Volcanoes and Magnitude

Althea Maxene P.
Osea
Grade 10 Section Makatao
SCIENCE
Types of Volcanoes
A volcano is an opening in a planet or moon's crust through which molten rock,

hot gases, and other materials erupt. Volcanoes often form a hill or mountain as
layers of rock and ash build up from repeated eruptions.
We have 4 types of volcanoes: Shield, Composite, Lava Dome, and Cinder

Cone Volcanoes.
A shield volcano is a broad volcano with shallow inclining sides. Shield
volcanoes are formed from many magma flows of low viscosity. The magma
flows out of the vent and slides down the slopes of the volcano and builds up
the size.
Shield volcanoes are usually constructed almost entirely of basaltic and/or

andesitic lava flows which were very fluid when they erupted. They are built by
repeated eruptions that occurred intermittently over vast periods of time (up
to a million years or longer). Shield volcanoes are much wider than they are
tall.
The top of the volcano is an indentation called the caldera. Lava erupts from
this site, but it is not the only place where lava emerges. Vents on the sides of
the shield are openings through which lava can also erupt. Under the caldera is
a magma chamber deep below the crust.
Kilauea and Mauna Loa (and their Hawaiian friends), Fernandina (and its
Galápagos friends), Karthala, Erta Ale, Tolbachik, Masaya, and Kanlaon.
Composite volcanoes are tall, symetrically shaped, with steep sides, sometimes
rising 10,000 feet high. They are built of alternating layers of lava flows,
volcanic ash, and cinders.
Stratovolcanoes are sometimes called composite volcanoes because of their

composite stratified structure, built up from sequential outpourings of erupted
materials. They are among the most common types of volcanoes, in contrast to
the less common shield volcanoes.
Stratovolcanoes (also known as composite volcanoes) are built of successive

layers of ash and lava. The magma (molten rock) within the volcano is viscous
and often contains trapped gas, causing explosive eruptions. The clouds of ash
from the volcanic eruptions present a hazard to aviation.
Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Shasta and Mount Lassen in California, Mount St.
Helens and Mount Rainier in Washington State, Mount Hood in Oregon, and
Mount Etna in Italy are examples of composite/stratovolcanoes.
In volcanology, a lava dome is a circular, mound-shaped protrusion resulting
from the slow extrusion of viscous lava from a volcano. Dome-building
eruptions are common, particularly in convergent plate boundary settings.
Around 6% of eruptions on Earth are lava dome forming.
Lava domes are volcanoes that are round shaped and made of viscous lava. The
lava has a high silica content that prevents the lava from flowing very far from
its vent. Most domes are formed by dacite and rhyolite lavas after an explosive
eruption of a stratovolcano.
Domes form from the slow extrusion of highly-viscous silicic lava. These lavas
are too thick to spread out into a lava flow. Most domes are small and many do
not have a crater. Some dome-forming eruptions start with highly explosive
eruptions that wane into dome-building ones as the gas content in the magma
decreases.
The dome grows by expansion of the lava within, and the mountain forms
from material spilling off the sides of the growing dome. Lava domes can
explode violently, releasing a huge amount of hot rock and ash.
Lassen Peak of the US, Bridge River Vent Lava Dome of Canada, Tate-Iwa of
Japan, and Mount Amorong of PH are examples of Lava domes.
Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano. They are built from particles and
blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is
blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall
as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone.
They form after violent eruptions blow lava fragments into the air, which then
solidify and fall as cinders around the volcanic vent. Usually the size of gravel,
these cinders are filled with many tiny bubbles trapped in the lava as it
solidifies. Cinder cones stand at heights of tens of meters to hundreds of
meters.
Cinder cones are more technically known as scoria cones. Scoria are
irregularly-shaped, highly vesicular (bubble-shaped cavities) fragments of
lava that are erupted into the air and are typically solid when they land.
Cinder cone volcanoes are the smallest type of volcano. They are rarely more
than 1,000 feet tall. Cinder cone volcanoes often form on the surface of larger
volcanoes, creating a very active surface. They usually do not erupt for very
long.
Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve of Idaho, Davis Lake
volcanic field of Oregon, Mount Suribachi or Mount Omuro in Japan, Taal, and
Mount Mayabobo in the Philippines are examples of Cinder cone volcanoes.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/volcanoes/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-shield-volcano-definition-facts-examples.html
https://byjus.com/physics/shield-volcano/
https://www.vedantu.com/geography/cinder-cone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cinder_coneshttps://earthhow.com/cinder-cone/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/cinder-cone-volcano-facts-lesson-for-kids.html
https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/cinder-cones.htm
https://guidetothephilippines.ph/articles/ultimate-guides/must-see-volcanoes-philippines
https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/shield-volcanoes-0
https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/shield-volcanoes.htm
https://www.dnr.sc.gov/geology/pdfs/education/Volcanoes-pg.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano
https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/fliers/strato.shtml
https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=273085
https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/images/NPS-Lava-Dome-Diagram.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_dome
https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/domes.htm
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/lava-dome
https://www.kids-fun-science.com/dome-volcano.html
https://www.nps.gov/common/uploads/nri/20220930/articles/9E41C9F5-02E0-855F-2BE5081278AA64CC/9E41C9F5
-02E0-855F-2BE5081278AA64CC.jpg?autorotate=false&maxWidth=1300&maxHeight=1020
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cinder_cones
https://www.vedantu.com/geography/cinder-cone
https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/types.html
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/types-volcanic-cones/

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Althea Maxene P.

A volcano is an opening in a planet or moon's crust through which molten rock,

We have 4 types of volcanoes: Shield, Composite, Lava Dome, and Cinder

Shield volcanoes are usually constructed almost entirely of basaltic and/or

Stratovolcanoes are sometimes called composite volcanoes because of their

Stratovolcanoes (also known as composite volcanoes) are built of successive

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