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Electric Drive

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21 views2 pages

Electric Drive

Uploaded by

susantamondal3875
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Need of Electric Drives:

Motion control is required in large number of industrial and domestic applications. Systems employed
for getting the required motion and their smooth control are called Drives. Drives require prime movers
like Diesel or petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, hydraulic motors or electric motors. These prime
movers deliver the required mechanical energy for getting the motion and its control. Drives employing
Electric motors as prime movers for motion control are called Electric Drives.

Advantages of Electrical Drives:

 The steady state and dynamic performance can be easily shaped to get the desired load
characteristics over a wide range of speeds and torques.
 Efficient Starting /Braking is possible with simple control gear.
 With the rapid development in the field of Power Electronics and availability of high speed/high
power devices like SCRs, Power MOSFETs, IGBTs etc., design of Efficient Power Converters to
feed power to the electric drives has become simple and easy.
 With the rapid development in the computer’s HW & SW, PLCs and Microcontrollers which can
easily perform the control unit functions have become easily available.
 Electric motors have high efficiency, low losses, and considerable overloading capability. They
have longer life, lower noise and lower maintenance requirements.
 They can operate in all the four quadrants of operation in the Torque/Speed plane. The resulting
Electric braking capability gives smooth deceleration and hence gives longer life for the
equipment. Similarly Regenerative braking results in considerable energy saving.
 They are powered from electrical energy which can be easily transferred, stored and handled.

Block diagram of an Electrical drive:


The main parts of the electrical drives are power modulator, motor, controlling unit and sensing units.
Their parts are explained below in details. The block diagram is shown in the figure below.

Functional Block diagrams of an electric drives.

Source: 1-φ and 3-φ, 50-Hz AC supplies are readily available in most locations. Very low power drives
are generally fed from 1-φ source; however, the high power drives are powered from 3-φsource; some
of the drives are powered from a battery.
Power Modulator: The power modulator regulates the output power of the source. It controls the
power from the source to the motor in such a manner that motor transmits the speed-torque
characteristic required by the load. During the transient operations like starting, braking and speed
reversing the excessive current drawn from the source. This excessive current drawn from the source
may overload it or may cause a voltage drop. Hence the power modulator restricts the source and
motor current.
The power modulator converts the energy according to the requirement of the motor e.g. if the source
is DC and an induction motor is used then power modulator convert DC into AC. It also selects the mode
of operation of the motor, i.e., motoring or braking.
Control Unit: The control unit controls the power modulator which operates at small voltage and
power levels. The control unit also operates the power modulator as desired. It also generates the
commands for the protection of power modulator and motor. An input command signal which adjusts
the operating point of the drive, from an input to the control unit.
Sensing Unit: Sensing unit consists of speed sensor or current sensor. The sensing of speed is required
for the implementation of closed loop speed control schemes. Speed is usually sensed using
tachometers coupled to the motor shaft. Current sensing is required for the implementation of current
limit control.
Electrical motors: Motors commonly used in electric drives are DC motors, induction motors,
synchronous motors, blushless DC motors, stepper motors, and switched reluctance motors, etc. In
olden days, induction and synchronous motors were employed mainly for constant speed drives but not
for variable speed drives, because of poor efficiency and are too expensive. But in nowadays, AC motors
employed in variable speed drives due to the development of semiconductors employing SCRs, power
transistors, IGBTs, and GTOs.
Load: It is usually machinery, such as fans, pumps, robots, and washing machines, designed to perform
a given task, usually load requpirements, can be specified in terms of speed and torque demands.

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