Unit 1

Definition:
IoT or Internet of Things refers to the interconnectivity of physical devices,
vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, and connectivity.
Key Characteristics:

1. Interconnectedness: IoT devices are connected to the internet or other

networks, enabling them to communicate and exchange data.

2. Embedded Technology: IoT devices are equipped with sensors, processing

ability, software, and other technologies that enable them to collect and
analyze data.

3. Autonomy: IoT devices can operate independently, making decisions and

taking actions based on the data they collect and analyze.

4. Data Exchange: IoT devices exchange data with other devices, systems, and
the cloud, enabling real-time monitoring, control, and analysis.

5. Self-Configuring: These devices can often configure themselves for optimal

performance, reducing the need for human interactivity.

6. Dynamic & Self-Adapting: IoT devices are often able to adjust their behavior
and operations in response to changes in their environment or in the system

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 they are a part of.

7. Interoperable Communication Protocols: To work within different

environments, IoT devices need to support various communication standards
and protocols that allow them to connect with other devices or systems.

Examples of IoT Applications:

1. Smart Home Automation: IoT devices control and monitor home appliances,
lighting, and temperature, making homes more efficient and convenient.

2. Industrial Automation: IoT devices monitor and control industrial equipment,

improving manufacturing efficiency, reducing downtime, and enhancing
product quality.

3. Wearable Devices: IoT-enabled wearables track health metrics, monitor vital

signs, and provide personalized recommendations for individuals.

4. Logistics and Supply Chain Management: IoT devices track inventory,

monitor shipments, and optimize routes, improving supply chain efficiency and
reducing costs.

Benefits of IoT:
1. Increased Efficiency: IoT devices automate tasks, reducing manual labor and
improving productivity.

2. Improved Decision-Making: IoT data analysis enables real-time insights,

enabling better decision-making and strategic planning.

3. Enhanced Customer Experience: IoT devices provide personalized services

and experiences, improving customer satisfaction and loyalty.

4. Cost Savings: IoT devices reduce energy consumption, minimize waste, and
optimize resources, leading to cost savings and reduced environmental
impact.

Challenges and Concerns:

1. Security: IoT devices are vulnerable to cyber attacks, compromising data
integrity and confidentiality.

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 2. Data Privacy: IoT devices collect and transmit sensitive data, raising concerns
about data protection and privacy.

3. Standards and Interoperability: IoT devices from different manufacturers may

not be compatible, creating integration challenges.

4. Scalability: IoT systems must be designed to scale and accommodate growing

numbers of devices and data.

Physical Design of IoT:

Physical design refers to the tangible aspects of an IoT system, encompassing the
devices, sensors, and protocols used to build and integrate the system. It focuses
on the implementation details, ensuring seamless connectivity, efficient data
transmission, and effective device interactions.

Think of the physical design like the "things" you can see and touch in the
Internet of Things (IoT). These are the gadgets and devices that do the work. For
example:

Sensors: Like a thermometer that can feel how hot or cold it is.

Actuators: These are like little robots that make things happen, like turning on
a light or opening a door.

Smart devices: Things like your phone, a smart fridge, or a smartwatch that
talk to each other.

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 Generic Block Diagram of IoT Device:

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 IoT Protocols:
Application Layer
Transport Layer

Network Layer

Link Layer

Logic Design of IoT:

Refers to the abstract representation of the entities and processes without going
into the low-level specifics of the implementation.

It mainly focuses on how components such as computers and sensors should be

arranged to perform specific functions. It focuses on high-level structures and
functionality, without delving into the specifics of each components.

Difference Between Physical and Logical

Design of IoT

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 Physical Design of IoT:
Think of the physical design like the "things" you can see and touch in the
Internet of Things (IoT). These are the gadgets and devices that do the work. For
example:

Sensors: Like a thermometer that can feel how hot or cold it is.

Smart devices: Things like your phone, a smart fridge, or a smartwatch that
talk to each other.

Actuators: These are like little robots that make things happen, like turning on
a light or opening a door.

Physical Design Logical Design

Logical design is a high-level design and

Physical design is highly detailed.
doesn’t provide any detail.

Physical design is more graphical than Logical design can be textual, graphic, or
textual; however, it can comprise both. both.

A physical design focuses on specific A logical design focuses on satisfying the

solutions explaining how they are design factors, including risks, requirements,
assembled or configured. constraints, and assumptions.

Logical Design of IoT:

Now, the logical design is like the "invisible brain" that controls how everything
works together. It’s the set of instructions that tells the devices what to do. This
includes:

Data flow: How information moves between devices.

Software: The programs or apps that help devices talk to each other.

Networks: The invisible roads that allow devices to send information, like Wi-
Fi.

So, the physical design is what you can touch, and the logical design is the
invisible plan that makes everything work together!

IoT Communication Models

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 1. Request-Response

2. Publish-Subscribe

3. Push-Pull

4. Exclusive Pairs

Request-Response
This is like a conversation between two people. One device requests something,
and the other responds with the answer. For example, your smart speaker might
ask the weather server, “What’s the weather today?” and the weather server
responds, “It’s sunny!”

The Client, when required, requests the info from the Server. This request is in
encoded format.

The model is stateless since the data between the requests is not retained and
each request is independently handled.
The Server categories the request, and fetches the data from the database and its
resource representation. This data is converted to response and it transferred in
an encoded format to the Client. The Client in turn, receives the response.
On the other hand — In Request-Response communication model client sends a
request to the server and the server responds to the request. When the server
receives the request it decides how to respond, fetches the data retrieves
resources, and prepares the response, and sends it to the client.

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 Publisher-Subscriber
This model is like subscribing to your favorite YouTube channel. Devices publish
information, like a smart sensor publishing temperature data. Other devices
subscribe to that information, and whenever there’s new data, the subscribers get
it automatically.

Publishers are the source of data. It sends the data to the topic which are
managed by the broker. They are not aware of consumers.

Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.

Hence, Brokers responsibility is to accept data from publishers and send it to

the appropriate consumers. The broker only has the information regarding the
consumer to which a particular topic belongs to which the publisher is
unaware of.

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 Push-Pull
In this model, one device pushes data (sends information) to another, and the
receiving device pulls the data (takes it when it needs it). Imagine pushing a
notification to your phone, and your phone pulling it to show you.

Publishers and Consumers are not aware of each other.

Publishers publish the message/data and push it into the queue. The
consumers, present on the other side, pull the data out of the queue. Thus, the
queue acts as the buffer for the message when the difference occurs in the
rate of push or pull of data on the side of a publisher and consumer.

Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producer and

consumer. Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations where there is
a mismatch between the rate at which the producers push the data and
consumers pull the data.

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 Exclusive Pair
This is like a secret one-on-one conversation between two devices. Only these
two devices can talk to each other, and no other devices can join. It's like you and
your friend passing secret notes that no one else can read.

Exclusive Pair is the bi-directional model, including full-duplex communication

among client and server. The connection is constant and remains open till the
client sends a request to close the connection.

The Server has the record of all the connections which has been opened.

This is a state-full connection model and the server is aware of all open
connections.

WebSocket based communication API is fully based on this model.

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 IoT Functional Block
A part of the iot brain that does the function within in the iot system.

IoT Communication API

REST APi

IoT Enabling Technologies -

Wireless Sensor Network
Cloud Computing
Big Data Analytics

Communication Protocol

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 Embedded System

IoT Levels and Deployment Templates

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Level 5

Level 6

IOT ARCHITECTURE REFERENCE MODEL

1. Perception Layer

2. Net Layer

3. Middleware Layer

4. Application Layer

5. Business Layer

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