Hyd - Pocket Book

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Equipment Life Expectancy Factors
Sources of Contamination
A study by Dr. E Rabinowicz at
M.I.T. observed that 70% of
component replacements or
'loss of usefulness' is due
to surface degradation.
In hydraulic and lubricating
systems, 20% of these
replacements result from
corrosion with 50% resulting
from mechanical wear.
Presented at the American Society
of Lubrication Engineers,
LOSS OF USEFULNESS
OBSOLESCENCE (15%) ACCIDENTS (15%)
SURFACE DEGRADATION (70%)
MECHANICAL WEAR (50%) CORROSION (20%)
ABRASION ADHESIONFATIGUE
Equipment Life Expectancy Factors
Sources of Contamination
A study by Dr. E Rabinowicz at
M.I.T. observed that 70% of
component replacements or
'loss of usefulness' is due
to surface degradation.
In hydraulic and lubricating
systems, 20% of these
replacements result from
corrosion with 50% resulting
from mechanical wear.
Presented at the American Society
of Lubrication Engineers,
LOSS OF USEFULNESS
OBSOLESCENCE (15%) ACCIDENTS (15%)
SURFACE DEGRADATION (70%)
MECHANICAL WEAR (50%) CORROSION (20%)
ABRASION ADHESIONFATIGUE
Bearing Workshop, 1981.
Built in contaminants from External ingression:

components: � Reservoir breathing
� Cylinders, fluids, hydraulic motors,

� Cylinder rod seals
hoses and pipes, pumps, reservoirs, � Bearing seals
valves, etc. � Component seals
Generated contaminants:
Contaminants introduced
during maintenance:
� Assembly of system
� Operation of system
� Disassembly/assembly
� Break-in of system
� Make-up oil
� Fluid breakdown
The Micrometre "�m"
2
lubricating and fluid power systems.
Human hair (75 �m), particles (10 �m) at
100x (14 �m/division)
'Micron' = micrometre = �m
1 micron = 0.001 mm (0.000039 inch)
10 micron = 0.01 mm (0.0004 inch)
Smallest dot you can see with the

naked eye = 40 �m
Thickness of a sheet of looseleaf
note paper = 75 �m
The micrometre is the standard for

measuring particulate contaminants in
Relevant Filtration & Contamination Standards
ISO 2941 Filter elements - verification of collapse/burst pressure rating
ISO 2942 Filter elements - verification of fabrication integrity and determination
of the first bubble point
ISO 2943 Filter elements - verification of material compatibility with fluids
ISO 3722 Fluid sample containers - qualifying and controlling cleaning methods
ISO 3724 Filter elements - determination of resistance to flow fatigue using
particulate contaminant
ISO 3968 Filters - Evaluation of differential pressure versus flow characteristics
ISO 4021 Extraction of fluid samples from lines of an operating system
ISO 4405 Determination of particulate contamination level by the gravimetric method
ISO 4406 Method for coding the level of contamination by solid particles
ISO 4407 Determination of particulate contamination by the counting method using
an optical microscope
ISO 10949 Guidelines for achieving and controlling cleanliness of components from
manufacture to installation
ISO 11170 Filter Elements - sequence of tests for verifying performance
characteristics
ISO 11171 Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids
ISO 11500 Determination of particulate contamination by automatic particle counting
using the light extinction principle

ISO 11943 Methods for calibration and validation of on-line automatic
particle-counting systems
ISO 16889 Filter elements - Multi-pass method for evaluating filtration performance
of a filter element
ISO 18413 Component cleanliness - Inspection document and principles related to
contaminant collection, analysis and data reporting
high viscosity fluids
SAE ARP4205 Filter elements - method for evaluating dynamic efficiency
with cyclic flow
3
Relevant Filtration & Contamination Standards
ISO 2941 Filter elements - verification of collapse/burst pressure rating
ISO 2942 Filter elements - verification of fabrication integrity and determination
of the first bubble point
ISO 2943 Filter elements - verification of material compatibility with fluids
ISO 3722 Fluid sample containers - qualifying and controlling cleaning methods
particulate contaminant
ISO 3968 Filters - Evaluation of differential pressure versus flow characteristics
ISO 4021 Extraction of fluid samples from lines of an operating system
ISO 4405 Determination of particulate contamination level by the gravimetric method
ISO 4406 Method for coding the level of contamination by solid particles
ISO 4407 Determination of particulate contamination by the counting method using
an optical microscope
ISO 10949 Guidelines for achieving and controlling cleanliness of components from
manufacture to installation
ISO 11170 Filter Elements - sequence of tests for verifying performance
characteristics
ISO 11171 Calibration of automatic particle counters for liquids
ISO 11500 Determination of particulate contamination by automatic particle counting
using the light extinction principle

ISO 11943 Methods for calibration and validation of on-line automatic
particle-counting systems
ISO 16889 Filter elements - Multi-pass method for evaluating filtration performance
of a filter element
ISO 18413 Component cleanliness - Inspection document and principles related to
contaminant collection, analysis and data reporting
high viscosity fluids
SAE ARP4205 Filter elements - method for evaluating dynamic efficiency
with cyclic flow
3
Fluid Analysis Methods for Particulate
Method Units Benefits Limitations
Optical Particle Number/mL Provides size Sample
Count distribution. preparation
unaffected by fluid time
opacity, water and
air in fluid sample
Automatic Particle Number/mL Fast and Sensitive to �silts�,
Count repeatable water, air and gels
Patch test Visual comparison/ Rapid analysis of Provides
and fluid cleanliness code systems fluid approximate
contamination cleanliness levels contamination
comparator in field. Helps to levels
identify types of
contamination
Ferrography Scaled number of Provides basic Low detection
large/small information on efficiency on non-
particles ferrous and magnetic particles
magnetic particles e.g. brass, silica
Spectrometry PPM Identifies and Cannot size
quantifies contaminants;
contaminant limited above 5 �m
material
Gravimetric mg/L Indicates total Cannot distinguish
mass of particle size.
contaminant Not suitable for
moderate to clean
fluids. i.e.
ISO 18/16/13
Fluid Analysis Methods for Particulate
Optical Particle Number/mL Provides size Sample
Count distribution. preparation
unaffected by fluid time
opacity, water and
air in fluid sample
Automatic Particle Number/mL Fast and Sensitive to �silts�,
Count repeatable water, air and gels
Patch test Visual comparison/ Rapid analysis of Provides
and fluid cleanliness code systems fluid approximate
contamination cleanliness levels contamination
comparator in field. Helps to levels
identify types of
contamination
Ferrography Scaled number of Provides basic Low detection
large/small information on efficiency on non-
particles ferrous and magnetic particles
magnetic particles e.g. brass, silica
Spectrometry PPM Identifies and Cannot size
quantifies contaminants;
contaminant limited above 5 �m
material
Gravimetric mg/L Indicates total Cannot distinguish
mass of particle size.
contaminant Not suitable for
moderate to clean
fluids. i.e.
ISO 18/16/13
4
Range Code *
20,000
15,000
10,000
Particle Count
5,000
Summary
4,000
3,000
Particle count
ISO 4406
2,000
per mL greater
Range
1,500
than size code
1,000
code
500
400
300
200
150
100
50
40
30
20
15
10
(c) designates 'certified
calibration per ISO 11171,
5.0
traceable to NIST
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
* Note: each increase
0.5
0.4
in range number
Number Of Particles Greater Than Size Per Millilitre

21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
20,000
10,000
5,000
2,500
1,300
640
320
160
80
40
20
10
5
2.5
1.36
4 �m(c) 430 16
6 �m(c) 90 14
14 �m(c) 22 12
Understanding the ISO Cleanliness Code
2 5 15 Microscope particle sizes, �m
represents a
doubling of the
4 6 14 APC particle sizes, �m (c)
contamination level.
The ISO code references the number of particles greater than 4, 6 and
14 �m(c) in one millilitre of sample fluid.
To determine the ISO Cleanliness code for a fluid, the results of particle counting
are plotted
on a graph. The corresponding range code, shown at the right of the graph, gives
the
cleanliness code number for each of the three particle sizes.
5
Sample Volume: 100 mL
Magnification: 100x
Scale: 1 division = 10 �m
Particle Count Summary
Size Particle Count ISO NAS1638
Range per mL 4406 (SAE
Code AS4059)
>4 �m(c) 40 - 80 13 4
>6 �m(c) 20 - 40 12 4
>14 �m(c) 5 - 10 10 4
Photo Analysis
Very little contamination is present.
The visible particle is silica.
ISO 4406 Cleanliness Code 15/14/12
Magnification: 100x
Code AS4059)
>4 �m(c) 40 - 80 13 4
>6 �m(c) 20 - 40 12 4
>14 �m(c) 5 - 10 10 4
Photo Analysis
The visible particle is silica.
Magnification: 100x

Code AS4059)
>4 �m(c) 160 - 320 15 6

>6 �m(c) 80 - 160 14 6
>14 �m(c) 20 - 40 12 6
Photo Analysis
Little contamination is present.

The visible contamination is silica.
6
Magnification: 100x
Code AS4059)
>4 �m(c) 640 - 1,300 17 7
>6 �m(c) 160 - 320 15 7
>14 �m(c) 40 - 80 13 7
Photo Analysis
The visible particle is black metal.
Magnification: 100x
Code AS4059)
>4 �m(c) 640 - 1,300 17 7
>6 �m(c) 160 - 320 15 7
>14 �m(c) 40 - 80 13 7
Photo Analysis
The visible particle is black metal.
Magnification: 100x

Code AS4059)
>4 �m(c) 5,000 - 10,000 20 10

>6 �m(c) 640 - 1,300 17 9
>14 �m(c) 160 - 320 15 9
Photo Analysis
Little contamination is present.

The visible contamination is silica and black metal.
7
Magnification: 100x
Code AS4059)
>4 �m(c) 5,000 - 10,000 20 11
>6 �m(c) 2,500 - 5,000 19 11
>14 �m(c) 640 - 1,300 16 11
Photo Analysis
The visible contamination is mainly silica with
some metallic and rust particles.
Magnification: 100x
Code AS4059)
>4 �m(c) 5,000 - 10,000 20 11
>6 �m(c) 2,500 - 5,000 19 11
>14 �m(c) 640 - 1,300 16 11
Photo Analysis

Magnification: 100x

Code AS4059)
>4 �m(c) 10,000 - 20,000 21 12

>6 �m(c) 5,000 - 10,000 20 12
>14 �m(c) 1,300 - 2,500 18 12
Photo Analysis

8
Types of Contamination Types of Contamination
Silica
Hard, translucent particles often associated with atmospheric

and environmental contamination, e.g., sand, dust.
Bright Metal
Shiny metallic particles, usually silver or gold in colour,

generated within the system. Generated contaminants are
products of wear and often cause additional component wear
and accelerated fluid breakdown.
Black Metal
Oxidized ferrous metal inherent in most hydraulic and

lubricating systems; built-in contaminant and genereated
within the system by wear.
Rust
Dull orange/brown particles often seen in oil from systems

where water may be present, e.g., oil storage tanks.
Fibers
Contaminants most commonly generated from paper and

fabrics, e.g., shop rags.
Cake of Fines
Very large concentrations of �silt�-size particles coat the analysis

membrane and build-up into a cake. The cake obscures the
larger particles on the membrane making contamination
evaluation impossible.
9
Magnification: 100x
Scale: 1 Division = 10 �m
Typical Dynamic (Operating) Clearances
Component Details Clearances
Servo 1 - 4 �m
Valves Proportional 1 - 6 �m
Directional 2 - 8 �m
Variable Volume Piston Pumps
Piston to Bore 5 - 40 �m
Valve Plate to Cyl 0.5 - 5 �m
Vane Pumps
Tip to Case 0.5 - 1 �m
Sides to Case 5 - 13 �m
Gear Pumps
Tooth Tip to Case 0.5 - 5 �m
Tooth to Side Plate 0.5 - 5 �m
Ball Bearings Film Thickness 0.1 - 0.7 �m
Roller Bearings Film Thickness 0.4 - 1 �m
Journal Bearings Film Thickness 0.5 - 125 �m
Seals Seal and Shaft 0.05 - 0.5 �m
Gears Mating Faces 0.1 - 1 �m
Typical Dynamic (Operating) Clearances
Component Details Clearances
Servo 1 - 4 �m
Valves Proportional 1 - 6 �m
Directional 2 - 8 �m
Variable Volume Piston Pumps
Piston to Bore 5 - 40 �m
Valve Plate to Cyl 0.5 - 5 �m
Vane Pumps
Tip to Case 0.5 - 1 �m
Sides to Case 5 - 13 �m
Gear Pumps
Tooth Tip to Case 0.5 - 5 �m
Tooth to Side Plate 0.5 - 5 �m
Ball Bearings Film Thickness 0.1 - 0.7 �m
Roller Bearings Film Thickness 0.4 - 1 �m
Journal Bearings Film Thickness 0.5 - 125 �m
Seals Seal and Shaft 0.05 - 0.5 �m
Gears Mating Faces 0.1 - 1 �m
*Data from STLE Handbook on
Lubrication & Tribology (1994)
To determine the
recommended cleanliness
level for a component use
the 'Fluid Cleanliness Level
Worksheet' on page 27.
10
�No system has ever failed from being too clean�
Water contamination in oil systems causes:
� Oil breakdown, such as additive precipitation and oil oxidation

� Reduced lubricating film thickness
� Accelerated metal surface fatigue
� Corrosion
Sources of water contamination:
� Heat exchanger leaks

Water Contamination in Oil
� Seal leaks
� Condensation of humid air
� Inadequate reservoir covers
� Temperature reduction causes dissolved water to turn into free water
Oil Temperature (�F)
0
77
122
167
100
150
100
50
Free Water
Dissolved Water
0
Oil Temperature (�C)
Ref: EPRI CS-4555 Turbine oil
To minimise the harmful effects of free water, water concentration in oil should be
kept
as far below the oil saturation point as possible.
Water Concentration (PPM)
255075
11
10,000 PPM 1%
1,000 PPM 0.1%
100 PPM 0.01%
Operating Principle of Pall Fluid Conditioning Purifiers
Inlet
contaminated
fluid
Outlet
exhaust air
Vacuum:
Expansion
of air causes
the Relative
Humidity to
decrease
Inlet
ambient air
Principle: Mass transfer by evaporation under vacuum
Very
thin
film
of oil
Dry
air
Pvacuum
-0.7 bar
Outlet
dry fluid
Pall HNP006 Oil Purifier
Free
Dissolved
Water
Water
Pall Fluid Conditioning Typical Applications

Purifiers remove 100% of � Hydraulic oils
� Lubrication oils
free water and entrained
� Dielectric fluids
gases, and up to 90% of
� Phosphate-esters
12
dissolved water and gases � Quenching fluids
Water Content Analysis Methods
13
Crackle Test None Quick indicator of Does not permit
presence of free detection below
water saturation
Chemical Percentage or PPM A simple Not very accurate
(Calcium hydride) measurement of on disolved water
water content
Distillation Percentage Relatively unaffected Limited accuracy
by oil additives on dry oils
FTIR Percentage or PPM Quick and Accuracy does not
inexpensive permit detection
below 0.1% or
1,000 PPM
Karl Fischer Percentage or PPM Accurate at Not suitable for high
detecting low levels of water.
levels of water Can be affected
(10 - 1,000 PPM) by additives
Capacitive Sensors Percentage of Very accurate at Cannot measure
(Water Sensors) saturation or PPM detecting dissolved water levels above
water, 0 - 100% of saturation (100%)
saturation.
WS04 Portable Water Sensor WS08 In-line Water Sensor
13
Crackle Test None Quick indicator of Does not permit
presence of free detection below
water saturation
Chemical Percentage or PPM A simple Not very accurate
(Calcium hydride) measurement of on disolved water
water content
Distillation Percentage Relatively unaffected Limited accuracy
by oil additives on dry oils
FTIR Percentage or PPM Quick and Accuracy does not
inexpensive permit detection
below 0.1% or
1,000 PPM
Karl Fischer Percentage or PPM Accurate at Not suitable for high
detecting low levels of water.
levels of water Can be affected
(10 - 1,000 PPM) by additives
Capacitive Sensors Percentage of Very accurate at Cannot measure
(Water Sensors) saturation or PPM detecting dissolved water levels above
water, 0 - 100% of saturation (100%)
saturation.
WS04 Portable Water Sensor WS08 In-line Water Sensor
Obtaining accurate and reliable fluid cleanliness data quickly in order to detect
abnormal contamination is a key factor in ensuring the efficiency of industrial
processes and reducing downtime.
Reliable Monitoring Solutions...

...Whatever the Conditions...Whatever the Fluid
Monitoring and Measurement

PCM400W
PCM400W Portable Cleanliness Monitor
Provides an assessment of system fluid cleanliness
� Proven multiple mesh blockage technology.

� Results not affected by water or air contamination.
� Designed for use with dark or cloudy fluids.
� ISO 4406, NAS 1638 or SAE AS4059 data output.
PFC400W Portable Particle Counter
Measures the size and quantity of particles in industrial

system fluids
� Proven laser light blockage technology.

� Measures the size and quantity of particles in
industrial fluids.
� ISO 4406, NAS 1638 or SAE AS4059 data output.
Pall Water Sensor
The next generation of in-line monitors for water

contamination in system fluids
� Measures dissolved water content as % of

saturation(%sat) or PPM.
� Portable and in-line models.
14
WS04
PFC400W
WS08
Extraction
Component Cleanliness Measurement
15
Component Cleanliness Cabinets facilitate the accurate, reliable
and repeatable determination of component cleanliness.
Extraction
AnalysisAnalysis
Process OptimizationProcess Optimization
The Pall PCC 500 series cabinets combined extraction and
analysis using filter blockage measurement techniques which
are not affected by the presence of water or air in fluids.
Blank
Component
Contamination
� Developing optimization
� Developing and validation
of cleanliness standard
� Cleaner fluids
� Laboratory services
Component
Contamination Microscopic Analysis
PCC041
All stainless steel cabinets feature:
� Controlled extraction environment
� Automated cleaning to �blank� values
� Pressurised solvent dispensing and
recycling circuits.
� Meet ISO 18413, ISO 16232 and
VDA 19 procedures.
PCC030
PCC500
Extraction
Component Cleanliness Measurement
15
Component Cleanliness Cabinets facilitate the accurate, reliable
and repeatable determination of component cleanliness.
Extraction
AnalysisAnalysis
Process OptimizationProcess Optimization
The Pall PCC 500 series cabinets combined extraction and
analysis using filter blockage measurement techniques which
are not affected by the presence of water or air in fluids.
Blank
Component
Contamination
� Developing optimization
� Developing and validation
of cleanliness standard
� Cleaner fluids
� Laboratory services
Component
Contamination Microscopic Analysis
PCC041
All stainless steel cabinets feature:
� Controlled extraction environment
� Automated cleaning to �blank� values
� Pressurised solvent dispensing and
recycling circuits.
� Meet ISO 18413, ISO 16232 and
VDA 19 procedures.
PCC030
PCC500
Introduction
There are 4 methods for taking fluid samples. Method 1 is the best choice followed
by
Method 2. Method 3 should only be used if there is no opportunity to take a line
sample,
and Method 4 should only be used if all others are impracticable.
DO NOT obtain a sample from a reservoir drain valve. Always take the sample under
the
cleanest possible conditions, and use pre-cleaned sample bottles.
If there are no line mounted samplers, fit a Pall sampling device to the Pall
filter.
Fluid Sampling Procedure

16
Method 1
Small ball valve with PTFE or similar
seats, or a test point
1. Operate the system for at least 30
minutes prior to taking sample in order
to distribute the particulate evenly.
2. Open the sampling valve and flush at
least 1 litre of fluid through the valve.
Do not close the valve after flushing.
3. When opening the sample bottle, be
extremely careful not to contaminate it.
4. Half fill the bottle with system fluid,
use this to rinse the inner surfaces and
then discard.
5. Repeat step 4 a second time without
closing the valve.
6. Collect sufficient fluid to fill 3/4 of bottle
(to allow contents to be redistributed).
7. Cap the sample immediately and then
close the sample valve.
Caution: Do not touch the valve
while taking the sample.
8. Label the sample bottle with system
details and enclose in a suitable
container for transport.
Method 2
Valve of unknown contamination
shedding capabilities
to distribute particulate evenly.
2. Open the sampling valve and flush at
least 3 to 4 Litres of fluid through the
valve. (This is best accomplished by
connecting the outlet of the valve back
to the reservoir by using flexible tubing).
Do not close the valve.
3. Having flushed the valve, remove the
flexible tubing from the valve with the
valve still open and fluid flowing.
Remove the cap of the sample bottle
and collect sample according to
instructions 4 to 6 of Method 1.
4. Cap the sample immediately and then
close the sample valve.
Caution: Do not touch the valve
while taking the sample.
5. Label the sample bottle with system
details and enclose in a suitable
container for transport.
Fluid Sampling Procedure (continued)
17
Method 3
Sampling from Reservoirs and
Bulk Containers
Applicable only if Methods 1 and 2
cannot be used
to distribute the particles evenly.
2. Clean the area of entry to the reservoir
where sample will be obtained.
3. Flush the hose of the vacuum
sampling device with filtered (0.8 �m)
solvent to remove contamination that
may be present.
4. Attach a suitable sample bottle to
the sampling device, carefully insert
the hose into the reservoir so that it
is mid-way into the fluid. Take care
not to scrape the hose against the
sides of the tank or baffles within the
tank as contamination may be sucked
into the hose.
5. Pull the plunger on the body of the
sampling device to produce vacuum
and half fill the bottle.
6. Unscrew bottle slightly to release
vacuum, allowing hose to drain.
7. Flush the bottle by repeating steps 4 to
6 two or three times.
8. Collect sufficient fluid to 3/4 fill the
sample bottle, release the vacuum and
unscrew the sample bottle. Immediately
recap and label the sample bottle.
Method 4
Bottle Dipping
Least preferred method
3. Ensure the outside of the bottle is clean
by flushing with filtered solvent.
4. Remove cap from the sample bottle.
Carefully fill the sample bottle by
dipping it into the reservoir and then
discard the fluid after rinsing the inside
of the sample bottle.
5. Repeat step 4.
Carefully fill the sample bottle, cap
immediately and wipe the outside.
6. Secure any openings in the reservoir.
Note: Incorrect sampling procedures
will adversely effect the cleanliness
level in the sample bottle.
It is impossible to make a sample
cleaner than the actual system but
very easy to make it dirtier.
Fluid Sampling Procedure (continued)
17
Method 3
Sampling from Reservoirs and
Bulk Containers
Applicable only if Methods 1 and 2
cannot be used
to distribute the particles evenly.
3. Flush the hose of the vacuum
sampling device with filtered (0.8 �m)
solvent to remove contamination that
may be present.
4. Attach a suitable sample bottle to
the sampling device, carefully insert
the hose into the reservoir so that it
is mid-way into the fluid. Take care
not to scrape the hose against the
sides of the tank or baffles within the
tank as contamination may be sucked
into the hose.
5. Pull the plunger on the body of the
sampling device to produce vacuum
and half fill the bottle.
6. Unscrew bottle slightly to release
vacuum, allowing hose to drain.
7. Flush the bottle by repeating steps 4 to
6 two or three times.
8. Collect sufficient fluid to 3/4 fill the
sample bottle, release the vacuum and
unscrew the sample bottle. Immediately
recap and label the sample bottle.
Method 4
Bottle Dipping
Least preferred method
3. Ensure the outside of the bottle is clean
by flushing with filtered solvent.
4. Remove cap from the sample bottle.
Carefully fill the sample bottle by
dipping it into the reservoir and then
discard the fluid after rinsing the inside
of the sample bottle.
5. Repeat step 4.
Carefully fill the sample bottle, cap
immediately and wipe the outside.
6. Secure any openings in the reservoir.
Note: Incorrect sampling procedures
will adversely effect the cleanliness
level in the sample bottle.
It is impossible to make a sample
cleaner than the actual system but
very easy to make it dirtier.
Filter location
Flushing Filter
� To remove particles that have been built-in
to the system during assembly or
maintenance before start-up.
� To remove large particles that will cause
catastrophic failures.
� To extend 'in-service' filter element life.
Pressure Line
� To stop pump wear debris from travelling
through the system.
� To catch debris from a catastrophic
pump failure and prevent secondary
system damage.
� To act as a Last Chance Filter (LCF)
and protect components directly
downstream of it.
Return Line
� To capture debris from component wear or
ingression travelling to the reservoir.
� To promote general system cleanliness.
Air breather
� To prevent ingression of
airborne particulate contamination.
� To extend filter element service life.
� To maintain system cleanliness.
Kidney loop/off-line
� To control system cleanliness when
pressure line flow diminishes
(i.e. compensating pumps).
� For systems where pressure or return
filtration is impractical.
� As a supplement to in-line filters to provide
improved cleanliness control and filter
service life in high dirt ingression systems.
Additional filters should be placed
ahead of critical or sensitive
components
� To protect against catastrophic machine
failure (often non-bypass filters are used).
� To reduce wear
� To stabilize valve operation
Filter location
Flushing Filter
� To remove particles that have been built-in
to the system during assembly or
maintenance before start-up.
� To remove large particles that will cause
catastrophic failures.
� To extend 'in-service' filter element life.
Pressure Line
� To stop pump wear debris from travelling
through the system.
� To catch debris from a catastrophic
pump failure and prevent secondary
system damage.
� To act as a Last Chance Filter (LCF)
and protect components directly
downstream of it.
Return Line
� To capture debris from component wear or
ingression travelling to the reservoir.
� To promote general system cleanliness.
Air breather
� To prevent ingression of
airborne particulate contamination.
� To extend filter element service life.
� To maintain system cleanliness.
Kidney loop/off-line
� To control system cleanliness when
pressure line flow diminishes
(i.e. compensating pumps).
� For systems where pressure or return
filtration is impractical.
� As a supplement to in-line filters to provide
improved cleanliness control and filter
service life in high dirt ingression systems.
Additional filters should be placed
ahead of critical or sensitive
components
� To protect against catastrophic machine
failure (often non-bypass filters are used).
� To reduce wear
� To stabilize valve operation
18
(prevents stiction).
Return
line filter
Pressure
line filter
Kidney
loop/off-line
filterOil transfer
filter cart
Air
breather
Fluid
Conditioning
Purifier
20Bulk Fluid
Storage
Minimised
Waste
Disposal
Press
Parts Washing
Test Facility
UNDERSTANDING TOTAL FLUID MOVEMENT
Supply Machining Centres
Injection
Moulding
Coolant Wash fluid
The Pall concept of Total Cleanliness Management in practice
Water Supply
Pall Microfiltration
systems
Pall Ultipleat� SRT
On-line filling filtration
Coolant Cleanliness
Pall Filters for
through tool coolant
Pall Fluid
Conditioning Purifiers
Removal of water, gases
and solid contamination
Filters for hydraulic
and lubricating oils
Remaining Life Indicator
Water Sensor
Fluid Cleanliness
Monitor
Particle Counter
Pall Scientific
and Laboratory
Services
Component
Cleanliness
Measurement
Pall Cleanliness
Cabinets
Pall Off-line
filtration
Pall Fluid
Management
Services
Waste Disposal
Pall DT Module
reverse osmosis
systems
Pall Reverse
Osmosis
Water
Clarification
Pall Air
Breathers
Pall Cross Flow
Filtration
Systems
Pall
Melt Blown
Filters
Pall Condition Monitoring equipment
20Bulk Fluid
Storage
Minimised
Waste
Disposal
Press
Parts Washing
Test Facility
UNDERSTANDING TOTAL FLUID MOVEMENT
Supply Machining Centres
Injection
Moulding
Coolant Wash fluid
The Pall concept of Total Cleanliness Management in practice
Water Supply
Pall Microfiltration
systems
On-line filling filtration
Coolant Cleanliness
Pall Filters for
through tool coolant
Pall Fluid
Conditioning Purifiers
Removal of water, gases
and solid contamination
Filters for hydraulic
and lubricating oils
Remaining Life Indicator
Water Sensor
Fluid Cleanliness
Monitor
Particle Counter
Pall Scientific
and Laboratory
Services
Component
Cleanliness
Measurement
Pall Cleanliness
Cabinets
Pall Off-line
filtration
Pall Fluid
Management
Services
Waste Disposal
Pall DT Module
reverse osmosis
systems
Pall Reverse
Osmosis
Water
Clarification
Pall Air
Breathers
Pall Cross Flow
Filtration
Systems
Pall
Melt Blown
Filters
Pall Condition Monitoring equipment
19
Short Element Life Checklist
OK
OK
OK
Clean .P
too high
Above
required
level
Faulty
Higher
than
expected
NO
OK
NEW OLD
Above
required
level
OK
OK
OLD APPLICATION OR
NEW APPLICATION
SPECTROGRAPHIC
WATER CONTENT
FILTERABILITY TEST
ON NEW AND
SYSTEM OIL
CHECK FOR GELS
AND PRECIPITATES
HAS ANYTHING
ALTERED IN THE
SYSTEM?
- Recent maintenance
- New oil added
- Change in oil type
- Change in temperature
- Change in flow rate
CHECK SYSTEM
CLEANLINESS LEVEL
INCREASE SURFACE
AREA
- Longer Bowl
- Larger Assembly
SYSTEM CLEAN-UP
OCCURRING
CHANGE
INDICATOR
VERIFY SYSTEM
SPECIFICATIONS
PARTICULARLY FLOW
RATE
CHECK FILTER
SIZING
CHECK SYSTEM
CLEANLINESS
CHECK
INDICATOR
VERY POSSIBLE
SYSTEM/
COMPONENT
PROBLEMS
- Other analysis tests
- Wear debris
- SEM/EDX
- Check by-pass valve
FIT .P GAUGE AND
VERIFY CLEAN .P
CHECK FLUID
CHEMISTRY
CHECK
INDICATOR
INSPECT SYSTEM
FILTER ELEMENT
19
Short Element Life Checklist
OK
OK
OK
Clean .P
too high
Above
required
level
Faulty
Higher
than
expected
NO
OK
NEW OLD
Above
required
level
OK
OK
OLD APPLICATION OR
NEW APPLICATION
SPECTROGRAPHIC
WATER CONTENT
FILTERABILITY TEST
ON NEW AND
SYSTEM OIL
CHECK FOR GELS
AND PRECIPITATES
HAS ANYTHING
ALTERED IN THE
SYSTEM?
- Recent maintenance
- New oil added
- Change in oil type
- Change in temperature
- Change in flow rate
CHECK SYSTEM
CLEANLINESS LEVEL
INCREASE SURFACE
AREA
- Longer Bowl
- Larger Assembly
SYSTEM CLEAN-UP
OCCURRING
CHANGE
INDICATOR
VERIFY SYSTEM
SPECIFICATIONS
PARTICULARLY FLOW
RATE
CHECK FILTER
SIZING
CHECK SYSTEM
CLEANLINESS
CHECK
INDICATOR
VERY POSSIBLE
SYSTEM/
COMPONENT
PROBLEMS
- Other analysis tests
- Wear debris
- SEM/EDX
- Check by-pass valve
FIT .P GAUGE AND
VERIFY CLEAN .P
CHECK FLUID
CHEMISTRY
CHECK
INDICATOR
INSPECT SYSTEM
FILTER ELEMENT
21
FILTRATIONAuto-Pull Element
Removal Tabs:
Corrosion-resistant
endcaps feature
exclusive Auto-Pull
tabs for automatic
element extraction
upon opening the
housing.
Benefit: Ease of
element change-out.
Coreless/Cageless
Design: Outer element
cage is a permanent
part of the filter housing
Benefit: Lighter,
environmentally friendly
element for reduced
disposal costs and ease
of element change-out.
Up and Downstream
Mesh Layers: Create
flow channels for
uniform flow through
the filter.
Benefit: Extended
element life for lower
operating costs.
Proprietary Cushion
Layer: Provides support
for the media and
protection from
handling.
Benefit: Reliable,
consistent performance
SRT Media: Inert,
inorganic fibers
securely bonded in a
fixed, tapered pore
structure with
increased resistance
to system stresses
such as cyclic flow
and dirt loading.
Benefit: Improved
performance over the
life of the filter and
more consistent fluid
cleanliness.
Media Substrate Support Layer
(not shown): Provides support for the
media and aids in drainage flow.
Benefit: Reliable, consistent
performance O-ring Seal: Prevents
contaminant bypassing
the filtration media
under normal operation.
Benefit: Reliable,
consistent
filtration performance.
A revolutionary filter technology for
hydraulic and lube applications
� Smaller size
� Increased resistance to system stresses
� High flow capability
� Improved cleanliness control
� Increased equipment protection
Proprietary Outer
Helical Wrap: Tightly
bonds to each pleat for
stability and strength.
Benefit: Reliable,
and resistance to
severe operating
conditions.
21
FILTRATIONAuto-Pull Element
Removal Tabs:
Corrosion-resistant
endcaps feature
exclusive Auto-Pull
tabs for automatic
element extraction
upon opening the
housing.
Benefit: Ease of
element change-out.
Coreless/Cageless
Design: Outer element
cage is a permanent
part of the filter housing
Benefit: Lighter,
environmentally friendly
element for reduced
disposal costs and ease
of element change-out.
Up and Downstream
Mesh Layers: Create
flow channels for
uniform flow through
the filter.
Benefit: Extended
element life for lower
operating costs.
Proprietary Cushion
Layer: Provides support
for the media and
protection from
handling.
Benefit: Reliable,
SRT Media: Inert,
inorganic fibers
securely bonded in a
fixed, tapered pore
structure with
increased resistance
to system stresses
such as cyclic flow
and dirt loading.
Benefit: Improved
performance over the
life of the filter and
more consistent fluid
cleanliness.
Media Substrate Support Layer
(not shown): Provides support for the
media and aids in drainage flow.
Benefit: Reliable, consistent
performance O-ring Seal: Prevents
contaminant bypassing
the filtration media
under normal operation.
Benefit: Reliable,
consistent
filtration performance.
A revolutionary filter technology for
hydraulic and lube applications
� Smaller size
� Increased resistance to system stresses
� High flow capability
� Improved cleanliness control
� Increased equipment protection
Proprietary Outer
Helical Wrap: Tightly
bonds to each pleat for
stability and strength.
Benefit: Reliable,
and resistance to
severe operating
conditions.
Pall Ultipleat� SRT Filter Performance Data
AZ 08/04/01
AP 12/07/02
AN 15/11/04
AS 16/13/04
AT 17/15/08
Pall Ultipleat� SRT Filter Performance Data
AZ 08/04/01
AP 12/07/02
AN 15/11/04
AS 16/13/04
AT 17/15/08
Ultipleat SRT Cleanliness Code Rating (ISO 4406)
Grade based on SAE ARP 4205
10,000
1,000
Multi-Pass
Filter Rating 100
(ISO 16889)
10
1
AT
AS
ANAZ
AP
0
2
4
6
8
10121416
1820222426
Particle Size (�m(c))
Filtration Ratio (�)
22
The optimized fan-pleat geometry of SRT filtration provides:
� Uniform flow distribution and increased capacity
� Maximum filter surface area and element life
Traditional Fan-Pleat Filter Pall Ultipleat SRT
Pall Ultipleat� SRT Housing Range
Other series or configurations available, consult Pall for further details.
209 110 30 350
219 230 60 420
239 350 90 420
319
High Pressure Series
UH Flow Rate Pressure Rating

Series L/min USgpm bar
psi
5,075
6,100
6,100
600
160
420
6,100
UH Port Sizes Length

Series
(inches)
(inches)
3, 7
4, 8, 13, 20
8, 13, 20
11/4, 11/2, 2
8, 13, 20, 40
209 3/4, 1
219 1, 11/4
239 11/4, 11/2
319
UH219 UH319
UR619 UR319 UR209
UR Flow Rate Pressure Rating
Return Line Series
Series L/min
USgpm bar
psi
600
600
600
400
400
400
400
209 130 35 41
219 265 70 41
319 760 200 41
619 835 220 28
629 1050 280 28
649 1500 400 28
699 835 220 28
UR Port Sizes Length
Series
(inches)
(inches)
23
209 3/4, 1 3, 7
219 3/4, 1, 11/4 4, 8, 13, 20
319 11/2, 2, 21/2 8, 13, 20, 40
619 11/2, 2, 21/2 20, 40
629/49 3, 4 20, 40
699 2, 21/2, 3 20, 40
24
Pall Ultipleat� SRT Housing Range (continued)
UT Flow Rate Pressure Rating
Series L/min USgpm bar psi
279 130 35 10
319 760 200 10
In-Tank Series
UT319 UT279
UT Port Sizes Length
Series (inches) (inches)
4, 8, 13, 20
8, 13, 20, 40
Auto-Pull tab
on filter element
Auto-Pull
tab on filter
housing cover
24
Pall Ultipleat� SRT Housing Range (continued)
UT Flow Rate Pressure Rating
Series L/min USgpm bar psi
279 130 35 10
319 760 200 10
In-Tank Series
UT319 UT279
UT Port Sizes Length
Series (inches) (inches)
4, 8, 13, 20
8, 13, 20, 40
Auto-Pull tab
on filter element
Auto-Pull
tab on filter
housing cover
150
150
279 3/4, 1, 11/4

319 11/2, 2, 21/2
Auto-Pull Element
Removal Mechanism
Ultipleat SRT filter assemblies feature

Pall�s unique Auto-Pull element removal
mechanism, allowing easy element
removal from the filter housing.
When the cover or tube (depending on

assembly design) is unscrewed from the
housing, tabs on the filter element endcaps
fit into hooks in the housing. Thus, as the
cover or tube is unscrewed, the element
is automatically pulled from the tube.
This eliminates the need to reach into the
tube to grab an endcap or handle and
manually pull out the element.
25 25
Pall Ultipleat� SRT Filter Part Numbering
Housings:
UH = Ultipleat high pressure housing
UR = Ultipleat return housing
UT = Ultipleat in-Tank housing
UH 219C G20 AP 08 Z G P
G = Bypass Valve
(standard options)
P = Indicator
(standard options)
Z = Fluorocarbon Seals
08 = Element Length
(standard options)
G = Port style (standard options)
20 = Port size (standard options)
2 = Duplex: 2 housing total
Other = Simplex: 1 housing
C = Cap service (bowl up)
H = Head service (bowl down)
2 = 2" diameter element
AP = Media Grade
(standard options)
UE = Ultipleat element
9 = In-to-out flow, 10 bar collapse
Elements: UE 219 AP 08 Z
to different applications and specific user
The term 'Melt blown' means the filter has
been manufactured using a computer controlled
process where fibers are collected to produce
to different applications and specific user
The term 'Melt blown' means the filter has
been manufactured using a computer controlled
process where fibers are collected to produce
Recommended for industrial applications to treat water, fuels, aqueous
solutions and low viscosity process fluids.
Melt Blown Technology
in a graded pore structure about a

moulded core.
Different media configurations are suited
requirements. The Pall Melt Blown filter

element range is available in depth, fan
pleated and patented laid over pleat
(Ultipleat) designs.
1
2
3
Melt Blown Filter Technology
1
2
3
Depth Filter
Fan pleat geometry
Laid-over pleat geometry
Recognizing that different applications have different fluid
cleanliness and filtration requirements, the Pall range of Melt
Blown filter products are simply defined to help you choose
the best solution at the most economic cost.
Particulate Efficiency Recommended

Highly CriticalCritical to General 99.9%
General 90%
Control Rating% Range (�m)
99.98%
1, 3, 6, 12, 20
40, 70, 90
100, 150, 200
A wide range of filter housings

are also available.
26
Recommended Fluid Cleanliness Level Worksheet*
Selection of the appropriate cleanliness level should be based upon careful
consideration
of the operational and environmental conditions. By working through this list of
individual
parameters, a total weighting can be obtained which when plotted on the graph on
page 27,
provides a Recommended Cleanliness Level (RCL).
Table 1. Operating Pressure and Duty Cycle
Duty Examples Operating Pressure (bar (psi)) Actual
0-70 >70-170 >170-275 >275-410 >410
(0-1000) (>1000-2500) (>2500-4000) (>4000-6000) (>6000)
Light Steady duty 1 1 2 3 4
Medium Moderate pressure
2 3 4 5 6variations
Heavy Zero to full pressure 3 4 5 6 7
Severe Zero to full pressure with
4 5 6 7 8high frequency transients
Recommended Fluid Cleanliness Level Worksheet*
Selection of the appropriate cleanliness level should be based upon careful
consideration
of the operational and environmental conditions. By working through this list of
individual
parameters, a total weighting can be obtained which when plotted on the graph on
page 27,
provides a Recommended Cleanliness Level (RCL).
Table 1. Operating Pressure and Duty Cycle
Duty Examples Operating Pressure (bar (psi)) Actual
0-70 >70-170 >170-275 >275-410 >410
(0-1000) (>1000-2500) (>2500-4000) (>4000-6000) (>6000)
Light Steady duty 1 1 2 3 4
Medium Moderate pressure
2 3 4 5 6variations
Heavy Zero to full pressure 3 4 5 6 7
Severe Zero to full pressure with
4 5 6 7 8high frequency transients
Table 2. Component Sensitivity
Sensitivity Examples Weighting Actual

Minimal Ram pumps 1
Below average Low performance gear pumps, manual valves, poppet valves 2
Average Vane pumps, spool valves, high performance gear pumps 3
Above average Piston pumps, proportional valves 4
High Servo valves, high pressure proportional valves 6
Very high High performance servo valves 8
Table 3. Equipment Life Expectancy
Life Expectancy (hours) Weighting Actual

0-1,000 0
1,000-5,000 1
5,000-10,000 2
10,000-20,000 3
20,000-40,000 4
>40,000 5
Table 4. Component Replacement Cost
Replacement Cost Examples Weighting Actual

Low Manifold mounted valves, inexpensive pumps 1
Average Line mounted valves and modular valves 2
High Cylinders, proportional valves 3
Very high Large piston pumps, hydrostatic transmission motors,
4high performance servo components
Table 5. Equipment Downtime Cost
Downtime Cost Examples Weighting Actual

Low Equipment not critical to production or operation 1
Average Small to medium production plant 2
High High volume production plant 4
Very high Very expensive downtime cost 6
Table 6. Safety Liability
27
Safety Liability Examples Weighting Actual
Low No liability 1
Average Failure may cause hazard 3
High Failure may cause injury 6
* Adapted from BFPA/P5 Target Cleanliness Level Selector 1999 Issue 3.
Table 7. Cleanliness Requirement Total Table 7. Cleanliness Requirement Total
Cleanliness Requirement Total Weighting Total
Sum of 'Actual' weighting from sections 1 through 6

Using the chart below, determine where the 'Cleanliness Requirement Total
Weighting' number from Table 7
intersects the red line. Follow across to the left to find the recommended ISO 4406
Code.
Table 8. Environmental Weighting
Environment Examples Weighting Actual

Single Multiple
Filter Filters
Good Clean areas, few ingression points, filtered fluid filling, air
0 -1 breathers
Fair General machine shops, some control over ingression points 1 0
Poor Minimal control over operating environment and ingression
3 2points e.g. on-highway mobile equipment)
Hostile Potentially high ingression (e.g. foundries, concrete mfg.,
5 4component test rigs, off-highway mobile equipment)
* Single filter or multiple filters with the same media grade on the system.
Table 9. Required Filtration Level
Filtration Requirement Total Weighting Total
Add Environmental Weighting (Table 8) to Cleanliness Requirement Total (Table 7)

Using the chart below, determine where the 'Required Filtration Level' total in
Table 9 intersects the red line.
Follow across to the right to find the corresponding recommended Pall filter grade.
20/18/15
1011
12
131415
16
17
181920
21
22
232425
26
27
282930
31
32
ISO 4406 Code�

17/15/1218/16/1319/17/1406/04/0107/05/0208/06/0309/07/0410/08/0511/09/0612/10/0713/
11/0814/12/0915/13/1016/14/11AZ
AP
AN
AS
28
Weighting
�
Using on-line particle counting
Viscosity Conversions
Kinematic cSt Saybolt Universal
(mm2/s) Seconds (SUS)
40�C (104�F) 100�C (212�F)
5 42 43
10 59 59
15 77 78
20 98 99
25 119 120
30 142 143
35 164 165
40 187 188
45 210 211
50 233 234
55 256 257
60 279 280
65 302 303
70 325 326
75 348 350
100 463 466
200 926 933
400 1853 1866
600 2779 2798
=
�
�= Kinematic viscosity of fluid in cSt (mm2/s)
� = Dynamic viscosity of fluid in cP (Pa.s)
�= Density of fluid (kg/m3)
To Convert to at Multiply cSt at same
temperature by
SUS 40�C (104�F) 4.63
SUS 100�C (212�F) 4.66
Redwood N�1 60�C (140�F) 4.1
Engler All temperatures 0.13
Viscosity Conversions
Kinematic cSt Saybolt Universal
(mm2/s) Seconds (SUS)
40�C (104�F) 100�C (212�F)
5 42 43
10 59 59
15 77 78
20 98 99
25 119 120
30 142 143
35 164 165
40 187 188
45 210 211
50 233 234
55 256 257
60 279 280
65 302 303
70 325 326
75 348 350
100 463 466
200 926 933
400 1853 1866
600 2779 2798
=
�
�= Kinematic viscosity of fluid in cSt (mm2/s)
� = Dynamic viscosity of fluid in cP (Pa.s)
�= Density of fluid (kg/m3)
To Convert to at Multiply cSt at same
temperature by
SUS 40�C (104�F) 4.63
SUS 100�C (212�F) 4.66
Redwood N�1 60�C (140�F) 4.1
Engler All temperatures 0.13
29
30
Common Fluid Power Circuit Diagram Symbols
Double Acting
Cylinder
Cylinder with
Adjustable Cushioning
Single Acting
Telescopic Cylinder
Fixed Displacement Pump
Uni-directional Flow
Bi-directional Rotation
Variable Displacement Pump
Bi-directional Flow
Anti-clockwise Rotation
Pressure Compensated Pump
[Shortform Symbol]
Uni-directional Flow
External Case Drain
Clockwise Rotation
Electric Motor Driven
Bi-directional
Semi-rotary Actuator
Fixed Displacement Motor
Anti-clockwise Rotation
Variable Displacement Motor
Bi-directional Rotation
External Case Drain
2 Port, 2 Position
Normally Closed
2 Port, 2 Position
Normally Open
3 Port, 2 Position
Spring Return
3 Port, 2 Position
Spring Return
[Poppet type]
4 Port, 2 Position
Spring Return
4 Port, [3 Position]
Proportional
4 Port, 3 Position, Spring Centred
(See Below for Centre Conditions)
Closed Centre Open Centre Tandem Centre Float Centre Regeneration Centre
Switching
Solenoid
Proportional
Solenoid
Hand
Lever
Foot
Pedal
Palm
Button
Electro-Hydraulic
(Pilot) Operation
Direct Operated
Relief Valve
Pilot Operated
Relief Valve
Direct Operated
Reducing Valve
Direct Operated
3 Way Reducing Valve
Check
Valve
Pilot-to-Open
Check Valve
Shuttle Valve
Isolator
(Open)
Isolator
(Closed)
Diverter
Valve
Orifice
(Jet)
Throttle
Valve
Throttle-Check
Valve
Pressure Compensated
Flow Control Valve
Flow Line, Symbol Enclosure
Pilot Line, Drain Line
Flexible Hose
Lines Connecting
Lines Crossing
Flow
meter
Temp.
Gauge
Pressure
Gauge
Test
Point
Connections
To Tank
Accumulator
Filter with Visual
Clogging Indicator
Filter with
Bypass Valve
Duplex Filter with
Manual Valve
Cooler
(Heat Exchanger)
ISO1219-1: Fluid power systems and components - Graphic symbols and circuit
diagrams -
Part 1: Graphic symbols for conventional use and data processing applications.
Cylinders & Semi-rotary Actuators
Pumps & Motors
Directional Control Valves (Unspecified Actuation)
Directional Control Valve Actuation
Pressure Control Valves
Isolation & Flow Control Valves
Filters & Coolers
Instrumentation & Pipeline Components
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
TEMPERATURE DEGREES CELSIUS
100000
50000
100000
50000
(1) Plot oil viscosity in centistokes at
40�C (104�F) and 100�C (212�F).
(2) Draw straight line through points.
(3) Read off centistokes at any
temperature of interest.
Lines shown indicate ISO preferred
grades of 100 Viscosity Index. Lower
V.I. oils will have steeper slopes.
Higher V.I. oils will have flatter slopes.
VISCOSITY/TEMPERATURE CHART
NOTE:
ISO 1500ISO 1000ISO 680ISO 460ISO 320
ISO 220
ISO 150
ISO 100ISO 68ISO 46ISO 32ISO 22ISO 15ISO 10ISO 7
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
TEMPERATURE DEGREES CELSIUS100000
50000
100000
50000
(1) Plot oil viscosity in centistokes at
40�C (104�F) and 100�C (212�F).
(2) Draw straight line through points.
(3) Read off centistokes at any
temperature of interest.
Lines shown indicate ISO preferred
grades of 100 Viscosity Index. Lower
V.I. oils will have steeper slopes.
Higher V.I. oils will have flatter slopes.
VISCOSITY/TEMPERATURE CHART
NOTE:
ISO 1500ISO 1000ISO 680ISO 460ISO 320
ISO 220
ISO 150
ISO 100ISO 68ISO 46ISO 32ISO 22ISO 15ISO 10ISO 7
20000
20000
10000
10000
5000
5000
3000
3000
2000
2000
1000
1000
500
500
400
300
200
150
100
75
50
40
30
400
300
200
150
100
75
50
40
30
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, CENTISTOKES
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, CENTISTOKES
20
20
15
15
10
10
9.0
9.0
8.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150160
TEMPERATURE, DEGREES CELSIUS
31
-20 150 160
330320310300290280270260250240230220210200190180170160150140130120
TEMPERATURE, DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
1101009080706050403020100
1401301201101009080706050403020100-10
3.0
The aim of flushing is to remove contamination from the inside of pipes and
components which are introduced during system assembly or maintenance.
This is accomplished by passing fluid through the system, usually at a velocity
higher than that during normal operation.
Omission or curtailment of flushing will inevitably lead to rapid wear

of components, malfunction and breakdown.
Reynolds No (Re): A non-dimensional number that provides a qualification of the

degree of turbulence within a pipe or hose.
Flushing Procedures and Formula

Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow
Laminar Flow - Reynolds No < 2,000

Transitional Flow - Reynolds No 2,000 - 4,000
Turbulent Flow - Reynolds No > 4,000
The flow condition in a pipe or hose can be assessed using Reynolds No as follows:
Re =
Ud
x 1,000 or Re = 21,200 x Q / ( x d)
Re = Reynolds No
U = Mean flow velocity (m/s)
d = Pipe internal diameter (mm)
= Kinematic viscosity of fluid in cSt (mm2/s)
Q = Flow rate (L/min)
32
33
English / Metric Conversions
Pressure - psi and bar
1 psi = 0.067 bar 1 bar = 14.5 psi
psi bar bar psi
20 1.38 1 14.5
30 2.07 2 29.0
40 2.77 3 43.5
50 3.45 4 58.0
60 4.14 5 72.5
70 4.83 6 87.0
80 5.52 7 102
90 6.21 8 116
100 6.90 9 131
200 13.8 10 145
300 20.7 15 218
400 27.6 20 290
500 34.5 25 363
600 41.4 30 435
700 48.3 35 508
800 55.2 40 580
900 62.1 45 653
1,000 69 50 725
1,100 75.9 55 798
1,200 82.8 60 870
1,300 89.7 65 943
1,400 96.6 70 1,015
1,500 104 75 1,088
1,600 110 80 1,160
1,700 117 85 1,233
1,800 124 90 1,305
1,900 131 95 1,378
2,000 138 100 1,450
2,250 155 150 2,175
2,500 172 200 2,900
2,750 190 250 3,630
3,000 207 300 4,350
3,500 241 350 5,080
4,000 258 400 5,800
4,500 310 450 6,530
5,000 345 500 7,250
Hydraulic Flow - USgpm and litres/minute
1 USgpm = 3.79 litres/min 1 litre/min = 0.264 USgpm
USgpm L/min L/min USgpm
5 18.9 5 1.3
10 37.9 10 2.6
15 56.8 20 5.3
20 75.7 30 7.9
25 94.6 40 10.6
30 114 50 13.2
35 133 60 15.9
40 151 70 18.5
45 170 80 21.1
50 189 90 23.8
55 208 100 26.4
60 227 125 33.0
65 246 150 39.6
70 265 200 52.8
75 284 250 66.1
80 303 300 79.3
85 322 350 92.5
90 341 400 105.7
95 360 450 118.9
100 379 500 132.1
125 473 550 145.3
150 568 600 158.5
175 662 650 171.7
200 757 700 184.9
225 852 750 198.2
250 946 800 211.4
275 1,040 900 237.8
300 1,140 1,000 264.2
1 gpm (US) = 0.832 gpm (UK)
Note: Values to 3 significant figures
33
English / Metric Conversions
Pressure - psi and bar
1 psi = 0.067 bar 1 bar = 14.5 psi
psi bar bar psi
20 1.38 1 14.5
30 2.07 2 29.0
40 2.77 3 43.5
50 3.45 4 58.0
60 4.14 5 72.5
70 4.83 6 87.0
80 5.52 7 102
90 6.21 8 116
100 6.90 9 131
200 13.8 10 145
300 20.7 15 218
400 27.6 20 290
500 34.5 25 363
600 41.4 30 435
700 48.3 35 508
800 55.2 40 580
900 62.1 45 653
1,000 69 50 725
1,100 75.9 55 798
1,200 82.8 60 870
1,300 89.7 65 943
1,400 96.6 70 1,015
1,500 104 75 1,088
1,600 110 80 1,160
1,700 117 85 1,233
1,800 124 90 1,305
1,900 131 95 1,378
2,000 138 100 1,450
2,250 155 150 2,175
2,500 172 200 2,900
2,750 190 250 3,630
3,000 207 300 4,350
3,500 241 350 5,080
4,000 258 400 5,800
4,500 310 450 6,530
5,000 345 500 7,250
Hydraulic Flow - USgpm and litres/minute
1 USgpm = 3.79 litres/min 1 litre/min = 0.264 USgpm
USgpm L/min L/min USgpm
5 18.9 5 1.3
10 37.9 10 2.6
15 56.8 20 5.3
20 75.7 30 7.9
25 94.6 40 10.6
30 114 50 13.2
35 133 60 15.9
40 151 70 18.5
45 170 80 21.1
50 189 90 23.8
55 208 100 26.4
60 227 125 33.0
65 246 150 39.6
70 265 200 52.8
75 284 250 66.1
80 303 300 79.3
85 322 350 92.5
90 341 400 105.7
95 360 450 118.9
100 379 500 132.1
125 473 550 145.3
150 568 600 158.5
175 662 650 171.7
200 757 700 184.9
225 852 750 198.2
250 946 800 211.4
275 1,040 900 237.8
300 1,140 1,000 264.2
1 gpm (US) = 0.832 gpm (UK)
Note: Values to 3 significant figures
To Convert Into Multiply By
Into To Convert Divide By
Litre Cubic metre 0.001
Litre Gallon (US) 0.2642
Litre Gallon (UK) 0.22
Micrometre (Micron) Inch 0.000039
Foot Inch 12
Inch Millimetre 25.4
Metre Foot 3.28
Metre Yard 1.09
Mile Kilometre 1.609
Litre/sec Cubic metre/min 0.06
Metre/sec Kilometre/hour 3.6
Kilogram Pound 2.205
Pound Ounce 16
Kilowatt Horsepower 1.341
Kilowatt BTU/hour 3412
Atmosphere PSI 14.7
Bar PSI 14.5
KiloPascal PSI 0.145
Bar KiloPascal 100
Bar Inches of mercury (Hg) 29.53
Inches of Water Pascal (Pa) 249
Celsius (Centigrade) Fahrenheit �C x 1.8 + 32
Degree (Angle) Radian 0.01745
Measurement Conversion Factors
To Convert Into Multiply By
Into To Convert Divide By
Litre Cubic metre 0.001
Litre Gallon (US) 0.2642
Litre Gallon (UK) 0.22
Micrometre (Micron) Inch 0.000039
Foot Inch 12
Inch Millimetre 25.4
Metre Foot 3.28
Metre Yard 1.09
Mile Kilometre 1.609
Litre/sec Cubic metre/min 0.06
Metre/sec Kilometre/hour 3.6
Kilogram Pound 2.205
Pound Ounce 16
Kilowatt Horsepower 1.341
Kilowatt BTU/hour 3412
Atmosphere PSI 14.7
Bar PSI 14.5
KiloPascal PSI 0.145
Bar KiloPascal 100
Bar Inches of mercury (Hg) 29.53
Inches of Water Pascal (Pa) 249
Celsius (Centigrade) Fahrenheit �C x 1.8 + 32
Degree (Angle) Radian 0.01745
Measurement Conversion Factors
To convert units appearing in column 1 (left column) into equivalent values
in column 2 (centre column), multiply by factor in column 3.
Example: To convert 7 Litres into Cubic Metres, multiply 7 by 0.001 = 0.007.
To convert units appearing in column 2 (centre) into equivalent values of units

in column 1 (left column), divide by factor in column 3.
Example: To convert 25 psi into bar, divide 25 by 14.5 = 1.724.
34
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change. Consequently we advise users to review their continuing validity annually.
Part
numbers quoted above are protected by the Copyright of Pall Europe Limited.
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Filtration. Separation. Solution is a service mark of Pall Corporation.

� indicates a trademark registered in the USA.
�2006, Pall Europe Limited.
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Built in contaminants from External ingression:

� Cylinders, fluids, hydraulic motors,

Smallest dot you can see with the

The micrometre is the standard for

using the light extinction principle

using the light extinction principle

than size code

Number Of Particles Greater Than Size Per Millilitre

4 6 14 APC particle sizes, �m (c)

Particle Count Summary

Size Particle Count ISO NAS1638

>4 �m(c) 160 - 320 15 6

Little contamination is present.

Particle Count Summary

Size Particle Count ISO NAS1638

>4 �m(c) 5,000 - 10,000 20 10

Little contamination is present.

Sample Volume: 100 mL

Particle Count Summary

Size Particle Count ISO NAS1638

>4 �m(c) 10,000 - 20,000 21 12

The visible contamination is mainly silica with

Hard, translucent particles often associated with atmospheric

Shiny metallic particles, usually silver or gold in colour,

Oxidized ferrous metal inherent in most hydraulic and

Dull orange/brown particles often seen in oil from systems

Contaminants most commonly generated from paper and

Very large concentrations of �silt�-size particles coat the analysis

� Oil breakdown, such as additive precipitation and oil oxidation

� Heat exchanger leaks

Oil Temperature (�C)

Ref: EPRI CS-4555 Turbine oil

Water Concentration (PPM)

Pall HNP006 Oil Purifier

Pall Fluid Conditioning Typical Applications

Reliable Monitoring Solutions...

Monitoring and Measurement

PCM400W Portable Cleanliness Monitor

Provides an assessment of system fluid cleanliness

� Proven multiple mesh blockage technology.

Measures the size and quantity of particles in industrial

� Proven laser light blockage technology.

The next generation of in-line monitors for water

� Measures dissolved water content as % of

Fluid Sampling Procedure

Particle Size (�m(c))

Filtration Ratio (�)

UH Flow Rate Pressure Rating

UH Port Sizes Length

UR619 UR319 UR209

UR Flow Rate Pressure Rating

Return Line Series

279 3/4, 1, 11/4

Ultipleat SRT filter assemblies feature

When the cover or tube (depending on

Melt Blown Technology

in a graded pore structure about a

Different media configurations are suited