0803 706 4273MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

COUNCIL
OF NIGERIA
49 MAMMAN NASIR STREET
OFF T.Y DANJUMA STREET, ASOKORO ABUJA

DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY

SCIENCE CURRICULUM

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE CURRICULUM 1

 SEPTEMBER 2011
INTRODUCTION
The training of Medical Laboratory Scientists has evolved through the years from a
4-year diploma curriculum through the B.Sc. programme and currently the 5-Year
Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science (BMLS) professional degree. Graduates of
the degree have been undergoing the mandatory one-year pre-registration internship
in approved tertiary and secondary health institutions.

While the one year internship programme in some way granted graduates the
opportunity to improve on their practical skills and organizational ability, it does not
allow the graduands to adequately address the peculiar needs of professional
laboratory practice i.e. extra skills acquisition for proficient services in all major areas
of medical laboratory services. Presently, final year BMLS students specializing in
the 6 core departmental areas of medical laboratory science take different parallel
courses. In order to stop this skills limiting trend within one body of professional
practice, the new curriculum would allow students to take all the undergraduate
harmonized courses in the laboratory departments so as to produce well-rounded
professionals with diversified skills for the labour market including self-employment.

This explains the need for a one-year extension in the duration of training. It is
therefore necessary to restructure the 5-year programme into a 6-year programme so
as to accommodate the re-arranged harmonized courses and provide graduands the
opportunity for enhanced clinical laboratory practice. The nomenclature of Doctor of
Medical Laboratory Science (MLS.D) is in consonance with the need for enhanced
quality skills, scope of body of knowledge, duration of training, course content, global
best practices and in line with development in health sector professional degree
terminology (e.g. doctor of optometry, doctor of pharmacy, doctor of dentistry etc).

For the purpose of specialization and development to Consultant cadre, MLS.D

graduands would need to undertake further training at PhD and or Professional
Fellowship levels.

OBJECTIVES:
The specific objectives for the introduction of the MLS.D curriculum are as follows:
1. To stop quasi specialization at the first degree level as obtains presently in
several universities and encourage the training of Medical Laboratory
Scientists with broad orientation in all specialties in the field of Medical
Laboratory Science.

2. To introduce new areas that are deficient in the current programme e.g.
molecular biology, forensic science, counselling skills, procurement and
entrepreneurial skills, supply chain management as well as improve upon
the basic medical science components so as to produce graduates who can
compete favourably with their contemporaries internationally.

3. To provide an in-depth scientific background to enrich the practice of

Medical Laboratory Science.

4. To produce Medical Laboratory Scientists with professional and scientific

competence and sufficient management ability, who can:
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 i) Perform effectively in hospital diagnostic services and public health
services, research and academics.

ii) Function independently or in collaboration with other members of

health team.

iii) Be the vanguard for the production of biological and diagnostic

reagents and can design and fabricate laboratory equipment.

5. To train graduates that will meet the peculiar needs of medical laboratories
at all tiers of healthcare in the sub region as well as serve other relevant
public utilities department.

6. To train high calibre professionals who can rise to the highest levels in the
public service so as to better contribute to policy formulation and
implementation. This is best appreciated with the realization of the fact
that in the comity of health professions, medical laboratory science has
several major areas of specialization i.e. chemical pathology,
histopathology, haematology, parasitology, medical microbiology,
virology, immunology, molecular biology, blood transfusion science,
forensic science, laboratory reagents and equipment research and
development, laboratory management etc. Most of these areas exist as
definitive departments in several health institutions globally.

ENTRY REQUIREMENTS:
1. Prospective candidates are required to have 5 credit level passes in not
more than 2 sittings in English Language, Mathematics, Biology,
Chemistry and Physics and a pass in assessment examination and
interview to be conducted simultaneously with that of other health
professional programmes in the university.
2. Graduates of allied disciplines such as Biochemistry, Anatomy,
Physiology, Microbiology etc. and candidates with GCE A level with
minimum of credit passes in Biology, Chemistry and Physics in
addition to the above O level 5 credit passes in maximum of 2 sittings,
may enter the Programme in Year Two.
3. Graduates with Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science or B.Sc.
in Medical Laboratory Science or Associateship certificate may
enter the Programme in Year 5 (2 years duration)
4. Holders of Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT) certificate/diploma
with at least 5 O" level passes as in No 1 above may enter the
Programme in Year Two.

REGISTRATION OF STUDENTS WITH THE REGULATORY COUNCIL

The Faculty of MLS is expected to register the students within the first year of
admission with the regulatory Council. This is for the purpose of indexing. The
registration is recognized as the effective date of commencement of the course and it
also determines when the student is due for the first and final Council Professional

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CURRICULUM 3
Examinations, bearing in mind that the student must have fulfilled the University
requirements to proceed to 400 and 600 levels.

REGISTRATION WITH THE COUNCIL ENTAILS:-

(i) Completion of a Student Registration Enrolment Form which must be
endorsed by the Dean of Faculty who should be a member of the Council.

(ii) Payment of prescribed fees

(iii) Presentation and screening of credential for eligibility

(iv) Eligible students are then enrolled as student Medical Laboratory

Scientists with student registration number

(v) Students enrolment letters are sent through the Dean of Faculty

(vi) Students who fail the screening would be advised to withdraw from the
programme forthwith.

LABORATORY COURSES AND LABORATORY POSTING IN THE

COURSE OF THE PROGRAMME
The university curriculum for MLS.D is in two stages, Pre-professional and
Professional.

PRE-PROFESSIONALCOURSES
Should be taught in the first and second year (100 & 200 levels). Students can only
proceed to the professional phase if they had passed all the prescribed pre-
professional courses. Otherwise, the student shall be required to withdraw from the
programme after three attempts.

PROFESSIONAL COURSES (300-600 Level)

Laboratory posting commences at 300 level and carries three credit units per
semester. The third year courses should include Introduction to Medical Laboratory
Science which should carry three credit units amongst others.

Faculties should note that Professional courses span through 300 600 levels. All
professional courses (all courses in 300 600 L) must be passed at 50% level.
At the Four hundred level (400L), the core laboratory courses to be taught should
include Medical Laboratory Science Ethics and Management and Laboratory
Organization. At this level all the Professional courses are taught with a view to
prepare students for the first Council professional examination. This is expected to
hold at the end of second semester of 4 th year, covering all aspects of medical
laboratory science courses. A pass at the first professional examination is a
prerequisite to proceed to the final professional examination.

PRE-REQUISITE AND CONDUCT OF COUNCIL PROFESSIONAL

EXAMINATIONS AT 400 AND 600 LEVELS (FIRST AND FINAL
PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATIONS RESPECTIVELY)

(a) Attendance policies

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 (b) Laboratory posting
(c) Format of Examination/Examiners
(d) Council pass mark

(a) ATTENDANCE POLICIES

Attendance is compulsory and absence from class and/or laboratory
posting will affect final grade and quality of the product. A minimum of
75% attendance is therefore mandatory for all phases of the programme.
Absence from laboratory posting is tantamount to carry over of posting.
Whilst it is sometimes possible to read up a lecture which has been missed;
it is not possible to gain experiences of practical techniques in absentia.
Faculties should ensure that students are closely monitored during their
laboratory posting.

(b) LABORATORY POSTING

Laboratory posting is compulsory for all Medical Laboratory Science
Students. For Medical Laboratory Science Students, laboratory posting is
from 300 600 levels as earlier indicated and at least 75% attendance is
compulsory. The posting should be in a Council approved laboratory.
LOG BOOK IS COMPULSORY FOR ALL LABORATORY POSTINGS.

(c) FORMAT OF PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION

Students are examined in two phases: First Professional (400 level) and
Final Professional (600 level) Examinations.

The First Professional examination consists of:

Log Book Assessment 10 marks
MCQ (20 MCQs in each of Medical Chemistry, Histo-Cytology, Medical Microbiology,
Parasitology, Haematology and Blood Transfusion Science for two and half hours 30
marks
Practical (1 paper of not less than 3hrs duration) in all disciplines 40 marks,
Oral in all disciplines 20 marks.
Students who fail will be allowed to re-sit within three months.

Final Professional Examination consists of:

MCQ 20 marks,
Log Book Assessment 10 marks
Practical (2 papers of 3hrs duration each and including spot tests. Paper 1
covers Haematology/Blood Transfusion Science & Medical Chemistry while
Paper 2 covers Medical Microbiology/Parasitology & Histo-Cytology)
examination 50 marks
Oral examination in all disciplines 20 marks.
Students who fail this examination only and pass all other courses (no carry-over) will
be allowed a re-sit after 3 months.

From 200 level the pass mark in all courses is 50%. Pass in the 1st Professional
Examination is a prerequisite for entering the Final Professional Examination. A
student who fails three or less courses in Year One shall be allowed to proceed to the
second year and retake the failed courses at the next available opportunity.

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FORMAT FOR ASSESSMENT OF PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATIONS
The university will appoint an external examiner who should be a registered member
of Council and must not be below the rank of Senior Lecturer or its equivalent. In
addition, the Council will appoint an External Assessor. For 600 Level the university
will appoint external examiners from the subject areas of the projects presented, all of
whom shall be registered members of the Council. The Council will also appoint an
Independent Assessor.

EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE
The Council is not oblivious of all rules governing examination malpractice in the
Universities offering the MLS.D programme and should be aware that its
implementation is encouraged.

COUNCIL POLICY ON INDUCTION

The induction of Medical Laboratory graduands is a statutory function of the various
countries regulatory bodies. All graduands are inducted into the profession following
completion of their academic and professional programmes. This involves
administration of oath and education on professionalism and ethics in their practice.
The induction should take place within 8 weeks of completion of the degree
examination.

COUNCIL GUIDELINES FOR INDUCTION

Compliance with the under listed requirements by the Faculty of Medical Laboratory
Science is essential before the Regulatory Council will induct graduands of Medical
Laboratory Science (MLS.D) into the profession.

(a) Approval of final examination result by the University Senate

(b) Request for date from Council in writing with a minimum of one month
notice to avoid clashing of events

(c) The Dean of Faculty should send names of proposed speaker at the
ceremony to Council for approval.

(d) Sitting arrangements should be such that University functionaries and

Council officials are represented

(e) Order of procession students first, lecturers, university functionaries,

Regulatory Council Registrar/CEO and the Vice Chancellor. The reverse
order is applied in the sequence of photographs in the Induction
Programme and recession.

(f) After induction, the inductees are qualified for registration

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REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE AWARD OF MLS.D DEGREE

Course evaluation/Continuous Assessment

All 3-credit hour courses comprise 2 hours of lecture and 3 hours of practical or 1
hour of tutorial per week of the semester.
A minimum of 75% attendance to classes of registered courses is required for a
students admission into the relevant examination hall.
Exam grades for each course (except first and final professionals) comprise 30% for
continuous assessment and 70% for end of semester examination.
A letter grade and numerical points shall be awarded each student based on his/her
total scores on all the evaluation criteria.

Marks (%) Letter Grade Class of Pass

75-100 A Distinction
60-74 B Credit
50-59 C Pass
0-49 F Fail

Probation and Withdrawals

If a student fails more than five courses at the end of a particular year, such a student
earns a period of probation by repeating the class and all the courses for that year. If
the student still fails more than five courses in the probation year such a student will
be advised to withdraw or change programme.

Duration of the Degree:

For the 6-year programme, the maximum duration is nine years while for the 5, and 2
year programmes it shall be eight and three years respectively. A candidate who
qualified on the 9th, 8th, or 3rd year as the case may be, can only earn a pass degree.

Carry-over Courses/Student Work Load

Minimum credit per semester is 18 credit units while the maximum is 24 credit units
as may be approved by Senate of the University. A repeating final year student may
be allowed to register the failed courses ONLY i.e. less than the recommended
minimum number of courses per semester.

A student shall qualify for the award of a degree when he/she has:
(a) Completed and passed all the courses he/she registered for including all
compulsory courses and such elective courses as may be specified by the
University/Faculty.
(b) Earned minimum credit load of not less than 250.

Title of Degree:
The degree shall be titled MLSD Honours. Classes of degree are to be awarded
depending on the Cumulative Average Score obtained. The classes of degree that
may be awarded are Distinction, Credit and Pass
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The various classes of degree shall be based on the overall scores given below thus:

Cumulative Average Score (%) Class of Degree

75-100 Distinction
60-74 Credit
50-59 Pass
0-49 Fail

CORE DEPARTMENTS IN THE FACULTY OF MEDICAL LABORATORY

SCIENCE FOR THE AWARD OF THE MLS.D DEGREE:

- Laboratory Haematology / Blood Transfusion Science Department

- Medical Chemistry Department
- Medical Bacteriology / Mycology Department
- Medical Parasitology / Entomology Department
- Histo-Cytology Department
- Medical Virology

Immunology and Molecular Biology may be taught under any of the above
departments.

CORE DEPARTMENTS IN THE SUPPORTING PRE-CLINICAL FACULTY

OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES IN THE UNIVERSITY:
- Anatomy Department
- Biochemistry Department
- Physiology Department
- Pharmacology Department

NOTE: There must be a Signed Memorandum of Understanding between the

Vice Chancellor and the Chief Medical Director of the Teaching Hospital where
Students and Academic Staff of Medical Lab Science shall have undisturbed
Laboratory Access for their Postings or Supervision/Specialist Laboratory
Services respectively as this shall be a prerequisite for accreditation of the
programme by the Regulatory Council

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 COURSE OUTLINES

YEAR 1
1ST SEMESTER
COURSE NO. COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNIT
BIO 1011 Introductory Biology 1 3
PHY 1101 Introductory Physics 1 3
CHM 1011 Introductory Chemistry 3
MTM 1111 General Mathematics 3
GSS 1101 Use of English 1 3
GSS 1131 History and Philosophy Science 3
BIO 1021 Introduction to Cytology and Genetics 3
GSS 2111 Introduction to ICT 2
23

YEAR 1
ND
2 SEMESTER
BIO 1012 Introductory Biology II 3
PHY 1102 Introductory Physics II 3
CHM 1022 Organic Chemistry 3
GSS 1102 Use of English II 3
GSS 1112 Citizenship Education 3
GSS 1122 Philosophy and Logic / Critical 3
Reasoning
GSS 1132 Computer application 3

21

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 YEAR 2
ST
1 SEMESTER
COURSE NO. COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNIT
ANA 2011 Gross Anatomy of the Upper & 3
Lower limbs
ANA 2021 Histology I 3
ANA 2031 General Embryology/Genetics 2
BCM 2011 Physical & Analytical Biochemistry 2
BCM 2021 Chemistry and metabolism of 3
Biological Molecules
PHS 2011 Introductory Physiology and 3
Autonomic Nervous System
PHS 2031 Cardiovascular System 2
ANA 2041 Histochemistry 2
GSS 2011 Functional French I 2
22

YEAR 2
2ND SEMESTER
ANA 2012 Gross Anatomy of Thorax & 3
Abdomen
ANA 2022 Histology II 3
BCM 2042 Chemistry and metabolism of nucleic 3
acids and proteins
PHS 2032 Neurophysiology and Respiratory 3
Physiology
PHS 2042 Renal Physiology, Body Fluids and 3
Temperature Regulation
BCM 2052 Nutritional Biochemistry 3
BCM 2062 Lipid Metabolism 2
GSS 2012 Functional French II 2
22

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YEAR 3
1ST SEMESTER
COURSE NO. COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNIT
MLS 3011 Introduction to Medical Laboratory 3
Science
MMB 3011 General Microbiology 2
MLS 3021 Biomedical Electronics 2
MLS 3031 Instrumentation in Medical 3
Laboratories
PHM 3011 Pharmacology I 3
MMB 3021 Basic Parasitology / Medical 3
Entomology
GSS 3011 Entrepreneurial skills 2
MLS 3041 Biomedical and Health Care Wastes 2
20

2ND SEMESTER
MLS 3012 MLS Physics 2
MLS 3022 Biometrics 2
MLS 3032 Basic MLS procedures 3
PTH 3022 General Pathology 3
PHM 3052 Pharmacology II 3
MLS 3042 Immunology I 2
MLS 3100 Introductory Laboratory Practice 3
(Inter-semester & Long vacations)
MLS 3052 Community Health & Child Survival 2
20

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 YEAR 4
1ST SEMESTER
COURSE NO. COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNSIT
HEM 4011 Basic Haematology 3
HEM 4021 Basic Immunohaematology 3
MMB 4011 Basic Bacteriology/Mycology 3
PTH 4011 Basic Histopathology 3
CHP 4011 Basic Chemical Pathology 3
MMB 4021 Microbial Genetics 3
PTH 4021 Forensic Science I 3
MLS 4031 Point of Care Testing 2
23

2ND SEMESTER
CHP 4012 Chemical Pathology I 3
PTH 4012 Histopathology I 3
HEM 4012 Immunohaematology I 3
MMP 4012 Medical Microbiology I 3
HEM 4022 Haematology I 3
MLS 4012 Molecular Biology I 3
MMP 4022 Virology I 2
MLS 4100 Inter-semester/Long vacation 2 full days (16 3
hours) per week of Laboratory Practice
23

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 YEAR 5
1ST SEMESTER
COURSE NO. COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNIT
CHP 5011 Endocrinology 2
HEM 5011 Haematology II 3
PTH 5011 Histopathology II 3
MMB 5011 Medical Microbiology II 3
MLS 5011 Immunology II 2
CHP 5021 Enzymology 2
MLS 5021 Molecular Biology II (Techniques and 3
Applied)
18

YEAR 5 2ND SEMESTER

MMB 5012 Medical Mycology 2
MMB 5022 Advanced Parasitology & Epidemiology 2
PTH 5012 Exfoliative Cytology 2
MLS 5012 Seminar 2
HEM 5012 Immunohaematology II 2
MLS 5022 Research Methodology 2
CHP 5012 Chemical Pathology II 3
MLS 5100 Laboratory Practice (Inter-semester/Long 3
vacation 2 full days (16 hours) per week)
18

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 YEAR 6
1ST SEMESTER
COURSE NO. COURSE TITLE CREDIT UNIT
MLS 6011 Counselling Skills 2
MMB 6011 Virology II 3
CHP 6011 Chemical Pathology III 3
MLS 6011 Medical Laboratory Science Ethics & 2
Jurisprudence

MLS 6000 Project 3

** Elective I 3
** Elective II 3
** Elective III 3
22
YEAR 6
ND
2 SEMESTER
PTH 6012 Forensic Science II/Clinical Toxicology 3
MMB 6012 Public Health Epidemiology 2
PTH 6012 Histopathology III/Slide Reporting 3
MLS 6000 Project 3
HEM 6012 Cytogenetics 3
MLS 6012 Leadership & Managerial Skills and Good 2
Lab Practice
MLS 6100 Laboratory Practice (Inter-semester vacation 3
2 full days (16 hours per week)
19

ELECTIVE COURSES Any 3 of these shall be offered in the 1 st Semester of the

6th Year
HEM 6011: Advanced Haematology Techniques (3)
HEM 6021: Advanced Immunohaematology Techniques (3)
MLS 6011 Advanced Immunology Techniques (3)
CHP 6021: Advanced Chemical Pathology Techniques (3)
MMB 6041: Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Advanced Techniques (3)
PTH 6021: Advanced Histopathology & Embalmment Techniques (3)
PTH 6031: Museum Techniques (3)

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 COURSE CONTENT

YEAR 1
1ST SEMESTER

BIO 1011 INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY 1 (3 CREDITS)

Morphology and Life cycles of plants and animals, a general study of plant and
animal groups from algae/fungi to chordates. Structural and functional study of plants
and animals (cells, tissues, organs and systems). Elements of biological chemistry in
organic and micro molecules relevant to life enzymes and cellular metabolism.
Taxonomic, physiologic and developmental studies of plants and animals.
Reproduction, genetic-hereditary substances, mechanism of nuclear division and stem
cell formation; evolution, natural selection and evolution as a continuous process,
study of the environment from the ecological viewpoint.

PHY 1101 INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS I (3 CREDITS)

Dimensional analysis. Elements of statics. Vector algebra. Kinematics and dynamics
of a mass point, lens of mechanics and gravitation, Keplers laws. Motions of rigid
bodies; moment of inertia, angular momentum. Conservation laws. Simple harmonic
motion. Elastic properties of solids, module of elasticity. Fluid mechanics and
hydrodynamics

CHM 1011 INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY I (3 CREDITS)

An introduction to atomic structure and electronic configuration of the elements.
Electronic theory of valency. The periodic classification of the elements. General
study of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, chloride, bromine, iodine, sodium,
calcium, aluminium, iron, manganese, copper and zinc with emphasis on similarities
and differences based on the position of the elements in the periodic table.
Radioactivity and its applications.

MTM 1111 GENERAL MATHEMATICS (3 CREDITS)

Algebra of real numbers-Quadratic equations, Indices, Surds, Logarithm binomial
theorem for positive integral index, solution of inequalities, Polynomials and their
factorization, rational function and partial fraction, Trigonometry definitions and
elementary properties of trigonometric functions, addition formula and other basic
identities. Formulae for sum, product and quotient, the chain rule, differentiation of
definite and indefinite algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic
functions, maxima and minima, tangentic and normals, Fundamental theory of
integral calculus, simple applications to areas and volumes, methods of integration.

GSS 1101 USE OF ENGLISH I (3 CREDITS)

Modes and methods of effective communication in English Language, Use of literary
works to improve communication skills, language skills, development of reading,
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listening and writing skills, note taking and summarizing from oral English and
written materials, writing of essay, answers and other assignments, instructions on
lexis and structure, collection and organization of materials and logical presentation
for written assignment; Library skills Types of libraries, forms of library services,
Cataloguing and book classification schemes.

GSS 1131 HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE (3 CREDITS)

History of Science, Philosophy of Science positivism, rationalism, Anarchic
philosophy etc. and their relationship with science, mathematics, medicine, politics,
technology etc. Relevance to West Africa; Environment sustainability and
renewability, pollution, energy; Health, Nutrition and Diseases awareness, preventive
health practices, newer and common diseases etc.

BIO 2031 INTRODUCTION TO CYTOLOGY AND GENETICS (3

CREDITS)
Genetics and its scope, Mendelian laws of inheritance, physical and chemical basis of
inheritance, man as an object of genetic expression, Modification of classical
Mendelian ratios, Heredity and environment, Probability and the Chi-square test,
Quantitative and multiple allelic inheritance, sex developments, sex linkage and sex
abnormalities in man. Mutations, Heredity, Eugenics and future of mankind.
Historical introduction to Cytogenetics including classification of human
chromosomes and methods of preparation, Cell division - mitosis and meiosis.

GSS 2111 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION &

TECHNOLOGY (ICT) (2 CREDITS)
History of Computer, Modern day computers classification; digital, analog and hybrid
computers. The microcomputers, hardware, input, processing and output units.
Software and peripherals. Storage devices: ROM, RAM, Hard disk, diskettes.
Binary numbers, memory ratings, bits, nibbles and bytes. Programming language,
machine language, high level and low-level languages, characteristics and examples.
Fundamentals of Basic programming definitions, constant variables and strings, data
types, coding of data program algorithm and flow charting, rules for coding;
characteristics of computer, problem solving, computer subscripts. Programme
statements, input, processing and output statements, controls in output statements;
other program statements, expressions and control statement. Computer networking;
emails, websites, browsing etc.

YEAR 1, 2ND SEMESTER

BIO 1012 INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY II (3 CREDITS)

The phenomenon of parasitism; major types of parasites of man and their life cycle
Viruses, Rickettsia, Spirochetes, Protozoa, Helminth, Anthropoic Zoonoses;
Pathology, transmission and control of parasitic diseases in the tropics with particular
reference to West Africa.

PHY 1102 INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS II (3 CREDITS)

Electrostatics; Coulombs law, Gauss law, simple applications, electric field,
electrostatic potential, Energy in electric field, Capacitance, Insulators, Conductors,
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Dielectrics, Polarization. Thermoelectricity, magnetic effects of currents, Amperes
law application, Permanent magnetism, Earths magnetic field, Faradays law of
induction, Alternating Current (AC) circuits, Direct current (DC), Measuring devices,
motion of charge particles in electric magnetic field, Halls effect.

CHM 1022 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (3 CREDITS)

Introduction to organic chemistry, IUPAC nomenclature, elemental analysis and
molecular formula, structural isomerism, isolation and purification methods. The
concept of functional groups, resonance and aromaticity. A brief study of saturated
and unsaturated hydrocarbons, cyclic hydrocarbons, alcohols, alkyl halides, ethers,
aldehydes, Comparison of phenols, alkyl halides and aromatic amines with their
aliphatic analogues. Common synthetic polymers and their uses, Introduction to
carbohydrates, proteins, oils, fats and optical isomerisms.

GSS 1102 USE OF ENGLISH II (3 CREDITS)

Sentences construction including topic and supporting sentences: outlines and
paragraphs, punctuations and logical presentations of papers format, footnotes,
quotations, references and bibliography. Documentation, conjunctions, presentation
and editing, basic research methods (mini-research writing), phonetics. Art of public
speaking and oral communication, advanced reading for research, official letters and
memos, advanced writing.

GSS 1112 CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION (3 CREDITS)

History, values, norms and cultural characterization of Africa and the society in
particular, role of culture in the behaviour of people, ethics and discipline in National
life; rights and obligations; arms of government, citizenship; federalism/unitary and
revenue allocation etc. The African society, development, migration, large and small
rural movements and its effect on man and disease, changing pattern of diseases in
rural and urban societies, changing moral values. Cultural nationalism and political
evolution of African states, concept of religion in humanistic perspectives, traditional
education and its humanistic functions, role and concept of functional education in
National development.

GSS 1122 PHILOSOPHY AND LOGIC (3 CREDITS)

Definition and history of Philosophy; Introduction to main branches of philosophy;
Definition, history and development of Logic; arguments, fallacies, categorical
propositions; symbolic logic; special symbols in symbolic logic; conjugation,
negation, affirmation, disjunction, equivalence and conditional statements. Formal
proof; truth table; laws of thought, methods of deduction using rules of inference and
bi-conditional, introduction to qualification theory.

GSS 2112 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (3 CREDITS)

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Safety precautions in computer laboratories; identification of hardware components
keyboard, mouse, CPU, monitor and printers. Support electronic peripherals UPS,
voltage stabilizers etc. Booting up the system cold boot and warm boot. Windows
start up environment start button, the pull down menu etc. Loading the DOS and
characteristics of the DOS screen. Shutting down the computer, Computer
applications in Medical Laboratory Science, Curative and Preventive Health care
Information storage and retrieval, Curative, analysis and manipulation, Practical
exercises.

YEAR 2
1ST SEMESTER

ANA 2011 GROSS ANATOMY OF UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS (3

CREDITS)
Superior Extremity (Upper Limb) - Pectoral region, cubital fossa, carpal tunnel, hand,
nerves, injuries, shoulder, elbow and wrist joints and osteology of pectoral girdle and
free limb bones, vascular anastomosis and lymphatic drainage of the breast and upper
limb, nerve supply.
Lower limb Gluteal region, the femoral triangle, the thigh, the leg, the foot, the hip,
knee, ankle and mid-tarsal joints, vascular anastomosis, venous return, lymphatic
drainage and osteology; Comparison between upper and lower limbs.

ANA 2021 HISTOLOGY I (3 CREDITS)

General Histology, the cell structure, primary tissues, epithelium, connective tissue
loose and special (cartilage, bone); Muscles-smooth, striated and cardiac, nervous
tissue (introduction); Organs and structures related to digestion (Gastrointestinal
system): Oral cavity - teeth, tongue, lip, palate, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, gall
bladder, liver and pancreas.

ANA 2031 GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY AND GENETICS (2 CREDITS)

General embryology: germ cell, cogenesis, ovulation, structure of ovum, menstrual
cycle, importance of reproductive system in family planning. Formation of germ
layers, development and subdivisions of intraembryonic mesoderm and coelon,
development of the placenta and its anomalies. Further development of the embryonic
disc and folding of the embryo, formation of tissues of the body, embryology of the
GIT. Development of glands associated with GIT, anomalies of GIT.

BCM 2011 PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2

CREDITS)
Gases, solutions, equilibrium and dissociation constants. Hydrogen ion concentration
and the pH. Acids, bases and buffers. Osmotic pressure. Biochemical importance of
pH. Methods of expressing concentrations. Bonds and interactions. Introduction to
the principles and applications of some commonly used biochemical techniques
(colorimetry, chromatography, electrophoresis, centrifugation, spectrophotometry,
spectroscopy and manometry).

BCM 2021 CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES (3

CREDITS)
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
CURRICULUM 18
Chemistry, structure and properties of carbohydrates. Classification of carbohydrates.
Stereo and optical isomerism in carbohydrates. Polysaccharides including
mucopolysaccharides and cell wall polysaccharides. Tests for carbohydrates.
Biological importance of CHO. Vitamins and co-enzymes. Plants growth factors.
Nature of enzymes, classification, inhibition, activation, control of activity. Enzyme
specificity, active sites, mechanism of action. Intermediary metabolism. General
aspects of biological oxidation and bioenergetics. Digestion and TCA cycle;
phosphogluconate pathway. Glycoxylate pathway, Cori-cycle, Gluconeogenesis.
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism including the glycogen storage disease.

PHS 2011 INTRODUCTORY PHYSIOLOGY AND AUTONOMIC

NERVOUS SYSTEM (3 CREDITS)
Introduction and history of physiology and its place in medicine, cell composition,
structure and function of cell membranes with emphasis on transport across cell
membrane, biophysical principles, osmosis, diffusion, active transport, physiology of
excitable tissues. Functional organization of autonomic nervous system, basic
characteristics of sympathetic and para-sympathetic division

PHS 2031 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (2 CREDITS)

Overall plan and functions of the cardiovascular system; physiological anatomy of the
heart, mechanical events of cardiac cycle, cardiac output and its estimation;
electrocardiogram. The vascular system. Gross sectional area of different vascular
groups, systolic, diastolic, pulse and mean arterial pressures. Exchange of fluids
across the capillaries, venous and central venous pressures, integration of
cardiovascular functions; central control centers; regulation of systemic blood
pressure. Cardiovascular adaptations in health and diseases. Circulation through
special areas.

ANA 2041 HISTOCHEMISTRY (2 CREDITS)

History of histochemistry. Introduction and definition of histochemistry. Principles of
histochemistry. Microscopy. Fixation histochemical tissue processing. Enzymes and
carbohydrate histochemistry. Histochemistry of lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids.
Histochemistry of pigments and minerals. Quantitative histochemistry. Ultra
histochemistry.

GSS 2011 FUNCTIONAL FRENCH I (2 CREDIT UNITS)

YEAR 2- SECOND SEMESTER

ANA 2012 GROSS ANATOMY OF THORAX AND ABDOMEN (3

CREDITS)
Thoracic parietis and bony cage, pleura, heart, lung, great blood vessels, mediastinum,
diaphragm, abdominal parieties, disposition of abdominal viscera, their blood supply,
lymphatic drainage and autonomic control, pelvis and pelvic viscera, perineum.

ANA 2022 HISTOLOGY II (3 CREDITS)

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
CURRICULUM 19
Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, lymphatics, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, skin and
its appendages, kidney, urinary tract, gonads, genital tract (male and female).

BCM 2062 LIPID METABOLISM (2 CREDITS)

Chemistry and classification of lipids, properties, structures. Fats, fatty acids, waxes,
sterols, phospholipids, glycosphingolipids, sulfopilipids, proteolipids and steroids.
Digestion and absorption of lipids. Blood lipids (including lipoproteins). Synthesis
and degradation of fatty acids (including beta oxidation of fatty acids). Fatty acid
interconversions. Prostaglandins. Disorders of lipid metabolism

BCM 2042 CHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM OF NUCLEIC ACID AND

PROTEINS (3 CREDITS)
General properties of proteins, classification of proteins and amino acids, properties
of amino acids. Synthesis of peptides. Methods of separating and determination of
amino acids and peptides. Amino acid sequence and organization of protein chains
(primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures). Colour reactions of proteins
and amino acids. Digestion, absorption and metabolism of proteins and amino acids.
Metabolism of individual amino acid. One-carbon unit. Protein synthesis (including
the involvement of the RNAs). Urea cycle. Disorders of protein and amino acid
metabolism

PHS 2032 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY (3

CREDITS)
Development and general plan of the central nervous system. Classification of nerve
fibres. Dual system for transmission of somatosensory sensation. Coding for
characteristics of a stimulus. Somatosensory cortex. Plain special sense organs. Ear
(hearing). Vestibular apparatus and equilibrium. Taste, Smell, Eye; spectral
movements; Motor system hierarchy; motor function of the spinal cord and lower
brain stem. Monosynaptic reflexes, bisynaptic reflexes; polysynaptic reflexes; Effects
of surgical removal of the higher nervous centers. Electrophysiological study of cord
reflexes. The respiratory tract structure and function. Pulmonary gas exchange,
mechanics of respiration, compliance, surfactant, lung volumes and capacities uptake
and delivery of respiratory gases with reference to O 2 and CO2 transport. Pulmonary
function tests, response to hypoxia, high altitude, exercise etc. Artificial respiration,
chemical and neutral control of respiration

PHS 2042 RENAL PHYSIOLOGY, BODY FLUIDS AND TEMPERATURE

REGULATION (3 CREDITS)
The skin: functional anatomy, temperature regulations; abnormalities of temperature
regulation; Metabolism, factors regulating metabolism; conditions for measuring
basal metabolic rate. Compartmentalization and composition of blood fluids;
Physiologic anatomy of the kidney, renal circulation and autoregulation. Glomerular
filtration, tubular transport, urine formation, counter-current system. Water - volume
and ionic regulation. Acid-base balance. Micturition, abnormalities of renal function.

BCM 2052 NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY (3 CREDITS)

Food nutrients; Energy values of food, energy expenditure by mammals. Nutritive
value of foods carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, mineral elements and water.
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
CURRICULUM 20
Nutritional disorders prevention and therapy. Nutritional status and nutritional
requirements. Recommended dietary allowances. Assessment of nutritional status;
nutritional requirements in relation to physical activity; aging, diet and disease,
obesity and under-nutrition. Nutrition and Behaviour. Nutrition and health.
Toxicants in food; Nutritional problems in West Africa and the world and possible
solutions

GSS 2012 FUNCTIONAL FRENCH II (2 CREDIT UNITS)

YEAR 3
1ST SEMESTER
MLS 3011 INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (3
CREDITS)
Microscopy and Microtomy Uses and care of Microscopes & Microtomes,
Refrigeration and freeze dryers principles, uses, care and maintenance; Handling of
laboratory animals; Laboratory location and floor plan, laboratory organization and
management, simple analytical techniques in chemical pathology, presentation of
volumetric analysis, urinalysis etc. Principles of tissues preservation, fixation,
processing and staining, handling of surgical autopsy specimens, removal of formalin
pigments, basic tools of the microbiologist wire loop, cotton wool, pipettes, swabs
and their uses. Preparation of films and basic staining techniques Grams stain, Ziehl
Neilsons stain, Haematological stains principles and components; blood film
preparation and staining, pipettes, chambers care and uses; Hb and PCV estimation,
WBC counting.

MMP 3011 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY (2 CREDITS)

The kingdom Prostitia, organizational differences in eukaryotic cells, classification
and nomenclature of microorganisms; Bacterial cell form, structure, nutrition,
reproduction and metabolism. Bacterial genetics, a typical prokaryotic cell - viruses,
eucaryotic microorganisms; fungi, microbial control. Microbes in foods, water and
the environment. Bacterial infection and virulence; Phagocytosis. Introduction to
pathogenic microbiology. Laboratory animals - types of breeding and uses.

MLS 3021 BIOMEDICAL ELECTRONICS (3 CREDITS)

Principles of applied and general electronics and mechanics of electrical circuits, fault
finding, care and maintenance of common electrical equipment in laboratory use,
workshop practice, principles of use, maintenance and repair of common apparatus
and laboratory equipment; DC currents and resistors, capacitors, potentiometers and
resistance boxes, galvanometers and AVO meters, solenoid, rheostat and
transformers. Thermostats, semi-conductors and rectifiers-filters, photo multiplier
tubes and scintillators, improvement on existing equipment, review and modification
of laboratory methods.

MLS 3031 INSTRUMENTATION IN MEDICAL LABORATORIES (3

CREDITS)
Micrometry, designs and thermostatic controls of incubators, water baths and ovens;
Principles, care and use of the autoclave, centrifuge, anaerobic incubators and jars,
vacuum pumps, pH meters, membrane filtration equipment, chromatographic
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
CURRICULUM 21
instruments, flame photometer, spectrophotometers and colorimeters design and
calibration. Principles of fluorescence, luminescence and applications.
Nephelometry; Principles and applications of atomic absorption spectroscopy and
atomic fluorescence, continuous flow analysis and discrete analyzers, scintillation and
ionization counters design, use and standardization, Photo-micrographic and
autoradiographic equipment, Principles and uses of electrophoresis pack, coulter
counter and staining machines, Principles and uses of microtomes including cryostat
and ultramicrotomes, microtome knives, strops and hones; Automatic knife
sharpeners; Automatic tissue processing machines and timing discs, paraffin section
mounting baths (water baths); Vacuum embedding chambers. Fluorescent, phase
contrast and electron microscopes

PHM 3011 PHARMACOLOGY I (3 CREDITS)

Scope of pharmacology, origin and sources of drugs, routes of administration of
drugs, drug receptors and receptor isolation, pharmacokinetics, absorption of drugs,
excretion, bio-transformation; Structure activity relationship, mode of action of
drugs, types of drug action. Drug action in man compliance, individual variations,
presence of other drugs, genetic effects, tolerance and techyphylaxis, effects of
diseases, drug toxicity, adverse drug reactions, drug dependence and drug
interactions.

MMB 3021 BASIC PARASITOLOGY/MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY (3

CREDITS)
Classification and life cycle of Protozoans the amoebas, ciliates, flagellates,
sporozoans. Life cycle and pathogenicity of the Nematodes Ascaris, Strongyloides,
Trichuris, Guinea worm, Hook worms, Trichinella, Enterobius, Filaria worms etc.
Life cycle and pathogenicity of Cestodes the tapeworms, Diphylobothrium latum,
Echinacoccus hydatid disease, larval forms of Cestodes.

GSS 3001 ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS (2 CREDITS)

▪ Definition, Organization function. Self-Motivation; Self-Confidence; Ethics &
Morals; Time Management; Fundamental responsibilities of the Government
to its citizens under the Constitution
▪ Objectives and principles that govern national policies;
▪ Differences between political, economic, social and educational policies of a
country.
▪ Various organs of government responsible for policy implementation at
country levels.
▪ Role of the mass media in policy implementation in a country.
▪ Fundamental objectives for successful implementation of national policies.

Financial risks, bearing factors and uncertainties; Professional approach:

innovations; Decision making: Negotiations & Communication skills.

MLS 3041 BIOMEDICAL & HEALTHCARE WASTES (2 CREDITS)

Definition and classification of biomedical and health care wastes. Sources and health
impacts of biomedical and health care wastes. Planning in biomedical and health care
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
CURRICULUM 22
waste management, handling and transportation of biomedical and health care waste.
Waste minimization, recycling and reuse. The role of legislation in biomedical and
health care waste, treatment technologies for biomedical and health care waste.
Disposal methods in biomedical and health care waste. Health and safety rules for
personnel and associated workers. Infection control and emergency response, training
and retraining in biomedical and health care waste.

YEAR 3 - 2ND SEMESTER

MLS 3012 MLS PHYSICS (2 CREDITS)

Kinematical and mathematical problems Circulation and pulse, blood pressure and
volume changes, the heart and blood surface tension effect; temperature and heat
flow; Electricity, electrocardiograms, general radiation, linear energy transfer and
radiation measurement, radiation damage detection and safety; X-ray generation and
application, radioisotopes production, use and disposal.

MLS 3022 BIOMETRICS (2 CREDITS)

Nature of biostatistics; data presentation; Numerical summary measures- measures of
central tendencies and dispersions including Chebychevs inequalities; Elementary
probability theories - operations and conditional probabilities; Bayes theorem and
diagnostic test - sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values;
receiver operator curve; relative risk and odd ratio; theoretical probability distribution
- probability, binomial and normal distribution.

MLS 3032 BASIC MLS PROCEDURES (3 CREDITS)

Record keeping. Preparation of stains and buffers used in parasitology laboratory.
Preparation of thick and thin blood films for examination for malaria parasites.
Preparation of stool samples for microscopic examination. Wet preparation for
detection of blood microfilaria. Preparation of brine solution. Preparation of
bacteriology smears. Gram staining. Preparation and examination of wet bacteriology
specimens. Preparation of culture media and plating technique. Preparation of thin
blood films, preparation of and use of Leishman stain. Determination of haemoglobin,
haematocrit, and total leukocyte counts. Preparation of standard cells for blood group
serology use. Blood grouping. Tissue processing. Preparation of histology stains. H
and E staining.

PTH 3022 GENERAL PATHOLOGY (3 CREDITS)

Introduction ancient, traditional and modern concept of diseases and their causes, the
normal cell and cellular basis of disease, tissues and cellular injury, reaction to
cellular injury inflammation, necrosis, healing and repair. Disturbances of cell growth
cellular adaptation and neoplasm. Cytogenetics and genetic disorders. Pigmentary
disturbances - classification and amyloidosis; Disorders of nutrition.

PHM 3052 PHARMACOLOGY II (3 CREDITS)

Antimicrobial pharmacology, chemotherapeutic agents, antimetabolite base
analogues, mitotic inhibitors, antibiotics, enzymes, alkylating agents and hormones.
Radiation therapy. Synthesis and physiology of neurotransmitters. Biochemical basis
of depression. Narcotics mechanism of action. Fluorescent, radio and chromatic
methods in drugs studies. Methods of evaluation of toxins, mutagens and carcinogens.
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
CURRICULUM 23
MLS 3042 IMMUNOLOGY I (2 CREDITS)
Molecular basis of immune reaction antigens and the immune response, fate of
antigens; Immunoglobulins structure and function, general organization and
assembly, classification. Antigen-antibody interactions. Phagocytic cells, chemo-
taxis and effector function of macrophages and granulocytes. The complement
system and complement abnormalities, innate immunity factors affecting e.g. age,
species specific, anatomical factors - skin membranes; Nutrition; Hormones acquired
immunity active and passive; Factors affecting acquired immunity.
Lymphoproliferative organs and their functions in immune responses. Diagnostic
serological tests for assessing humoral immunity. Tissue and organ transplantation
MHC and HLA systems, transplantation and pregnancy.

MLS 3100 INTRODUCTORY LABORATORY POSTING (3 CREDITS)

This involves bench rotation in Medical Laboratories during inter-semester and long
vacations. The student is assessed after every bench posting on knowledge of
procedure and technical competence.

MLS 3052 COMMUNITY HEALTH & CHILD SURVIVAL (2 CREDITS)

Definition and components of Community Health. Define roles and objectives of
community health. Explain the physiology and care of the new born, process of
growth and nutrition in children 0-5 years, assessment of the health and immunization
status of children (0-5 years). Children who are at risk for specific conditions.
Concept of Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI),
conditions which may expose the child to grave danger and the Rights of the Child.
Explain the immunization schedules and its implications. History of Immunization,
Concept of vaccines /vaccination. Cold Chain Management, Vaccine Requirement,
Procurement and Storage. Vaccine administration, Immunization strategies,
Introduction to immunology innate and acquired immunity; Antigens and antibodies;
antigens and antibody reactions and immune response to infection; Humoral and cell-
mediated immunity, immunity and infectious diseases; Hypersensitivity states;
Prophylactic and therapeutic applications of immunity; Auto-immunity and its
relation to human diseases; Transplantation immunology; Immunosuppression and
immune-deficiency states. Types of vaccines, their uses and methods of
administration, requisition for vaccines; collection, storage and distribution of
vaccines; Maintenance of cold chain system; Organization of immunization clinics
and campaigns; Disposal of vaccines.

YEAR 4
1ST SEMESTER

HEM 4011 BASIC HAEMATOLOGY (3 CREDITS)

Origin, development, structure and function of blood cells. Synthesis and breakdown
of haemoglobins. Visual and electronic cell counting procedures, absolute values.
Iron, vitamins B12 and folate metabolism. Nutritional anaemias and their

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

CURRICULUM 24
investigations. Introduction to haemostasis. Principles and mode of action of common
anticoagulants. Simple tests used in investigation of abnormal blood coagulation.
Haemochromatosis and related storage disorders.

HEM 4021 BASIC IMMUNOHAEMATOLOGY (3 CREDITS)

Basic immunohaematology - Nature of antigens and antibodies, properties of antigen
and antibody reactions; red blood cell membrane in relation to blood group antigens;
ABO and Rh blood grouping systems - inheritance, biochemistry and distribution
theories. Blood grouping techniques; Anomalies in ABO grouping - subgroups of
ABO system and variants of Rh system; Antihuman globulin testing- direct, indirect
and antibody identification and titration; elution and absorption techniques in
immunohaematological procedures; Antisera, lectins and enzymes including
preparation and standardization. Anticoagulants used in immunohaematology-ACD,
CPD, CPD-A, heparin etc including mode of action and side effects. Blood collection
and storage, blood storage lesions; Blood banking - organization, structures, facilities
and reagents.

MMB 4011 BASIC BACTERIOLOGY/MYCOLOGY (3 CREDITS)

Methods for the demonstration of bacterial forms and structure. Design and
preparation of culture media. Sterilization and other methods of bacterial control -
aseptic procedures and methods for pure culture isolation. Procedures for receiving,
handling and processing of clinical specimens; antibiotic assay, sensitivity test and
chemotherapy, plate reading, principles of techniques of anaerobic bacteriology.
Methods of total and viable counts; Stock culture preservation. Quality control of
culture and media. Record keeping in bacteriology laboratory; Staining techniques
for spores, capsules and negative staining procedures, wet preparation, motility tests.
Introductory Mycology

PTH 4011 BASIC HISTOPATHOLOGY (3 CREDITS)

Fixation, autolysis, bacterial decomposition, effects of fixation, common fixing agents
and their uses. Secondary fixation, pigments; Decalcification aims and application,
decalcifying agents, tests for checking completion of decalcification; Dehydration;
Clearing and Infiltration/Embedding; Frozen and celloidin sections, embedding
media. Basic histology of organs, tissue sectioning procedures and slide preparation.
Staining procedures, storage of blocks, museum techniques colour restoration,
mounting in museum jars, gross appearance of diseased organs in routine post
mortem. Slides examination to illustrate normal and abnormal features common
tumours etc.

CHP 4011 BASIC CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY (3 CREDITS)

Normal contents of body fluids and their measurements sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, chlorides and bicarbonates; Estimation of blood and urine glucose,
plasma and proteins; Water balance, sodium and chloride balance, clinical disorders
of water depletion, water excess, sodium excess, recognition of combined sodium and
water depletion. Treatment of water and electrolyte imbalance in infants. Potassium
normal values, hyperkalaemia. Magnesium, cation exchange resin therapy,
maintenance of normal blood pH. Metabolic disturbances of acidosis. Metabolic and
respiratory alkalosis. Investigation of disturbances of acid-base equilibrium. Blood
chemistry in bone disease. Disorders of bone formation osteromalacia, hyper-
parathyroidism; Biochemical analysis of faeces.
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
CURRICULUM 25
MMB 4021 MICROBIAL GENETICS (3 CREDITS)
Evolution and inheritance of mutation. Bacterial DNA in heredity and mutation.
Molecular basis of mutation. Isolation of mutants. Bacteriophages - plasmid
episomes, transposomes and bacterial CAN transfers. Recombinant DNA technology
and its applications.

PTH 4021 FORENSIC SCIENCE I (3 CREDITS)

Similarities and differences between forensic science and forensic pathology.
Previews of analytical techniques in chemistry and biology that are so critical in
forensic science. Principles and use of sophisticated analytical instruments including
Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and induction
coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Biological profiling, introductory toxicology,
physical examination of evidence, specific aspects of forensic science such as legal
issues in F/S and forensic case study.

MLS 4031 POINT OF CARE TESTING (2 CREDITS)

Evolution of near patient testing; Principles and performance of Point of Care Testing
(POCT) devices; role of POCT in medical practice; Limitations of POCT, Generic
POCT solutions (including specifications, principles, and operations) and limitations
in haematology, haemostasis, infectious diseases, toxicology, clinical chemistry and
molecular diagnostics; Information connectivity and integration of POCT with
laboratory interface; quality management and regulatory oversight of POCT solution
by the medical laboratory; Regulatory guidelines for new POCT devices / services.

YEAR 4 - 2ND SEMESTER

MLS 4012 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY I (3 CREDITS)

Evolution of the cell; small molecules, energy and biosynthesis; macromolecules;
structure, shape and information; how cells are studied, protein function; basic genetic
mechanisms; RNA and protein synthesis, DNA repair, DNA replication, genetic
recombination; viruses, plasmids and transposable genetic elements; growth and cell
division cycle. Mutation and evolution; Evolutionary relationships among living
organisms.

CHP 4012 CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY I (3 CREDITS)

Principles of analytical techniques in clinical chemistry, devising of new techniques,
biological trails and tests for acceptability; Solid/Dry phase chemistry, dipstick
technology, thin film technology & immobilized enzymes, analytical techniques for
qualitative and quantitative determination of enzymes, hormones, proteins, lipids,
trace elements, non-protein nitrogen. Volumetric analysis - partition, absorption of
gel filtration, ion exchange and gas liquid chromatography. Electrochemical analysis
principles of potentiometric analysis. Fractionation of proteins - fractional
precipitation (salting out); Chromatographic and electrophoretic procedures. Protein
precipitants mode of action and choice in analytical procedures

PTH 4012 HISTOPATHOLOGY I (3 CREDITS)

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CURRICULUM 26
Principles of Histochemical methods, DNA demonstration by Feulgen techniques,
Silver impregnation methods, PAS, Manson trichome, Kiron impregnation methods.
Cytoscreening and slide reporting. Tissue culture techniques. Genes and genetic
codes, Chromaffin tissues, Schmols, Diazo and Perls reaction, other histochemical
procedures. Enzyme histochemistry acid and alkaline phosphates, oxidative enzymes.
Quality assurance and automation in Histopathology Laboratory.

HEM 4022 HAEMATOLOGY I (3 CREDITS)

Haemoglobinopathy I and II to include red cell membrane, haemoglobin and enzyme
abnormalities, hereditary defects of RBC metabolism; Acquired haemolytic anaemias
and their investigation. Leucocytes physiology, kinetics and functions. Leucocytosis
and Leucopaenia. Leukaemias classification including the FAB mode, features and
laboratory management. Cytochemical procedures. Myeloproliferative and
Lymphoproliferative disorders. Preparation and cytology of blood and bone marrow
films in health and disease. Platelets structure, physiololgy and functions. Tests for
platelet functions, normal and abnormal haemostasis coagulation factors, platelets,
vascular integrity & inhibitors. Fibrinolytic activity etc. Haemorrhagic disorders.
Control of anticoagulant therapy. Haemophilia states.

HEM 4012 IMMUNOHAEMATOLOGY I (3 CREDITS)

Other blood grouping systems MNSs, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, P, I etc (including, their
inheritance, biochemistry and distribution); pathologic dispositions associated with
different blood groups; haemolytic diseases of the newborn types, aetiology,
antenatal and postnatal management; Paternity dispute; Blood donor recruitment and
screening (including screening for infective disease markers); Post donation screening
and observation; Compatibility testing; Resolution of anomalies in compatibility
testing; Indication for blood transfusion; Adverse reaction/complications of blood
transfusion; Investigation of transfusion reaction. Component therapy including
forms, indications, preparation and storage; Red cell survival studies.

MMB 4012 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY I (3 CREDITS)

Principles of bacterial taxonomy, Biochemical and serological basis for identification
of bacteria of medical importance, the pyogenic cocci (staph, strept, pneumococci,
neisseriae), the entero-bacteriacea-coliforms; Gastroenteritis and food poisoining -
Salmonella, Shigellosis, Vibrio cholera, Pseudomonas, Bacteriodes etc. The
Haemophilus bacilli (Haemoplutus, Brucellae, Yersinia, Bordetella etc). Anaerobic
spore formers - aerobic spore formers (Bacillus anthracis, Clostridia). The
Spirochaetes, the Mycobacteria, Actinomycetes, Corrynebacteriae, Rickeitsiae,
Chalamydia, Mycoplasma, L-forms, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Bartonella etc. General
pathology, epidemiology, features, diagnosis, control and therapy. Aseptic collection
of clinical specimens. Supportive investigations skin tests etc. to aid diagnosis.
Rapid techniques in Medical Microbiology.

MMB 4022 VIROLOGY I (2 CREDITS)

Differences between viruses and other microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi,
Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Mycoplasma etc. Nomenclature and classification of
viruses. Morphology and life cycle of viruses. Cultivation of viruses. Purification and
concentration of viruses. Pathogenicity and pathology of virus infections. Laboratory
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
CURRICULUM 27
diagnosis of viral infections. Virus isolation (Tissue culture, mice and egg); Virus
identification - serological techniques (haemagglutination inhibition tests,
complement fixation test, neutralization test, haemadsorption test, plaque reduction
neutralization test, agar gel precipitation test, serum neutralization test, etc). Detection
and identification of inclusion bodies in viral infections.
Virological techniques of diagnostic importance - RT-PCR, hybridization, cloning
and sequencing for molecular epidemiology studies. Immuno-therapy in viral
infections. Viral/hosts interactions. Viral vaccines and immunoprophylaxis.
Knowledge of bacterial and plant viruses. Biosafety measures in virus laboratory and
quality control measures in virological reactions.

MLS 4100 LABORATORY POSTING (3 CREDITS)

This involves bench rotation in Medical Laboratories during inter-semester and long
vacations. The student is assessed after every bench posting on knowledge of
procedures and technical competence

YEAR 5
ST
1 SEMESTER

CHP 5021 ENZYMOLOGY (3 CREDITS)

General principles of enzymes kinetics, activation and repression of enzymes
activities, Enzymes as catalysts, protein and co-factors, Enzymes induction,
inhibition, purification, specification and specificity. Michelis constant. Diagnostic
Enzymology; Isoenzymes; Co-enzymes

MMB 5011 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY II (3 CREDITS)

Principles of bacterial infection and pathogenesis. Biological and clinical basis of
infectious diseases. Clinical and diagnostic microbiological consideration of diseases
of upper respiratory tract. Lower respiratory tract, genitourinary and intestinal tracts,
central nervous system, cutaneous, vascular and other systemic organs. Definition,
assessment, epidemiology and control of hospital infections.

HEM 5011 HAEMATOLOGY II (3 CREDITS)

Identification of blood parasites, the spleen and splenomegaly syndromes. Drugs,
chemicals and the blood, blood in infancy, childhood and pregnancy. Heredity and
blood disorders, blood in microbial infections, anaemia in the community.
Classification, mechanism and laboratory investigations in immunohaematological
disorders. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemias, thrombocytopaenia, systemic and
disseminated lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis etc. Myelomatosis and other
paraproteinaemias.

PTH 5021 HISTOPATHOLOGY II (3 CREDITS)

Cytology of normal cells; Review of histology of the following organs
Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, Urogenital, Neuro-histology and
Histology of the following endocrine glands - pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal,
ovary and testis. Cytology of epithelial cells, atypical and malignant cells.

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

CURRICULUM 28
CHP 5011 ENDOCRINOLOGY (2 CREDITS)
Physiology of the thyroid glands. The basal metabolic rate hyperthyroidism,
antithyroid drugs; Use of radioactive iodine; Adrenocorticotrophic hormones and the
adrenal glands - adrenal hormones; adrenocortical hyperactivity and hypoactivity;
Assessment of function of gonadotrophic hormones and their relationship to ovarian
disease. Steroids of biochemical importance and their urinary excretion products -
estimation of urinary 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, nor-adrenalin,
adrenalin and their metabolites.

MLS 5011 IMMUNOLOGY II (2 CREDITS)

Evolution of immunity; immunological tolerance; immunity to infections;
vaccination, tumour immunology; immunodeficiency; hypersensitivity reactions;
transplantation and rejection; auto-immunity and autoimmune diseases; diagnostic
tests to assess cell mediated immunity.

MLS 5021 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY II (3 CREDITS)

Bioinformatics: Genomic/cDNA library preparation and isolation, cloning, primer
design and RT-PCR and its application in diagnosis. Blotting (principle and
application of Western, Southern and Northern blots). Purification of RNA and DNA.
Transgenic animals and their uses in research. Tissue culture techniques. Use of
recombinant DNA in the production of monoclonal antibodies. Genetic engineering
and its application in Biotechnology.

YEAR 5
2ND SEMESTER

PTH 5012 EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY (2 CREDITS)

Introduction to exfoliative cytology; definitions and principles of exfoliative cytology,
methods and criteria for cell malignancy, kinds of tumours, sampling, fixation and
staining techniques in clinical cytology. Gynae cytology, hormonal evaluation, cells
and other constituents in sputum effusions, CSF, urine and other fluids. Slide
reporting.

MLS 5012 SEMINAR (2 CREDITS)

Each student will be required to conduct literature search on a topic in any branch of
medical laboratory science, write up a review and present a seminar on it. Final grade
on the Course will be based on the literature review and seminar presentation.

HEM 5012 IMMUNOHAEMATOLOGY II (2 CREDITS)

The major histocompatibility complex, human leukocyte antigens and platelet
antigens and antibodies including their nature, biochemistry and genetics; roles and
testing of these antigens and antibodies in transfusion science; monoclonal and
polyclonal antibodies - nature/production, standardization and utilities. Advanced
blood donation procedures autologous blood transfusion and apheresis (including
nature, forms, complications, etc); blood substitutes-forms, nature/properties and
utilities, blood donation inventory management including evaluation procedures;
blood transfusion safety; quality standards in immunohaematology.

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

CURRICULUM 29
MMB 5022 ADVANCED PARASITOLOGY & EPIDEMIOLOGY (2
CREDITS)
Epidemiological study of protozoa and helminth infections in rural communities.
Advanced methods for differential diagnosis of parasitic infections. Modern trends in
Parasitology. Basic concepts in the immunology of parasitic infections. Definitions
and principles of epidemiology. Methods and uses of epidemiology. Epidemiological
studies. Epidemiology and control of common communicable diseases

CHP 5012 CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY II (3 CREDITS)

Physiology of the pancrease and the alimentary canal. Pancreatic function tests
secretion and pancreozymin stimulation test, glucose tolerance tests, insulin
sensitivity test, estimation of amylase, estimation of the activity of trypsin in duodenal
contents. Gastric function tests to include HCVL secretions, histamine and
augmented histamine test. Fractional and tubeless test meal, intestinal absorption test.
Vitamin absorption test, the Congo red test for amyloidosis, and faecal fat
estimations. Diseases of the muscles; Lipidaemias; Hyperlipoproteinaemia,
hypolipoproteinemia definition, cause and investigation. In-born errors of
metabolism

MLS 5022 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (2 CREDITS)

Sampling distribution; Confidence interval; Hypothesis testing: two-sided and one-
sided hypothesis testing, types of errors, power and sample size estimation.
Comparisons - Parametric tests: Analysis of variance: one way and multiple, student
t-test; Non-parametric estimates: Chi-squared, Sign and Wilcoxon signed-ranked test.
Correlation: Pearsons and Spearmans; Regression-models and evaluations; Surveys
and Experiments qualities and types. Clinical experimental design, clinical trials,
application of statistical softwares (EPINFO, SPSS, etc) in medical research.
Structure and nature of scientific writings; Preparation and presentation of scientific
papers.

MMB 5012 MEDICAL MYCOLOGY (2 CREDITS)

Biology of fungi; Nomenclature, classification, characteristics and growth
requirements of fungi. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and control of fungi infections.
Systemic mycoses Crytococcosis, Blastomycoses, Histoplasmosis, Coccidiomycoses.
Opportunistic Mycoses candidiasis, phycomytoses, aspergilloses etc. Cutaneous
mycoses Dermatophytoses. Superficial mycoses. Astinomycoses, Mycotoxins.
Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections.

MLS 5100 LABORATORY PRACTICE (3 CREDITS)

This involves bench rotation in all the medical laboratory departments. The student is
assessed after every bench posting on knowledge of procedure and technical
competence.

YEAR 6
ST
1 SEMESTER

MLS 6011 COUNSELING SKILLS (2 CREDITS)

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

CURRICULUM 30
Definition of counseling, care and support, types of counselling pretest, post-test,
couple, spiritual and pastoral. Preventive - 1 o and 2o crises, problem solving, decision
making. Who needs counselling? Prospects/benefits of counselling. Prevention and
managing of conflicts; Genetic counseling including sickle cell trait in marriage etc.
Case studies; the way forward.

MMB 6011 VIROLOGY II (3 CREDITS)

Oncogenic viruses, Arboviruses, Viral Haemorrhagic viruses. Morphology,
characterization, replication, epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis,
treatment, prevention and control of viruses of medical importance: Picornoviridae,
Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthoviridae, Bunyaviridae,
Arenaviridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, Herpesviridae, Papoviridae, Hepadnaviridae,
and other newly classified viral families. Monoclonal antibody - its production
and application in Virology.

CHP 6011 CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY III (3 CREDITS)

Physiology of the kidney, renal clearance and glomerular filtration rate; Renal plasma
flow, maximal tubular excretory and reabsorptive capacities. Urea clearance,
Creatinine and function, Renal failures, Azotaemia, Anuria, Sodium loss in renal
disease. The liver anatomy and physiology, biosynthesis of bilirubin, excretion of
bile pigments, jaundice types and pigment excretion in jaundice; urine and blood
urea and ammonia. Urinalysis; Paraproteinaemias, Bence Jones proteinuria and
significance; Porphyrias causes, symptoms and laboratory investigations of
porphynaemia, Porphyria and Porphyrinuria. Definition, causes, consequences and
investigation of some inborn errors of metabolism - Phenylketonuria, Galactosaemia,
Fructose intolerance, Albinism, Alkatonuria, Aminoacidurias. Causes and
investigations of metabolic disorders.

MLS 6011 MLS ETHICS & JURISPRUDENCE (2 CREDITS)

History and philosophy of ethics in the practice of Medical Laboratory Science;
Relationship between religion and socio-cultural values on medical ethics; Ethical
tissues involved in private practice; Relationship between the Medial Laboratory
Scientist and other members of the Health team. Intra professional auditing, MLS
ethics and Consultancy services; Elements of informed consent in research,
Relationship between proper dressing, personal comportment and patient care the
Psychologists view. MLS ethics as it affects paternity disputes, infertility studies,
sexually transmitted diseases etc. Real case presentations, medico-legal aspects of
medical laboratory practice.

MLS 6000 PROJECT (3 CREDITS)

Commences in the first semester and continues in the second semester.

ELECTIVE I (3 CREDIT UNITS)

ELECTIVE II (3 CREDIT UNITS)
ELECTIVE III (3 CREDIT UNITS)
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
CURRICULUM 31
 YEAR 6

2ND SEMESTER

PTH 6012 HISTOPATHOLOGY III / SLIDE READING (3 CREDITS)

Systematic Pathology: Heart hypertension, other heart diseases, heart failure and
cardiomyopathies. Respiratory tuberculosis, pneumonia. Urethra: Nephropathy
associated with infestations and infections, glomenulonephritis. Lymphoreticular-
malignant lymophomas (Non-Hodgkins & Hodgkins Lymphoma, Burkitts), idiopathic
tropical splenomegaly syndrome. Gastrointestinal Tract: Cancers of the mouth,
oesophgus, intestines and stomach. Liver: hepatitis, cirrhosis, primary liver cell
carcinoma. Female Reproductive organs: pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical
cancer, trophoblastic ovarian carcinoma. Skin: Leprosy, Kaposis sarcoma. Nutritional:
Protein energy malnutrition. Slide reporting.

PTH 6022 FORENSIC SCIENCE II / CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY (3

CREDITS)
Analysis of fire accelerants at suspected arson scenes; Tests for the use of anabolic
steroids by athletes; Tests for the use of narcotics by prison inmates etc; Identification
of hairs, body fluids including blood stains; Identification of non-human materials
found at crime scenes for matching; Analysis of body organs to determine the
presence of poisons; Drugs analyses in blood samples from people suspected of
driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs etc.

MLS 6012 LEADERSHIP & MANAGERIAL SKILLS & GOOD

LABORATORY PRACTICE (2 CREDITS)
Personnel and administrative management (principles & theories). Medical laboratory
design, planning and organization. Laboratory management, accounts and budgeting,
ordering, stock card indexing and storage. Occupational hazards and laboratory
safety precautions, first aid in laboratory accidents. Leadership and managerial skills
scanning, focusing, organizing, planning, directing, monitoring & evaluation etc.
Quality system management 12 quality system essentials, total quality management,
QA, QC, Competency testing, EQA, Laboratory Accreditation WHO, ISO 15189 &
17025 Standards, CLSI Guidelines etc.

MMB 6012 PUBLIC HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY (2 CREDITS)

General principles of microbial disease transmission waterborne, airborne, food
borne, arthropod-borne and contagious diseases. Principles and techniques for water
treatment. Waste water disposal. Preventive measures in the control of bacterial,
parasitic and viral infections. Vaccines and immunization. Immunization programme
and schedule (EPI, NPI). Epidemiology skills

HEM 6012 CYTOGENETICS (3 CREDITS)

Theory and practice of clinical cytogenetics; chromosome analysis; structure,
organization and staining techniques of chromosomes in man; normal karyotype and
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
CURRICULUM 32
chromosomal abnormalities - mosaicism, trysomy, monosomy, translocation;
Klinefelters and Turners syndromes; sex chromatin; inactivation of X-chromosome
and sex determination, genetic diseases; clones; mapping of autosomes, DNA
synthesis, genes in kindred segregation, X-linked inheritance; Chimeras; genes in
families and population; selection, pedigree analysis; mutation and mutagens. Hardy
Weinberg equation; genetic drift; inbreeding; Philadelphia and Christchurch
chromosomes. Slide reporting.

MLS 6100 LABORATORY PRACTICE (3 CREDITS)

This involves bench rotation in all medical laboratory departments. The student is
assessed after every bench posting on knowledge of procedure and technical
competence.

MLS 6000 PROJECT (3 CREDITS)

Commences in the first semester and continues in the second semester.

ELECTIVES

MLS 6011 ADVANCED IMMUNOLOGY TECHNIQUES (2 CREDITS)

Antibodies in HLA serology; immunoassays using radiolabels; ELISA and related
enzyme immunoassays, immunoperoxidase methods; immunofluorescence; FACS;
antibodies for tumour immunodetection and methods for antibody radiolabelling

CHP 6021 ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY (2

CREDITS)
Principles and techniques of isoelectric focusing, High pressure liquid
chromatography (HPLC) and affinity chromatography; Isotope labeling techniques;
Management of radioactivity; Preparation and analytical ultra centrifugation; Cell
cloning - preparation of monoclonal antibodies; Flourescent antibody technique and
radioimmunoassay. Electrophoresis paper, cellucose acetate, agar gel, starch and
polyacrilamide gel, isoelectrophoresis. Dialysis; Immunoelectrophoresis; Competitive
protein binding; Enzyme immune assays, receptor assays. Automation - macro and
ultra microanalysis.

PTH 6021 ADVANCED HISTOPATHOLOGY & EMBALMENT

TECHNIQUES (2 CREDITS)
Fluorescent micro-techniques; Autoradiography principles and techniques;
Ultramicrotomy, microincineration, principles of photography macro and micro
photography; Preparation of stained smears and specimens for micro-photography,
and macro-photography respectively. Electron microscopy preparation of materials
and embedding reagents used. Toxicity of some reagents used. Electron microscopy.
Embalment techniques and demonstrations.

MMB 6041 PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND ADVANCED

TECHNIQUES (2 CREDITS)
Principles of antibiotic and chemotherapeutic modes of bacterial resistance.
Sensitivity testing. Preparation of antibiogram discs. Minimum inhibitory
concentration of antibiotics. Antibiotics history, mode of action, metabolism and
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
CURRICULUM 33
classifications. Antibiotics assay. Chemotherapy. Use of animal models in the study
of microbial infections. Automation in Medical Microbiology. Preparation and
standardization of bacterial antigens and immune sera. Immunofluorescence, radio-
immunoassay and ELISA techniques.

HEM 6011 ADVANCED HAEMATOLOGY TECHNIQUES (2 CREDITS)

Principles and techniques of iso-electric focusing, protein separation by column
chromatography; Finger printing principles and techniques; purification of
proteins/enzymes; ultracentrifugation and molecular weight determination; culture of
blood cells and parasites; Leukocyte typing; platelet aggregation principles and
techniques; Isotopes labeling techniques, measurement of radioactivity; fluorescent
antibody techniques, radioimmunoassay; ELISA; Western blotting;
immunoelectrophoresis; competitive protein binding; electrophoresis starch, agar gel
and polyacrilamide gel; principles of polymerase chain reaction; Paul Bunnel test;
demonstration of iron, foetal Hb, Hams test etc. Lymphocyte transformation test.

HEM 6021 ADVANCED IMMUNOHAEMATOLOGY TECHNIQUE (2

CREDITS)
Techniques for emergency compatibility testing low ionic sucrose solution, Spin
Coombs albumin. Special compatibility techniques Exchange extracoporeal blood
transfusion. Preparation of enzymes used in BGS; Forensic applications of BGS, 2-
Stage Coombs technique. Automation in BGS Groupamatic, Technicon auto
analysers for antigen detection and identification. Pipette washers etc.

PTH 6031 MUSEUM TECHNIQUES (2 CREDITS)

Preparation and museum mounting of specimens; Techniques of museum display.
Organization of medical museums. Methods of colour maintenance; Fixation and
storage of museum specimens. Special museum techniques e.g. Darwins method.

MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE OF NIGERIA DOCTOR OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

CURRICULUM 34