Indo-Islamic

Architecture
History Of Architecture
2
3 Introduction
 With the coming of Muslims to India,
many new features came to be
introduced in buildings.
 The Indo-Islamic style provided
spaciousness, massiveness and
breadth to the Hindu Architecture.
 The mosque or masjid and tomb
became a part of the landscape.
 In almost all the prominent buildings,
the arch, vault and dome began to
be used.
 The chief means of decoration was
surface decoration through the use of
geometry, arabesque and
calligraphy.
 Characteristics of
Mughal Architecture
 Symmetry: Mughal buildings exhibit a strong emphasis
on symmetry, with carefully balanced designs and
layouts.

 Use of Red Sandstone and White Marble:

Predominantly, Mughal structures are built using red
sandstone (e.g., Red Fort) or white marble (e.g., Taj
Mahal), giving them a distinctive appearance.

 Bulbous Domes: Large, bulbous domes are a common

feature, often adorned with intricate details and finials.

 Pishtaq (Portal):- Mughal architecture frequently

includes monumental entrance portals (pishtaq), which
serve as grand gateways to structures like mosques and
tombs.
Characteristics of Mughal
Architecture
 Iwan-style Architecture: Influence from Persian
architecture is evident in the use of iwans, large
vaulted spaces with a monumental arched opening.
 Chhatris (Dome Pavilions):Mughal buildings often
feature chhatris – elevated, dome-shaped pavilions
with columns, usually placed around the central dome
or along the roofline.
 Jali (Lattice Work):- Intricate jali screens made of
marble or sandstone, featuring geometric or floral
patterns, are used for decoration and as functional
elements.
 Char Bagh (Four-part Gardens):- Gardens are an
integral part of Mughal architecture, laid out in a
quadrilateral pattern known as char bagh, symbolizing
paradise on earth.
Characteristics of
Mughal Architecture
 Minarets: Mughal minarets are tall, slender towers
often adorned with decorative elements, providing a
vertical emphasis to the architecture.
 Chahar Taq (Four Arches):The concept of chahar
taq, or four-fold plan, is evident in the layout of many
Mughal structures, creating a symmetrical and
harmonious design.
 Centralized Pavilion or Hall:- Structures typically
include a central hall or pavilion, such as the diwan-i-
khas, for official or ceremonial purposes.
 Onion Domes: Some Mughal buildings feature onion-
shaped domes, a style borrowed from Persian and
Timurid architecture.
Characteristics of
Mughal Architecture
 Courtyard (sahn) :- This is a central apace of the mosque which is
open to sky and surrounded by cloister/alcoves on north and south
side and its has prayer/sanctuary hall on western side. This area is
used by the worshippers during the congregational prayer when
large space is required.
 Water pound for vazu :- In the center of the courtyard there is a
water pound in very mosque for vazu (washing face , hands and
foot before performing (prayes). In some case, water tank have
been erected having 4/6 tabs around . It is so important in Islam that
it is considered as a key to the doors for heaven or house of Allah.
 Cloister or pillard verandah liwan :- These cloisters/alcoves or
small rooms are used as madrasas.in case cloisters are not there,
then there will be pillared varandas for taking shelter by the
worshippers during rain.
 Squinches :- This is an architecture device and is created by
eliminating the upper corners of a room for the transitional phase of
making dome on the terrace. The erection of squinches two
purposes, firstly it converts the uppers portion of a square room into
an octagonal and secondly it gives a beautiful look at the comers
gradually reducing downward from the spherical soffit. This is a
typical persian element.
Characteristics of
Mughal Architecture
 Arch:- is an important element of the building because the
whole structure stands or survives on this element. There
are different shape of the arches adopted during different
times, semi-circular, horse shoe, ogee, engrailed, etc. for
the arches, key stone is very important which transfers the
weight of upper portion downward (lateral thrust) on the
pillars of the gateway.
 Spandrel:- This is upper cornered triangular space on the
both sides of an arch of the iwan which is decorative with
geometrical designs, inverted lotus, arabesque designs or
with calligraphy. During the Sultanate period in India, this
space was plain.
 Inlay Work (Pietra Dura):- Intricate inlay work using
semiprecious stones, known as pietra dura, is a hallmark
of Mughal decorative art.
 Calligraphy:- Arabic calligraphy, often featuring verses
from the Quran, is incorporated into the architecture,
particularly on entrance gates and tomb facades.
Pillars
Qutub Minar (Delhi):
• Location: Delhi, India.
• Important Structures:
• Main monument: Qutub Minar (the tallest
brick minaret in the world).
• Iron Pillar of Delhi.
• Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque.
• Special Design Features:
• Intricate carvings and inscriptions on the
minaret.
• Mix of Indo-Islamic and Persian architectural
styles.
Jama Masjid (Delhi):
• Location: Delhi, India.
• Important Structures:
• Main mosque: Jama Masjid.
• Grand Gate
• Four grand towers.
• Special Design Features:
• Massive courtyard capable of
accommodating thousands of worshippers.
• Impressive dome and minarets.
• Persian and Mughal architectural elements.
Taj Mahal (Agra):
• Location: Agra, India.
• Important Structures:
• Main mausoleum: Taj Mahal.
• Char Bagh garden layout.
• Mosque and Jawab (mirror-image structure)
on either side.
• Special Design Features:
• White marble construction with intricate
pietra dura inlay work.
• Symmetrical design and reflecting pool.
• Iconic onion-shaped domes
Humayun's Tomb (Delhi):
• Location: Delhi, India.
• Important Structures:
• Main tomb: Humayun's Tomb.
• Char Bagh garden.
• Isa Khan's Tomb.
• Special Design Features:
• Use of red sandstone and white marble.
• Centralized dome and chhatris.
• Persian-inspired design elements
Fatehpur Sikri (Uttar Pradesh):
• Red sandstone architecture.
• Location: Near Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.
• Important Structures:
• Buland Darwaza.
• Jama Masjid.
• Diwan-i-Khas and Diwan-i-Am.
• Special Design Features:
• Integration of Persian, Hindu, and Timurid
design elements.
• Unique chahar taq (four-fold plan) layout.
Badshahi Mosque (Lahore,
Pakistan):
• Location: Lahore, Pakistan.
• Important Structures:
• Main mosque: Badshahi Mosque.
• Hazuri Bagh and Baradari.
• Alamgiri Gate.
• Special Design Features:
• One of the largest mosques globally.
• Red sandstone and marble construction.
• Grand courtyard and impressive domes.
Lal Qila (Red Fort, Delhi):
• Location: Delhi, India.
• Important Structures:
• Diwan-i-Khas and Diwan-i-Am.
• Moti Masjid.
• Hayat Bakhsh Bagh.
• Special Design Features:
• Red sandstone fortress with marble and
sandstone structures.
• Synthesis of Persian, Timurid, and Indian
architectural styles.
• Intricate decorative work.
Agra Fort (Agra):
• Location: Agra, India.
• Important Structures:
• Jahangiri Mahal.
• Khas Mahal.
• Sheesh Mahal.
• Special Design Features:
• Red sandstone and marble construction.
• Mixture of Islamic and Hindu architectural
elements.
• Strategic location overlooking the Yamuna
River.
Sidi Saiyyed Mosque
(Ahmedabad):
• Location: Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
• Important Structures:
• Main mosque: Sidi Saiyyed Mosque.
• Jali screens with the intricate tree-of-life
pattern.
• Special Design Features:
• Famous for its beautifully carved jali work.
• Iconic stone latticework on the windows.
• Simplicity combined with elegance
Bibi Ka Maqbara
(Aurangabad):
• Location: Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.
• Important Structures:
• Main mausoleum: Bibi Ka Maqbara.
• Char Bagh garden.
• Mosque.
• Special Design Features:
• Resembles the Taj Mahal on a smaller scale.
• White marble construction with pietra dura
work.
• Architectural homage to the Taj Mahal
Charminar (Hyderabad):
• Location: Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
• Important Structures:
• Charminar (Four Minarets).
• Grand arches and balconies.
• Mosque and madrasa on the upper floor.
• Special Design Features:
• Four grand arches facing different directions.
• Mix of Indo-Islamic and Persian architectural
styles.
• Iconic symbol of Hyderabad.
Rumi Darwaza
(Lucknow):
• Location: Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
• Important Structures:
• Rumi Darwaza (Turkish Gate).
• Bara Imambara.
• Chota Imambara.
• Special Design Features:
• Imposing entrance gate with a large arched
opening.
• Unique mix of Awadhi and Mughal
architectural styles.
• Symbol of Lucknow's cultural heritage.
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
STONES AND BRICKS MATERIALS
 2

AGENDA
STONES
BRICKS
CEMENT AND MORTAR
METALS
WOOD AND GLASS
 3

STONES
Stones are derived from rocks, which form the earth's
crust and have no definite shape or chemical
combination but are mixtures of two or more minerals.
Stones are used in the construction of foundations,
walls, lintels, columns, arches, flooring material, damp
proof course and roofing material.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS

• IGNEOUS ROCKS
• SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• METAMORPHIC ROCKS
IGNEOUS
The word ‘igneous’ comes from the Latin word ‘ignis,’ which means ‘of fire.

Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or
lava.

The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a
planet's mantle or crust.

Hard and no layer

 SEDIMENTARY
These rocks often start as sediments carried in rivers and deposited in lakes and oceans.
When buried, the sediments lose water and become cemented to form rock.

Crumbly, layered
METAMORPHIC
Metamorphic rocks are formed when rock changes over a period of time due to a lot of physical changes like
pressure, heat and different chemical activity.

When sedimentary rocks or igneous rocks go through the physical process such as pressure exposure, heat
changes, and tectonic plate movement at the plate edges. These rock changes occur when these rocks are exposed
to an environment.
 STONE MASONRY
Types of stone masonry
a) Rubble masonry
Type of stone masonry in which rough, irregularly shaped stones are used
without any specific size or shape.
square
The stones used in this type of masonry are usually obtained from the local
quarries and are not dressed or worked in any way.
ASHLAR MASONRY
Ashlar masonry is a type of stone construction where all stones are dressed or cut to a uniform
shape, size, and surface appearance.

They are then laid in horizontal courses, or layers, with very little of a supporting substance called
mortar between them. Ashlar masonry is a very old type of construction.
SHALE
LIMESTONE
BASALT

Topic one
 MARBLE

Subtitle
QUARTZITE

Subtitle
GNEISS

Subtitle
SANDSTONE

Subtitle
GYPSUM

Subtitle
BRICKS
•Bricks are vital in India's buildings.
•Ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley used them.
•Big empires, such as the Mauryan and Gupta, built impressive structures with bricks.
•Famous places like the Taj Mahal were made using bricks.
•Today, India still uses lots of bricks for building.

Characteristics of bricks:
•Durability
•Versatility in size, shape, and color
•Good insulation properties
•Excellent fire resistance
•Weather resistance
•Soundproofing capabilities
•Low maintenance
•Environmental friendliness
•Aesthetic appeal
•Cost-effectiveness
 CLASSIFICATIONS

Subtitle
 INGRIDENTS
• Silica (sand) – 50% to 60% by weight.
• Alumina (clay) – 20% to 30% by weight.
• Lime – 2 to 5% by weight.
• Iron oxide – ≤ 7% by weight.(Gives pleasing
red color)
• Magnesia – less than 1% by weight.
MARBLE
Moulding is of two types namely
Hand Moulding
Machine Moulding

Subtitle
 MARBLE

Subtitle
 BURNING
Burning is the last stage of brick making which usually imparts hardness ad strength to the bricks.
The burning of bricks should be done properly.
The brick should not be over burnt as well as under burnt.
In general, bricks are burnt either in kilns or clamps.

Subtitle
 MARBLE

Subtitle
 TYPES OF BRICKS
(SHAPE)

Subtitle
 FLYASH BRICK
Flyash is type of ash produced in small dark flecks by the burning of coal or other
materials and carried into the air.
• Flyash bricks are hi-tech well-improved quality bricks made with high
compression.
• Used for construction of brick masonry structures and as replacement for
normal clay bricks.
Subtitle
Subtitle
 BRICK POSITIONS
• Stretcher: a brick laid horizontally, flat with the long side of the
brick exposed on the outer face of a wall.
• Header: a brick laid flat with the short end of the brick exposed.
• Shiner: a brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad side
exposed.
• Rowlock or Bull Header: a brick laid on the long, narrow side
with the small or "header" side exposed.
• Sailor: a brick laid vertically with the broad side exposed.
• Soldier: a brick laid vertically with the narrow ("stretcher") side
exposed
 BRICK BONDS
An industry term for the uniform pattern in which brickwork is laid and
maximises the strength of the structure.

TYPES OF BRICK BONDS

Subtitle
 SIZES OF BRICKS
the standard brick size in India is 190 mm x 90 mm x 90 mm.
The dimensions of bricks change to 200 mm x 100 mm x 100
mm when the mortar is thick, which is often referred to as the
nominal size of the modular brick.

Subtitle
 EFFLORESCENCE
A powdery deposit of salts which forms on the surface of bricks and mortar.
It is usually white but can also appear yellow, green or brown.
It is caused by a number of soluble salts including the sulphate or carbonate
compounds of calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.
Cement 37

Cement is a binder substance used in construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. It's an essential
component of concrete, which is a mixture of cement, aggregates (like sand and gravel), and water.
Types of Cement
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): The most common type, used for general construction.
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC): Contains fly ash, which enhances durability and reduces cost.
3. Rapid Hardening Cement: Develops strength faster than OPC.
4. Low Heat Cement: Generates less heat during setting, suitable for large concrete structures.
5. Sulphate Resisting Cement: Used in environments with high sulfate exposure to prevent deterioration.
6. White Cement: Used for decorative purposes and produced with low iron content.
Properties
• Setting Time: Initial setting time is the period required for the cement to start hardening, while final setting time is when it completely
hardens.
• Strength: Cement’s compressive strength is crucial for structural integrity.
• Heat of Hydration: Heat released when cement reacts with water.
• Soundness: Ensures volume stability after setting.
• Fineness: Influences the rate of hydration and strength development.
Cement 38

Applications
• Concrete Production: Primary use in the construction of buildings, bridges, roads, and dams.
• Mortar: Used for masonry work, plastering, and rendering.
• Grout: Filling gaps in tiles and masonry.
• Stabilization: Soil stabilization in road construction.
Manufacturing Process
1. Extraction: Raw materials like limestone and clay are extracted from quarries.
2. Crushing: Materials are crushed into small pieces.
3. Mixing and Preheating: Crushed materials are mixed and preheated.
4. Clinker Production: Materials are heated in a kiln to form clinker.
5. Grinding: Clinker is ground with gypsum to produce cement.
6. Packaging: Final product is packaged for distribution.
Environmental Impact
Cement production is energy-intensive and releases a significant amount of CO2. Efforts to reduce its environmental impact include
using alternative fuels, increasing energy efficiency, and developing eco-friendly cement types like geopolymer cement.
Cement And Mortar
 41

Iron
Iron, a critical material in construction, comes in various forms, each suited to specific applications due to its
distinct properties. Here are the primary types of iron used in construction:
1. Wrought Iron
• Composition: Almost pure iron with a small amount of slag.
• Properties: Ductile, malleable, corrosion-resistant, and easily welded.
• Uses: Ornamental work, railings, gates, and other decorative elements. Its corrosion resistance makes it
ideal for exterior features.
2. Cast Iron
• Composition: Iron with 2-4% carbon and other impurities like silicon, manganese, and sulfur.
• Properties: Hard, brittle, excellent compressive strength, and good wear resistance.
• Uses: Pipes, machinery, engine blocks, and some building components like columns and decorative
facades. Its brittleness limits its use in structures subject to tensile stress.
 42

Iron
3. Steel (Carbon Steel)
• Composition: Iron with up to 2% carbon and traces of other elements.
• Properties: High tensile strength, ductility, toughness, and weldability. Its properties can be altered
significantly through heat treatment and alloying.
• Uses: Beams, columns, reinforcing bars, and various structural elements in buildings, bridges, and
infrastructure projects.
4. Alloy Steel
• Composition: Carbon steel with additional elements like chromium, nickel, and molybdenum.
• Properties: Enhanced strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, and toughness. Specific properties depend
on the alloying elements used.
• Uses: High-strength structures, bridges, high-rise buildings, and applications requiring enhanced durability
and resistance to environmental factors.
• Uses: Pipes, fittings, and applications requiring both strength and impact resistance.
 43

Iron
5. Stainless Steel
• Composition: Iron, chromium (at least 10.5%), and other alloying elements like nickel and molybdenum.
• Properties: Excellent corrosion resistance, strength, and aesthetic appeal.
• Uses: Architectural cladding, handrails, facades, structural components exposed to corrosive environments, and
sanitary facilities.
6. Ductile Iron
• Composition: Iron with nodular graphite inclusions.
• Properties: Improved ductility and impact resistance compared to cast iron while retaining good compressive strength.
• Uses: Pipes, fittings, and applications requiring both strength and impact resistance.
7. Malleable Iron
• Composition: White cast iron that has been heat-treated to convert carbon into a more ductile form.
• Properties: Good tensile strength, ductility, and impact resistance.
• Uses: Pipe fittings, brackets, and other components requiring both strength and some flexibility.
 WOOD AND GLASS
GLASS
A hard brittle transparent or translucent noncrystalline solid, consisting of metal silicates or similar compounds.

It is made from a fused mixture of oxides, such as lime, silicon dioxide, etc, and is used for making windows,
mirrors, bottles, etc.

WOOD
The hard fibrous substance consisting basically of xylem that makes up the greater part of the stems, branches,
and roots of trees or shrubs beneath the bark and is found to a limited extent in herbaceous plants.
 Reflection of sound Absorption of sound

1. The process of bouncing back of sound on striking a 1. When sound is absorbed on striking a surface with a
surface is called reflection. loose and fluffy texture it is called absorption of sound.

2. Stethoscope works on the principle of reflection of 2. Soundproof box is designed using the concept of
sound. absorption of sound.

3. Foam sheets, curtains, carpets, gunny bags,fabric,

3. Metallic sheets, plane polished smooth walls,glass,
cavity walls,cement etc. are examples of sound
tiles,thermocol, etc. are examples of reflectors of sound.
absorptive materials.

GLASS WOOL: ONE OF THE BEST HEAT INSLULATION MATERIAL

GLASS IS A HEAT ABSORBING MATERIAL.

GLASS USED IN GREENHOUSE EFFECT.
THANKYOU!