Name: _________________________________________

Ann Serkie Date: _____________________ Hour:_________

CLADOGRAM ANALYSIS

What is a cladogram? It is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY,
which is the study of evolutionary relationships. Sometimes a cladogram is called a phylogenetic tree (though
technically, there are minor differences between the two).

In the past, biologists would group organisms based solely on their physical appearance. Today, with the advances in
genetics and biochemistry, biologists can look more closely at individuals to discover their pattern of evolution, and
group them accordingly - this strategy is called EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION

CLADISTICS is form of analysis that looks at features of organisms that are considered "innovations", or newer features
that serve some kind of purpose. (Think about what the word "innovation" means in regular language.) These
characteristics appear in later organisms but not earlier ones and are called DERIVED CHARACTERS.

Fill out the following character matrix. Mark an “X” if an organism has the trait.

Cells Legs Antenna Wings 2 sets of wings

Worm X
Spider X X
Carpenter Ant X X X
House fly X X X X
Dragonfly X X X X X
In the box below, create a cladogram based off your matrix.
 Use the following cladogram to answer the questions below.

8. What separates rabbits/primate from the crocodiles on this cladogram?

Hair and Shelled Eggs

9. Which organism is most related to the rodents and rabbits on this cladogram?

Primates

10. What 5 traits do the bird and its closest relative share?
a.

b.
Eggs with shells, Amniotic Egg, Four Limbs, Bony Skeleton, Vertebrae
c.

d.

e.

11. Which organism will have DNA most similar to the bird? Why?
Crocodile. Most recent divergent (remember - upward in time!) and most shared derived characters
12. Which organism’s DNA will differ the most from the bird? Why?
Sharks - Diverged from a common ancestor long ago. Lots of change and speciation events in between
(as seen by nodes
 Examine the cladogram below. Each letter represents a derived characteristic. Match
the letter to its characteristic.

13. _________
F Wings 17. _________
E Cerci (back appendages)
14. _________
C 6 legs 18. _________
D Crushing mouthparts
15. _________
A Segmented Body 19. _________
B Legs
16. _________
G Double set of wings 20. _________
H Curly Antennae

Circle the correct answer for the cladogram question below.

The cladogram shows the evolution of land plants as indicated by fossil records.

D - Derived Character
21. Which discovery would challenge the validity of this cladogram?
(Vascular Tissue)
A. A large aquatic vascular plant about 200 million years old evolved 209 million
B. A species of algae that has existed for less than one million years years ago. Ferns have
C. A moss species that has existed for less than 380 million years this trait.
D. A fossil of a fern more than 425 million years old
Biologically, one could use anatomical features, behavior, or molecular similarities and differences in
constructing a cladogram. Molecularly, one could look at the number of mutations in a common strand of
DNA. Another way would be to compare strings of amino acids and note differences in the order of the amino
acids.

Cytochrome c is a protein located in the mitochondria of cells involved with cellular respiration. Below is a
table showing the amino acid sequences for cytochrome c in several organisms.

Organism Biochemical Data

Amoeba Amino Acid Sequence: ISO-SER-ASP-GLN-PHE-ILE-LEU-GLN-SER-ARG-LEU-LEU-HIS

DNA Sequence: ATTAGCGACCAGTTTATCCTACAATCCCGTCTACTTCAT

Kangaroo Amino Acid Sequence: LEU-ISO-PRO-PRO-PHE-ILE-LEU-LEU-SER-HIS-LEU-LEU-SER

DNA Sequence: CTAATCCCCCCGTTTATCCTACTTTCCCATCTACTAAGT

Earthworm Amino Acid Sequence: LEU-ISO-ASP-PRO-PHE-ILE-LEU-HIS-SER-ARG-LEU-LEU-ARG

DNA Sequence: CTTATCGACCCGTTTATCCTACATTCCCGTCTACCTTCGT

Cat Amino Acid Sequence: LEU-ISO-PRO-PRO-PHE-ILE-LEU-LEU-SER-HIS-LEU-LEU-SER

DNA Sequence: TTAATCCCCCCGTTTATCCTACTTTCCCATCTACTAAGT

Shark Amino Acid Sequence: LEU-ISO-PRO-PRO-PHE-ILE-LEU-LEU-SER-ARG-LEU-LEU-ARG

DNA Sequence: CTTATCCCCCCGTTTATCCTACTTTCCCGTCTACTTCGT

Dolphin Amino Acid Sequence: LEU-ISO-PRO-PRO-PHE-ILE-LEU-LEU-SER-HIS-VAL-VAL-SER

DNA Sequence: CTAATCCCCCCGTTTATCCTACTTTCCCATGTAGTAAGT

Lizard Amino Acid Sequence: LEU-ISO-PRO-PRO-PHE-ILE-LEU-LEU-SER-ARG-LEU-LEU-ARG

DNA Sequence: CTAATCCCCCCGTTTATCCTACTTTCCCGTCTACTTCGT

Sponge Amino Acid Sequence: ISO-ISO-ASP-GLN-PHE-ILE-LEU-HIS-SER-ARG-LEU-LEU-ARG

DNA Sequence: ATTATCGACCAGTTTATCCTACATTCCCGTCTACTTCGT

22. The more amino acids that an organism has in common, both type and order, indicates the closer the
relationship. The same is true for nucleotides. Compare the biochemical data above. Which organism
is most closely related to the lizard? Why?

Shark - All same amino acid chain. Fewest nucleotide differences.

23. Which organism is most closely related to the Dolphin? Why?
Cat - Kangaroo and Cat have 2 amino acid differences with a dolphin, but there are only 2 nucleotide
differences with a cat.
24. How do you think different amino acid sequences would effect organisms? Explain your answer.
Amino acid chains = proteins. Proteins create all traits we see. Difference amino acids chains
can lead to difference protein (in shape and function). This could alter the trait they code for.
For example, the protein may not be functional in the amino acid sequence is changed. It
could lead to positive, netural, or negative changes. More on mutation and DNA in the future
units - any change to DNA is called a mutation. You can see, some nucleotides are different
(i.e. CTA vs CTT) but produce the same amino acid. Where as some do cause change.

On the first quiz, I will not ask you about mutation.