Basic Math

ERCENTS:-The word percent means hundredth. We use the symbol % to express the word

P percent. For example 17 percent means “17 hundredths” and can be written with a % symbol as a
fraction as 17%=17/100=0.17
Consider the following three questions:
(i):- What is 45% of 200 (ii) 90 is 45 % of what (iii):-90 is what percent of 200
Replace “is” by “ =” and unknown by “X”
(i)X=(0.45)(200)=90 (ii)(0.45)(X)=90→X=200 (iii)X% (200)=90→(90/200)100→X=45
Example(1):-Ali gave 20% of his cards to Jameel and 15% to Shakeel. If he still had 520 cards, how many
did he have originally
Solution:-Ali gave (20+15=35)% of his cards so he left 65% of his cards
Let X be the total number of cards so 65% of X=520→X=520/.65=800
Example(2):-After Ali gave 110 cards to Jameel and 75 to Shakeel he still had 315 left. What percent
ofhis cards did Ali give away?
Solution:-Cards gave=110+75=185 cards left=315 Total cards=185+315=500
X% of 500=185→X%=185/500=X=37%
Example(3):-A man spend 19% of his income on clothing, 39% in food and 5% in petrol. If his saving
for the month is 555, then his monthly income will be:
(a) 900 (b) 1500 (c) 1785 (d) 1900

Example(4):-If 25 students took an exam and 4 of them failed what percent of them passed
Solution:-Number of passed students=25-4=21
So X% of 25=21→X%=21/25=0.84→X=84%
Example(5):-A got 20% more marks than B. The percentage of B’s marks in terms of A’s marks
is:(a) 83% (b) 120% (c) 83 % (d) 83 %

Example(6):-In a certain examination students have to take 40% marks to pass. A student gets 135 marks
and thus passed by 55 marks. Total marks are:
 (a) 190 (b) 200 (c) 335 (d) 390

Example(7):-In a city 45% peoples belonging to business, 27% belonging to teaching and remaining 2940
peoples belonging to medical profession. If total percentage of working people is 35%, then
the population of the city will be:
(a) 10500 (b) 21500 (c) 30000 (d) 31600

Percent increase and decrease

Actual Increase
The percent increase of a quantity is x100%
Original Amount

Actual Decrease
The percent increase of a quantity is x100%
Original Amount

Example(8):-If the price of a lamp goes from $80 to $100, find %increase
Solution:- 20/80x100=25%
Example(9):-If a $100 lamp is on sale for $80, find% decrease in price
Solution:-20/100x100=20%
NOTE:-If a<b, the % increase in going from a to b is always greater than the % decrease in going from b
to a.
Example(10):-The price of an article increase by 20%. How much percent will the price decreased now to
restore the old price?
(a) 17% (b) 20.0% (c) 18 % (d) 16 %

Example(11):-Imran got 20% increase in his salary at the end of 1st year. At the end of 2nd he got an
increase of 10%. If his present income is 19800, what was his income two years ago?
(a) 16000 (b) 17000 (c) 15000 (d) 18000

Value after percentage Increase and decrease:

Value after increase=original value (1+ r%) where r is the % increase
Value after decrease=original value (1- r%) where r is the % decrease
Example(12):-The original price of a book is Rs. 80. Find its price
(a):- If the price of the book is increase by 10%
(b);- If its price is increase by 10% in first month and then 8% during 2nd month
(c):- If its price increase by 10% for three consecutive months
(d):- If its price increase by 10% during ist month and then decrease by 10% during 2nd month.
 New Pr ice = Original price(1 + r%)
= 80(1 + 0.10) = 88
New Pr ice = Original price(1 + r%)
= 80(1 + 0.10)(1 + .08) = 95.04
New Pr ice = Original price(1 + r%)
= 80(1 + 0.10)3 = 106.48

New Pr ice = 80(1 + 0.10)(1 − 0.10) = 79.20

Example(13):-A town wishes to plan a new hospital to meet the needs for 20 years and hence desires an
estimate of the population in 20 tears. The population of the town at present is 10,000 and in
the past has increased each year by 3% of the population of the beginning of the year. If the
present rate of increase continues, find the population at the end of 20 years.
Solution:-
Population after increase ( i.e after 20 years) = present population(1 + r%)n
= 10,000(1 + 0.03)20 = 18,061

Example(14):-If value of a power loom depreciated at the rate of 10% per year. What will be the value
ofthat power loam after five years, which is now purchased for Rs. 50,000
Solution:-
Value of loom after depreciate ( i.e after 5 years) = present value(1− r%)n
= 50,000(1- 0.10)5 = Rs.29,524.5
Example(15):-The size of a bacteria culture doubles each hour. If the number of bacteria present
initially is500 how many would be present at the end of 6 hours?
Solution:-
Bacteria Population after increase ( i.e after 6 hours) = present population(1 + r%)n
= 500(1 + 1)6 = 32,000
PROFIT & LOSS: When the sales price of an article is greater than its cost price, it is said to be sold at
a profit and the difference between sale price and cost price is called profit. And when sales price is less
than cost price then there is loss in the deal which is equal to difference between cost price and sales price.
1. Net Profit=S – C
2. Net Loss=C – S
 (S − C)
3. % profit = x100
C
(C − S )
4. %Loss = x100
C
5. S=C(1+r) Where r=rate of Profit in %
6. S=C(1-r) Where r=rate of Loss in %
where S and C are sales and cost prices respectively.
Example(16):-A shopkeeper buys a watch for Rs.350 and sells it for Rs.392. Find his % of profit
Solution:-C=350 S=392 Profit=S-C=392-350=42
(S − C)
%Profit= x100 = 42 x100 = 12%
C 350

Example(17):-Ejaz bought a bicycle for Rs.750 and sold it for Rs.675. Find his %Loss
Solution:-C=750 S=675 Loss= C - S =750-675=75
(C − S )
%Loss= x100 = 75 x100 = 10%
C 750

Example(18):-A retailer buys a microwave for Rs.4500. For how much should he sell so that there is gain of
8%
Solution: C=4500 r=8% S=?
S=C(1+r)=4500(1.08)=Rs. 4860
Example(19):-By selling a scooter for Rs.7200, Zahid loses 10%. Find its cost price
Solution: S=7200 C=? loss=0.10
S=C(1-r)=7200=C(0.90)
C=8000
Example(20):-The cost price of an article is Rs.120.5 If it sold at a loss of 6.25% find its sales price
Solution:- C=120.5 S=? loss = 0.0625
S=120.5(0.9375)=113
Example(21):-Khalid sold two scooters for Rs.9900 each. At one scooter he gained 10% and on the other he
lost 10%. Find his gain or loss % in transaction.
Solution:-For first scooter S=9900 C=? Profit=0.10
9900=C(1.10)
C=9000
For Second Scooter S=9900 C=? Loss=0.10
9900=C(0.90)
C=11000
Total Cost price of two scooters=9000+11000=20,000
Total Sales of two scooters=9900+9900=19,800
(C − S ) (20000 − 19800)
%Loss= x100 = x100 = 1%
C 20000
ISCOUNT:-Discount is a certain percentage on the marked price, whereas the profit or loss is a %
D on the cost price.
(1) Amount of Discount=MPxd%
(2) S=MP(1-d)
Where S is sale price , MP is Marked or List Price and d is discount Rate
Example(22):-A shopkeeper marks an article at 135. After allowing 12% discount of the marked
price, hemakes a profit of 10% on the cost price. Find the cost price
Solution:- MP=135 Profit=10%
S=MP(1-12%)=135(0.88)=118.8
S=C(1+10%)
118.8=C(1.10)
C=108
Example(23):-If the cost price of an article is Rs1500 at what price must it be marked to make a profit
of11% after allowing 7.5% discount of the MP.
Solution:-C=1500 profit=0.11 Discount=7.5% of MP
S=MP(1-d%)
S=C(1+r%)
C(1+r%)=MP(1-d%)
1500(1.11)=MP(0.925)
MP=1800

Example(24):-A merchant marks an article 20% above cost. If he allows 20% discount, does he lose and
byhow much percent
Solution:- Let Cost Price =Rs. X
MP=X+0.20X=1.20X
S=MP(1-d%)
 S=1.20X(0.80)=0.96X
(C − S ) ( X − 0.96 X )
%Loss= x100 = x100 = 0.04x100 = 4%
C X
Example(25):-A cupboard marked for Rs. 4500 .the shopkeeper gave 5% discount on
it. Find the amount ofdiscount and net amount paid
Solution:- Amount of discount =
4500x.05=225Net Amount
paid=4500-225=4275
Example(26):-A Coat marked Rs. 1500 was sold for Rs. 1200 in a sale. Find the
rate of discountSolution:- (1500-1200)=1500xd%
d=20