by magnetic forces on charges when

2) a time-varying B induces E in stationary conductor

Induced E is non-conservative, “non-electrostatic”. No

Ex.: B confined to a small region of rotating

Induced I experiences FB that opposes disk rotation:

(the return currents lie outside B do not

-The interaction between eddy currents and B causes

(b) Same principle as (a).

Changing the flux through curved surface is equivalent in Ampere’s law to

Generalized Ampere’s Law:  B ⋅ dl = µ (I

Displacement current density (jD):

The displacement current is the source of B in between

 B ⋅ dA =0 Gauss Law for B (there are no magnetic monopoles)

Total electric field = E caused by a distribution of charges

In empty space ic = 0, Qencl = 0 Φ E =  E ⋅ dA

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