BA (Sociology) S1U2P

phHJ/ H Gkr gfjbk ;wki ftfrnkB
;w?;No-1
:{ fBN 1
gkm Bz L
2H1 L ;wki heoB

2H2 L nkg/ dk ftek; L e{ b/, co"fJv ns/ whv
2H3 L ;fGnkuko (Culture)
2H4 L ;z ; feq f se gSV/t K (Cultural Lag)
2H5 L ;z ; feq s h ns/ ;fGnsk (Cultural and Civilization)
B'N L ftfdnkoEh f;b/p; ftGkr dh t?Zp;kJhN

www.dccpbi.com s'A vkT{Bb'v eoB.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk ;wki ftfrnkB
gkm BzL 2H1 b/fyek L vkH jfozdo e"o
;wkiheoB
(Socialization)
pDso
9H1 T[dF/
9H2 ikD gSkD
9H3 ;wkiheoB dk noE
9H4 ;wkiheoB dhnK gfoGkFktK
9H5 ;wkiheoB dhnK gqfeqnktK
9H5H1 Beb
9H5H2 ;[Mkn
9H5H3 gSkD
9H5H4 GkFk
9H6 ;wkiheoB dh gqfeqnk d/ gVkn
9H6H1 w"fye nt;ZEk
9H6H2 r[dZ k nt;ZEk
9H6H3 nzso-fBfjssk
9H6H4 feF'o nt;ZEk
9H7 ;wkiheoB d/ ;kXB
9H7H1 gfotko
9H7H2 ;e{b
9H7H3 ;kEh ro[gZ
9H7H4 Xow
9H7H5 ;zuko wkfXnw
9H7H6 oki
9H8 ;ko
9H9 w[Zy Fpd
9H10 nfGnk; bJh gqFB
9H11 T[g:'rh g[;seK
9H1 T[ d / F
fJ; gkm ~ gVQB T[gozs s[;h_ :'r j'tr
/ / fe L
 ;wkiheoB ~ fpnkB eo ;e' .
 ;wkiheoB dh gqfeqnk dh ftnkfynk eo ;e' .
1
phHJ/H Gkr gfjbk 2 ;wki ftfrnkB
 ;wkiheoB dh gqfeqnk d/ ;Zso s/ o'FBh gk ;e' .
 ;wkiheoB d/ ;kXBK ~ y'bQ e/ fpnkB eo ;e' .
9H2 ikD-gSkD
fe;/ ftnesh dh Fy;hns T[;d/ ;wkiheoB T[&Zs/ fBoGo eodh j? . e'Jh th iBw
s'_ uzrk iK wkVk Bjh_ j[d
z k ;r'_ ;wkiheoB eoe/ T[j' fijk pD iKdk j? . fJe Bt-
iBfwnk pZuk fJ; ;z;ko ftu fJe ;kXkoB iht j[d z k j? ns/ T[; dhnK b'VK th gF{nK
tKr j[d z hnK jB . j'bh j'bh T[; pZu/ dk toskok fJe ;wkie gqkDh pDB bJh w'fVnk
iKdk j? ns/ pZuk nkgD/ ro[g Z iK ;w{j dhnK ohsK, fotk}K, nkdoFK s/ b'e ohsK rqfjD
eodk j? . ;wki dh fBozsosk bJh ;wkiheoB dk f;bf;bk pj[s }o{oh j? .
9H3 ;wkiheoB dk noE (Meaning of Socialization)
wB[y
Z fJe ;wkfie gqkDh j? . Gkt fJe iht gF{ ~ fe;/ Yzr Bkb ;wkihfeos ehsk
frnk j? . fJe iht ~ ;wkih iht ftu pdbD dh gofefonk ~ ;wkiheoB efjzd/
jB . iBw s'_ b? e/ w"s se ;wkiheoB dk uZeo ubdk ofjzdk j? . ;kXkoD FpdK
ftu fe;/ ;wki, ephb/ iK ro[g Z dhnK nkFktK, nkdsK, b'e ohsK, ftukoK, gozgoktK ns/
j[BoK ~ nkgD/ nzdo rqfjD eoB ~ ;wkiheoB efjzd/ jB . ;wkiheoB dk wsbp
fJe T[dkjoD okjh_ ;wMkfJnk ik ;edk j?l i/eo n;h_ Bt-iBw/ pZu/ ~ izrb ftu
SZv/ d/JhJ/ sK T[;dk tshok, p'bh s/ ekoi wB[y
Z tKr{ Bk j' e/ izrb d/ d{;o/ ikBtoK
tKr{ jh j'Dr/ . fJ; dk wsbp fJj j'fJnk fe wB[y Z f;oc iBw ekoB wB[y Z Bjh_
pD iKd/, pbfe ;wkiheoB d[nkok T[; ~ wB[Zy pDkfJnk iKdk j? .
9H4 ;wkiheoB dhnK gfoGkFktK
;wkiheoB dk noE j'o uzrh soQK ;wMD bJh e[M e[ ftdtkBK dhnK gfoGkFktK fJ;
soQK jB L
v'Bkbv s/ e'bo nB[;ko ;wkiheoB T[j gqfeqnk j?, fi; okjh_ e'Jh ftnesh f}zdk
ofjD, ;w{j s/ ;wki dk w?p_ o pDB bJh ;ohoe, wkBf;e j[BoK ~ rqfjD eodk j? .
i/}o w[skpe, ;wkiheoB T[j gqfefonk j?, fi; d[nkok gF{-wB[yZ , ;wkie-wB[yZ pDdk
j? ns/ nkg/ ~ rqfjD eodk j?, ;wkiheoB nkg/ dh u/sBk s/ ftnefssk dh gSkD bJh
pj[s }o{oh j? .
ghNo poio/ fbydk j? fe ;wkiheoB T[j gqfefonk j?, fi; okjh_ e'Jh ftnesh ;wki
dk w?_po pDBk f;Zydk j? .
;?w{nb e'fJfBzr w[skpe, ;wkiheoB T[j gqfefonk j? fi; d[nkok ftnesh T[j ;w{j z
dk fi; ftu T[; B/ iBw fbnk j?, feqnkFhb w?p_ o pD iKdk j? ns/ T[; ;wki dhnK
b'e-ohsK s/ b'ekuko nB[;ko ftuodk s/ ekoi eodk j? .
j?pfvzr ns/ jkfbe efjzd/ jB, ;wkiheoB T[j o;sk j?, fi; okjh_ ;fGnkuko
ftnesh dk fjZ;k pD iKdk j? . fJj T[j gqfefonk j? fi; okjh_ ftnesh ;wkie wkBsk
gqkgs edoK-ehwsK wB'fposhnK ftFtk; ns/ ;fGnk tsho/ ~ nkgD/ nzdo fpmkT[d _ k j? .
9H5 ;wkiheoB dhnK gq f enktK L
;wkiheoB dh gqfeqnk pZu/ d/ iBw s'_ jh F[o{ j' iKdh j? . nB/eK fe;w d/ ohsh
fotki i' T[;d/ iBw s'_ gfjbK s/ pknd ftu wBkJ/ iKd/ jB. T[BKQ ;GBK dk T[;d/
ftnefsst s/ n;o g?d _ k j? . pZu/ d/ iBw s'_ pknd gfotko d[nkok ehs/ gkbD g'FD
dk gqGkt T[;dh Fy;hns s/ g?d _ k j? . j[D ;tkb g?d _ k j[zdk j? fe fJj ;wkiheoD
dh gqfeqnk feT[_ F[o{ j[d
z h j? < fit/_ fe gfjbK th fpnkB ehsk ik u[e Z k j? fe ;wkfie
ftt;Ek ~ pDkJ/ oZyD bJh wB[y Z K dk nB[e{fbs fttjko }o{oh j? . fJ; fttjko ~
ezNo'b eoBk jh ;wkiheoB j? . ;' ;wkiheoB dh gqfeqnk fJ; bJh }o{oh j? fe
ftnesh ~ ;wki dk fjZ;k pDkfJnk ik ;e/ . iBw s'_ ftnesh gF{ fposh dk wkfbe
j[d
z k j? . fJj gF{ fposhnK T[; ~ n;wkfie ns/ ;wki fto'Xh ekoi eoB bJh gq/
odhnK jB . jo/e ftnesh ftu 16 fe;w dhnK w{b ;ztd / BktK (instincts) j[d z hnK
jB fit/_ G[yZ , fgnk;, r[;Z k, fgnko, ;?e; nkfd fJBQK ;GBK dh T[j g{osh ukj[d z k j? go
i/eo ftnesh dk fJBQK T[go fB:zsoD Bk j't/ sK wB[y Z h ;wki ftu n;fEosk nkT[Dh
bk}wh j? . ;wkiheoD jh fJj nfijh gqfeqnk j? i' ftnesh ~ fJj f;ykT[d _ h j? fe
T[;B/ ;wki ftu ofjD bJh fJBQK ;kohnK ;ztd / BktK (instincts) s/ fet/_ ekp{ gkT[Dk
j?. fJ; gqfeqnk d[nkok jh T[j gF{ fposhnK s/ fB:zsoD gkT[Dk f;Zydk j? . ;wkiheoB
dh gqfeqnk ftneshnK ftZu nB[FkFB g?dk eodh j? . nB[;k;B jh ftneshnK dhnK
fJZSktK ns/ ;zt/dBktK ~ ;wkfie o{g gqdkB eodk j? ns/ T[BQK ~ n;b ;wkfie
tksktoD dh gqfeqsh nB[;ko Ykbdk j? . ;wkiheoB jh ftneshnK ~ ;wkfie G{fwektK
ns/ fizwt/ kohnK u[ZeD d/ :'r pDkT[d _ k j? . nksw-fsnkr ns/ nksw-;ziw fij/ r[D
th ;wkiheoB dh jh d/D jB . fiBQK d[nkok ftnesh ;w{j dh GbkJh bJh ;'udk
j? . nzs ftu n;h_ efj ;ed/ jK fe ;wkfie ftt;Ek pDkJh oZyD bJh ns/ fJ;
dhnK ;kohnK ;z;EktK ftu fB:zsosk bJh ;wkiheoB dh gqfeqnk pj[s }o{oh j?.
jo/e ftnesh ;wki ftu ofjD bJh ;w{j dhnK edoK ehwsK, wkgdzv iK gqfswkB
(norms) nkdsK ns/ nkdoF (ideals) f;ydk j?. fIiBQK d[nkok T[j ;wki ftu
ftuoD d/ :'r pDdk j?. fJ; ;kohnK uh}K T[j fBfwB fbys ekoeK d/ wkfXnw okjh
f;Zydk j?. fJj jBL Beb, ;[Mkn, gSkD ns/ GkFk. nkU fJBQK pko/ ;zyg / ftu ikDekoh
jkf;b eohJ/ .
9H5H1 Beb (imitation) L
e'Jh th ftnesh id'_ d{;o/ ftnesh iK ftneshnK d/ ekoiK ~ j{pj{ ngBkT[d _ k j? sK
T[;~ Beb fejk iKdk j?. fJj Beb u/sB (conscious) th j' ;edh j? ns/ nu/
sB (unconscious) th . u/sB Beb s'_ Gkt j? id'_ ftnesh ikD-p[ZM e/ d{;o/
ftneshnK dh soQK ftF/F fB:wK nB[;ko fttjko eodk j? ns/ nu/sB Beb s'_ Gkt
j? id'_ e'Jh ftnesh nukBe jh fpBK ikD/ p[M/ d{i/ ftneshnK dh soQK fttjko eodk
j? fit/_ ne;o t/yd/ jK fe pZu/ nkgD/ gfotko d/ w?p_ oK dh Beb eod/ jB feT[f_ e
T[j jw/FK T[BKQ d/ ;zgoe ftu ofjzd/ jB ns/ T[BQK s'_ gqGkfts j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh
fJj ;[Gkfte jh j? fe pZu/ wK-pkg dh soQK toskU eoBr/ . T[x/ ;wki ftfrnkBh
jopoN whv B/ Beb ~ fpnkB eod/ j'J/ nkfynk j? fe Beb d{i/ ftneshnK dhnK
G{fwektK ns/ fefonktK dh nksw u/sB g{op-ebgBk j? (Imitation is self-conscious
assumption of another's acts or rolers) ;' id'_ ftnesh Beb d[nkok fe;/ d{i/
ftnesh dhnK fefonktK s'_ gqGkfts j' e/ T[BKQ ~ ngBkT[D dk :sB eodk j? sK fJj
T[; d/ ;wkiheoB dh jh gqfeqnk j? iK fco n;h_ fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe pZu/ d/
;wkiheoB dh gqfeqnk dk Beb ;G s'_ w[Ybk ekoe j? . pZfunK ftu pkbrK d/
w[ekpb/ Beb eoB dh ;woZEk f}nkdk j[zdh j? . fJj' ekoB j? fe T[j fpBk fe;/
rkJhv?_; d/ GkFk ns/ rokwo d/ ;ko/ fB:w nkgD/ nkg f;Zy b?d _ k j?. Beb d[nkok
jh T[j ;wkfie fttjkoe gqshwkBK ~ rqfjD eodk j?.
9 H5 H 2 ;[Mkn (Suggestions)
;wkiheoB dh gqfeqnk dk d{;ok wjZstg{oD ekoe j? ;[Mkn . jo/e ftnesh ftu d{;o/
ftnesh d/ ftukoK s'_ gqGkfts j'D dh ;woZEk j[d
z h j? . w"id{ k ;wki ftu ;[Mkn gquko
dk fJZe wjZstg{oD :zso j? . ;[Mkn iK ftukoK ~ GkFk, fusoK ns/ jkt-GktK d[nkok
;zukfos ehsk iKdk j?. w?ev{rb dk wzBDk j? fe ;[Mkn ;wkiheoB dh T[j gqfeqnk
j? fi; d[nkok ;zukfos ftukoK ~ skofee nkXkoK dh nDj'd _ j[dz / j'J/ th ;theko eo
fbnk iKdk j? . ("Suggestion is the process of Communication resulting in
the acceptance with connviction of the Communicated proposition in the
absence of logically adequate grounds for its acceptance." Mc Dougall)
;{MkU ftnesh d/ d{finK gqsh fttjko ~ jh gqGkfts Bjh_ eod/ pbfe fJj T[;d/ fBih
fttjko s/ th n;o gkT[d _ / jB . tZfvnK d/ w[ekpb/ pZfunK ftu ;[MkU ~ wzBD dh
f}nkdk o[uh j[d z h j? feT[f_ e pZu/ d/ ftukoK ftu gfenkJh Bjh_ j[d z h ns/ Bk jh T[;
ftZu soe dh ;woZEk j[d z h j? . T[j pj[s ibdh T[BQK b'eK d/ ;[MktK ftu nk iKdk
j? fiBQK s'_ T[j gqGkfts j[d z k j? . pZu/ dk ;[Gkn, T[; dk p'fXe gZXo, nfrnkBsk, tZy-
tZy gkpzdrh, GktBkswe T[si / Bk ns/ EZek d/D tor/ nzdo{Bh sZs jB fiBQK s'_ ;[Mkn
dh gqfeqnk gqGkfts j[d z h j? . i' ;[Mkt ibdh jh ftneshnK ftu ;ztr / g?dk eo fdzd/
jB T[BQK ~ S/sh jh wzB fbnk iKdk j? . eo?u ns/ e?quchbv B/ nkgDh feskp
fET{oh n?v_ go"pbw} nkc ;';b ;kfJe'b'ih ftu ;[Mkn dhnK ftF/FskJhnK dZ;d/ j'J/
fbfynk j? fe ;[Mkn j/m fbyhnK jkbsK ftu f}nkdk gqGktFkbh j[d z / jB L
(T) i' ;[MkU toswkB b'VK Bkb w/b yKd/ j'D ns/ T[BKQ ~ g{ok eo ;eD
T[j ibdh wzB bJ/ iKd/ jB .
(n) i' ;[Mkn fe;/ ;{MtkB ftnesh tb'_ fdZs/ rJ/ j'D iK fco pj[s ;ko/
ftneshnK dk fJZe' rZb pko/ T[jh ;[Mkn j't/ T[j f}nkdk gqGktFkbh j[d z /
jB .
(J) id'_ fe;/ rZb pko/ fe;/ ftnesh ~ ;gFNsk Bk j't,/ T[j G[by / / ftZu j't/
sK T[; ;fEsh Bkb ;zpfz Xs ;MkU i' T[; dk G[by / k d{o eod/ j'D T[BKQ
~ ;theko ehsk iKdk j?.
(;) ;kvh gozwgokrs ;'u s/ nkXkfos, g{ot XkoBktK ns/ ftFtkFK d/ nB[eb {
;[Mkt pVh ibdh ;theko eo bJ/ iKd/ jB .
(j) T[j ;[MkU ibdh wzB bJ/ iKd/ jB fijV/ ftneshnK ftu pj[s ibdh
;ztr/ g?dk eo ;ed/ j'D .
;' n;h_ efj ;ed/ jK fe ;wkiheoB dh fJ; gqfenk ftu ;[MktK dk th pj[s tZvk
o'b j? . n;h_ jw/FK jh tZfvnK d/ ;[MktK ~ wzBd/ jK ns/ S'fNnK ~ ;[MkU fdzd/ jK .
fJ; sohe/ Bkb jh n;h_ ;wki ftu ftuoD d/ :'r pDd/ jK .
9 H5 H 3 gSkD (identification)
S'Nh T[wo ftZu pZu/ ~ f;oc nkgDh jh ;wM j[d z h j? . T[j nkb/ d[nkb/ dhnK uh}K
ns/ b'eK s'_ gqGkfts Bjh_ j[d
z k go id'_ E'VkQ tZvk j[d z k j? sK T[; ~ T[;dk nkbk-d[nkbk
gqGkfts eoBk F[o{ eo fdzdk j? . T[j nkgD/ pko/ ns/-d[nkb/ pko/ ;[us / j' iKdk j? .
T[; ftu “w?”_ dh_ EK j[D “w/oh” dh GktBk g?dk j' iKdh j? . w/oh wK, w/o/ egV/,
w/ok fyb'Dk, w/oh feskp nkfd fJ;/ soQK T[j nkgDh gSkD th eoB brdk j?. i/eo
bVek j? sK T[j nkgD/ nkg ~ fgsk Bkb identify eoB bZr iKdk j? ns/ i/eo
bVeh j? sK T[j wksk Bkb nkgDh gSkD pDkT[d _ h j? . fJ; gSkD dh gqfeqnk dh ocsko
ns/ y/so tZXdk iKdk j? fit/I fit/_ pZuk tZvk j[dz k iKdk j? . fco T[;d/ Role Models
th pdbd/ iKd/ jB ed/ T[j fe;/ gqfsGkFkbh ftnesh dh soQK j'Dk b'udk j? ns/ ed/
fe;/ fcbwh jho' iK jho'JhB dh soQK p'bdk, j/no ;NkfJb pDkT[d _ k ns/ egV/ gkT[d
_ k
j? fJ; ;ZG uh}K gSkD identification dk jh fjZ;k jB. fJ; gSkD d/ wkfXnw okjh_
jh ftnesh ;wkfie pDdk j?.
9 H5 H 4 GkFk (Language)
GkFk ;wkfie nzso-feqnk dk wkfXnw j? . fJ; okjh_ jh ;fGnkuko ;zukfos j[d z k j? . id'_
pZuk S'Nk j[dz k j? sK T[; e'b GkFk Bjh_ j[d z h pbfe T[j f;o\ o' e/ iK jZ;e/ nkgD/
GktK ~ gqrNkT[d _ k j? go fiT[_ fiT[_ j'bh j'bh tZvk j[d
z k j? sK nkgDh wkso GkFk f;Zydk
j? ns/ d{;fonK Bkb nzso feqnk eodk j? . id'_ GkFk p'b ukb dk wkfXnw Bjh_ ;h T[;
;w/_ b'e jkt GktK Bkb, ;ze/sK okjh_ iK fco uhe e/ fJe d{;o/ Bkb nzso-ekoi
(Interact) eod/ ;B fi; dk wB[y Z h }fjB s/ pj[s bzw/ noF/ sZe n;o Bjh_ ;h ofjzdk .
fJBQK ;zes
/ K iK fuzBK ftu fJe;kosk th Bjh_ ;h j[d z h . fJ; bJh ftnesh nkgDhnK
GktBktK dk g{oh soQK fJ}jko Bjh_ ;B eo ;ed/ . go GkFk dh nkwd Bkb b'e pj[s
jh nk;kBh Bkb ns/ ;kXkoD sohe/ Bkb nkgDhnK GktBktK ns/ ftukoK dk d{finK
Bkb fJ}jko eo ;ed/ jB . fJ; bJh fejk ik ;edk j? fe GkFk ;wkiheoB dk
fJe wjZstg{oB ekoe j? . fi; okjh_ ftnesh nkgD/ ftukoK dk tNKdok eodk j? ns/
d{;fonK d/ ftukoK s'_ gqGkfts j' e/ ;wki ftu ftuoBk f;Zydk j? .
9H6 ; w k i h e o B d h g q f e f o n k d / g V k n (Stages of the process
Socialization)
T[x/ ftfrnkBh f;rwzv cokfJv B/ ;wkiheoB dh ;zgo { B gqfefonk ~ j/m fbfynK uko
nt;EktK ftu tzfvnk j? .
9 H6 H 1 w"fye nt;Ek (Oral Stage) L fJj ;N/i pZu/ dh v/Y ;kb dh T[wo se
ofjzdh j? . iBw s'_ pknd pZuk ;z;ko ftu nkT[d
_ k j? sK T[j ekbgfBe ns/ tk;sfte
t;sK ftu e'Jh nzso Bjh_ eo ;edk. T[; ~ d[BhnK dh jo uh} uzrh brdh j? .
T[j ukj[dz k j? fe T[j uh} T[; e'b nk ikt/. pZuk nkgDhnK }o{oh b'VK fit/_ G[y
Z ns/
fgnk; ~ g{ok eoB bJh nkgDh wK T[go fBoGo eodk j? . T[j w[Y Z bh ftfdnk nkgDh
wK e'b_' gqkgs eodk j? . T[j p'bD dh nkgDh wK dh Beb eodk j? ns/ }o{oh b'VK
~ g{ok eoB bJh T[jBK T[go fB:zsoD eoBk f;Zydk j? .
9H6H2 r[Zdk nt;Ek (Anal Stages) L fJj ;N/i v/Y s'_ uko ;kb dh T[wo sZe
ofjzdh j? . fJ; nt;Ek ftu pZu/ ~ frnkB j' iKdk j? fe ;kohnK t;sK T[go T[;
dk jh nfXeko Bjh_ ;r'_ d{;fonK pZfunK dk th j? . T[; ~ fJj ;wM nkT[D bZrdh
j? fe fejVh uh} T[; dh j? fejVh d{;o/ dh . T[; ~ rbs ezw eoB s/ dzv th
fwbdk j? . wK pkg T[; dh rbsh T[go fMVed/ jB sK fe T[j uzr/ r[D rqfjD eo
;e/ . T[j nkgDhnK ekch b'VK dh g{osh nkg eoBk f;Zydk j? fit/_ G[Zy-fgnk; bZrD
s/ wK ~ dZ;Dk . ykDk nkg ykD dh ;wZoEk dk th gqGkt g?Dk F[o{ j' iKdk j? s/ T[j
gfotkoe o;w-fotki s/ edoK-ehwsK f;ZyDk F[o{ eo fdzdk j? .
9 H6 H 3 nzso fBfjssk dh nt;Ek (Latency Stage) L fJj nt;Ek 4 ;kb s'_
13 ;kb se j[d z h j? . fJ; ;N/i ftu pZu/ ~ gfotko d/ w?p _ oK d/ o[sp/ ns/ G{fwek pko/
frnkB j' iKdk j? . T[j gfotko d/ w?p _ oK Bkb T[BKQ d/ o[sp/ nB[;ko jh fttjko eodk
j? . T[j tZfvnK dh fJZ}s eoB d/ noE ;wM iKdk j? . gfotko ftu ub oj/ ezwK-
ekoK ~ T[j g{oh soQK ;wMD bZr iKdk j? . T[; ~ fbzrh coe pko/ th frnkB j'
iKdk j? . fJ;/ eoe/ T[j xo ftu iK ;e{b ftu fttjko eod/ ;w/_ bVe/ s/ bVeh
Bkb T[; dk fttjko nbZr nbZr j[d z k j? .
9H6H4 fe;'o nt;Ek (adolescence) L fJj nt;Ek 13 ;kb dh T[wo s'_ 24-
25 ;kb dh T[wo se j[d z h j? . fJ; nt;Ek ftu T[j nkgDhnK b'VK s/ g{oB fB:zsoD
gkT[Dk f;Zy iKdk j? . T[; dh u/sBk ek\h ftek; eo u[e Z h j[dz h j? . T[; dk y{B row
s/ }';hbk j[d z k j? T[j fJ; n;tEk ftu ftdo'jh th jzd [ k j? . T[; dk fttjko nkgD/
wksk-fgsk ns/ G?D-GoktK gqfs ekch pdb iKdk j? . fJ; bJh wK-pkg bJh T[; T[go
fB:zsoD oyDk ekch w[Ffeb j' iKdk j? . feT[f_ e T[j nk}kdh ukj[d z k j? . iht-ftfrnkBe
spdhbhnK ekoB T[; dhnK GktBktK ftu spdhbhnK nkT[d _ hnK jB . T[; ~ nkgD/ s'_
d{;o/ fbzr d/ b'eK gqsh g[Bo-;wziB dh th b'V j[d z h j? . fJ; nt;Ek ftu jh T[;
~ :'Bh, gqtkoe ehwsK, ftT[gko ns/ gqub Z s ftFtkFK torhnK BthnK uh}K Bkb o{-p-
o{ j'Dk g?d
_ k j?. fJ; nt;Ek s'_ pknd ;wki ftu Bth G{fwektK (fit/_ gsh-gsBh) fBGkT[Dk
f;Zydk j? . T[; ~ BthnK fizwt / kohnK dk nfj;k; jzd [ k j? ns/ T[BKQ d/ nB[og { gqub
Z s
fttjko gqfswkBK ~ ;theko eoBk g?d _ k j? .
;wkiheoB d/ nkXko (Basis of Socialization)
(i) w{b gqftqsh dh nDj'd
_ (Absence of Instinct)
(ii) pkb nt;Ek ftu fBoGosk
(iii) ;ohoe pDso
(iv) f;ZyD dh :'rsk
(v) GkFk
nkgDk frnkB goy'
(T) ;wkiheoB s' eh Gkt j? nkgD/ FpdK ftu fby' .
(n) ;wkiheoB bJh ;jkfJe ekoeK d/ BK d;' .
(J) ;wkiheoB d/ gqfeqnk d/ fezB/ Fso jB s/ fejV/ <
9H7 ;wkiheoB d/ ;kXB (Agencies of Socialization)

;wkiheoB fJe fBozso ubD tkbh gqfeqnk j? . iBw s'_ woB se, Gkt ;koh f}zdrh
jh fefonkswe ofjzdh j? . ;wkiheoB ‘d{;ohnK’ Bkb nzso feqnk (Interaction) eoe/
jh ;zGt j[zdk j? s/ fJjh ;wkiheoB dk w[Zy ;kXB j? . fJj ;kXB go;go nZrV-
fgZSV, eqw-pZXh, ftnesh ~ f}zdrh d/ fJe gVkn s'_ d{;o/ gVkn tZb b? iKdk j? .
fJe Bt-iBfwnk pZuk ;wkie s"o s/ ykbh j[zdk j? gqs z { S/sh jh nkb/ d[nkb/ ofjzd/
ftneshnK Bkb nzsofeqnktK F[o{ eo fdzdk j? . F[o{ F[o{ ftu pZu/ dk M[ekn nkgD/ wkfgnK
tZb tX/o/ j[d
z k j? feT[f_ e T[j T[;d/ B}dhe j[d
z / jB . ;w/_ d/ r[}oB Bkb ‘d{;o/’ th
pZu/ d/ nkg/ ~ gqGkfts eod/ jB . n;h_ fJE/ ;wkiheoB d/ e[M e[ w[y ;kXBK pko/
ftuko eoKr/ .
9 H7 H 1 gfotko (Family)
gfotko ;wkiheoB dk ;G s'_ gfjbK ns/ wjZstg{oB ;kXB j? . gfotko y{B d/ foFs/
Bkb i[fVnk fJe ;EkJh ;w{zj jz[dk j? . dkdk-dkdh, wksk fgsk, G?D-Gok, pZu/ fi;
dh fJe tZyoh ;ohoe pDso j[d z h j?, ~ pdbD bJh iVQK dk ezw eod/ jB sK i'
pZuk nkgDh j?;hns w[skpe ;wki ftu Fkwb j' ;e/ . fJj gfotko jh jzd [ k j? fiE/
pZuk ;wkie wkBsk gqkgs }o{osK ~ g{ok eoBk f;Zydk j? . ;G s'_ gfjbK pZuk GkFk
f;Zydk j? i' fe ;wkiheoB dk w[Y Z bk X[ok j? . F[o{ F[o{ ftu pZu/ dh wK i' ;wkiheoB
dk w[YZ bk ;kXB j?, pZu/ ~ gqo/ dh j? fit/_ fe ‘u[g
Z oj'’, f;ZX/ p?m’' , ‘o'bk Bk gkU’, ‘tZfvnK
dk efjDk wzB'’ . fJ;/ jh nt;Ek ftu pZuk nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ ofjzd/ ftnesh dh
Beb eodk j? . T[j nkgD/ ;w{j z dhnK nkdsK r[DK s/ fotkiK ~ rqfjD eodk j?
ns/ T[BKQ w[skfpe jh ekoi s/ fttjko eodk j? . gfotkoe tksktoD dk pZu/ T[go
v{zxk gqGkt g?d
_ k j? fJe xNhnK gfotko ftu pZuk rzdhnK nkdsK f;Zydk j? id'_ fe
uz r / gfotko ftu' _ uz r hnK nkdsK . nkw s" o s/ pkb-nguko (Juvenile
Delinquency) wkV/ gfotkoe tksktoB dk jh f;ZNk j[zdk j? .
;' fJj gfotko jh j[d z k j?, fiE/ e'Jh ftnesh ;fGnkuko ~ rqfjD eoBk F[o{ eodk
j? ns/ T[; ;fGnkuko d/ w[skpe nkgD/ tsho/ ~ w'Vdk j? . gfotko ftu'_ jh pZuk p'bDk
s/ ykDk ghDk f;Zydk j? . fwbtosB, jwdodh e[opkBh s/ fgnko dk ;pe th gfotko
ftu'_ jh fwbdk j? . fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe gfotko ;wkiheoB dh gqfefonk dh
;G s'_ w[YZ bh eVh j? i' ftnesh dh Fy;hns ~ gqGkts eodh j? .
9 H7 H 2 ;e{b (School)
ni'e/ :[rZ ftu ;e{b ;wkiheoB dk gqw[Zy ;'wk fejk ik ;edk j? . fJj ;e{b jh
j[d
z k j? i' pZu/ ~ j'o pZfunK Bkb fwbkT[d_ k j? i' T[; ~ gqGkfts eod/ jB . ;e{b
pZu/ dh fizdrh ~ pj[s s/}h Bkb pdbdk j?, feT[f_ e gfotko ftu nkw s"o s/ Gktkswe
(Emotional) ;zpX z jzd
[ / jB . ;e{b ftu ;zpXz Gktnkswe Bk j' e/ ;r'_ n;{bK T[&s Z /
nkXkfos j[d z / jB ns/ pZfunK ~ T[BKQ n;{bK ~ gkbDk g?dk j? . id'_ pZuk ;e{b ftu
gqtF/ eodk j? sK T[j nkgD/ gfotko s'_ tZyo/ b'eK ~ fwbdk j? . fJ; s'_ S[N Z ;e{b
fJe nfijh ;z;Ek j[d z h j? fiE/ jo iks ns/ Xow d/ pZu/ fJZe' SZs EZb/ fJeZm/ j[d
z /
jB . fJ; nt;Ek d"okB pZuk d{;fonK ~ fwb e/ T[BQK dhnK nkdsK s/ r[DK s'_
gqGkfts j[dz k j? .
9 H7 H 3 ;kEh ro[ Zg (Peer Group)
fJj ;wkiheoB dk fJe pj[s wjZstg{oB ;kXB j? . gfotko ns/ ;e{b ftu pZfunK
~ fB:wK dh gkbDk eoBh g?d _ h j? i' pZu/ pj[s tkoh Bk sK g;zd eod/ jB ns/ Bk
jh T[jBK dk wsbp ;wMd/ jB . ;kEh ro[g Z nkw s"o s/ r[nkYhnK d/ pZu/, ;e{b
;kEh, y/v ;kEh iK d';sK dk pfDnk j[d z k j? . jo ;kEh ro[g Z dk nkgDk jh YKuk,
fB:w ns/ n;{b jz[d/ jB s/ nkgDh p'bh j[d z h j? i' pZfunK d/ nkgD/ fB:wK d/ M[ektK
T[&sZ / fBoGo eodh j? . ;kEh ro[g Z ftu pZu/ ~ pokposk dk nfj;k; j[d z k j? . fJ;
gfofefonk ftu'_ pZuk b?D d/D eodk j? i' fe nkw s"o s/ tZvh T[wo d/ b'eK Bkb ;zGt
Bjh_ j? . ;kEh ro[g Z dk fJe wjZstg{oB gfjb{ fJj th j[d z k j? fe fJ; ftu pZu/ fbzr
;zpX z h frnkB th ;KMk eod/ jB i' fe pZu/ tv/oh T[wo d/ b'eK Bkb ;KMk eoB s'_
;zrd/ jB . ;kEh ro[g Z ftu pZu/ ~ pokposk, ;fj:'r s/ uzrg / B dh GktBk dk s}opk
j[d
z k j? . ;kEh ro[g Z ftu'_ bzx e/ pZuk f}zdrh d/ Bt/_ gVkn ftu Fkfwb j[d z k j?.
9 H7 H 4 Xow (Religion)
Xow th ;wkiheoB dk ftF/F ;kXB j? . jo gfotko, E'VkQ iK pj[sk, Xow ftu ftFtkF
oZydk j? ns/ Xow ftnesh d/ fttjko ~ w'Vdk j? . Xow ;wki ftu e[M n;{b
gqdkB eodk j? ns/ b'eK e'b'_ T[BQK n;{bK d/ w[skpe tsho/ dh nk; ehsh iKdh j?.
fJj Xow jh j? i' w[;bwkB ~ gzi tes pekfJdk Bwk} gVQB bJh gqo / dk j? fJ;/ soQK
Xow f;ZyK ~ sVe/ T[mD, fJFBkB eoB ns/ pkDh gVQB bJh gqo / dk j? . fJ;/ eoe/
Xow dk ftnesh T[&s
Z / v{x
z k n;o j[dz k j? . fJj wB[y
Z ~ ekw, e'X
q , b'G, w'j fsnkrD
bJh gq/odk j? .
9 H7 H 5 ;z u ko wkfXnw (Mass Media)
nkX[fBe ;w/_ ftu ;zuko wkfXnw fit/_ fe o/vhU, N?bhth}B, fcbwK, ;kfjs s/ nypkoK
fJB;kBh f}zdrh dk nN[N Z fjZ;k pD rJ/ jB ns/ fJj ftnesh d/ ftFtkFK edoK-ehwsK
s/ oj[-ohsK T[&s
Z / gqGkt gkT[d/ jB . ni'e/ ;wki d/ jo gfjb{ u b'eK dk fJZe tZvk
;kXB ;zuko wkfXnw j? . T[dkjoD bJh i/eo e'Jh ftnesh uzrk ;kfjs gVQdk j? sK
T[j nZSk fJB;kB pD ;edk j? . id'_ fe wkVk s/ xNhnk ;kfjs gVQB tkbk p[ok
fJB;kB pD ;edk j? . fJ; soQK uzrhnK fcbwK fe;/ ~ d/F-Grs pDk ;edhnK jB
id fe wkVhnK fcbwK spkjh d/ o;s/ tZb fbik ;edhnK jB .
9 H7 H 6 oki (State)
oki dh ftnesh d/ ;wkiheoB ftu fjZ;k gkT[d _ k j? . oki d/F tk;hnK d/ tsho/ s/ ekoi
~ w'Vdk j? s/ fJe jZd s'_ pkjo fe;/ tsho/ iK ekoi dh fJ}kis Bjh_ fdZsh iKdh .
oki eJh soQK d/ ek~B s/ fB:w pDkT[d _ k j? fiBQK dh gkbDk eoBk jo d/F tk;h bJh
}o{oh j[d
z k j? . i/eo e'Jh wB[yZ fJjBK fB:wK dh gkbDk Bjh_ eodk sK T[; ~ dzv
nkfd d/ e/ f;ZX/ o;s/ T[&Zs/ fbnkfJnk iKdk j? .
9H8 ; ko
T[go'es uouk s'_ n;h_ fJ; f;ZN/ s/ gj[u
z d/ jK fe ;wkiheoB dh gqfeqnk jo ftnesh
bJh nfs }o{oh j? sK fe T[j ;wki dk fjZ;k pDe/ T[; ftZu ftuo ;e/ . ;wkiheoB
s'_ fpBK wB[y
Z gF{nK ;wkB j? . i/eo ftneshnK dk ;wkiheoB Bk j't/ sK ;wkfie
ftt;Ek ftu ftubB dh ;fEsh g?dk j' ;edh j? . ;wkfie ftt;Ek ~ pDkJ/ oyD
bJh jo/e ftnesh s'_ fJj T[whd ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j ;w{j d/ fB:wK nB[;ko nkgDh
G{fwek fBGkt/ . ;wkiheoB dh gqfeqnk dk e'Jh yk; ;wK Bjh_ j[d z k fJj sK iBw s'_
b? e/ nzs sZe j'D tkbh gqfeqnk j? . ihtB d/ tZy-tZy gVQktK s/ tZy tZy soQK dk
;wkiheoB j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; gqfeqnk d/ wkfXnw th tZy'-tZyo/ jB . ed/ fJj Beb
d[nkok, ed/ ;[Mkn, gSkD iK GkFk d[nkok ;wkiheoB j[d z k j? . fJ;/ soQK fJj fe;/
fJe ;kXB (Agency) d[nkok j'd _ ftu nkT[D tkbh gqfeqnk Bjh_ pbfe ;w/_ ;w/_ f;o
soQK-soQK d/ ;kXBK fit/_ gfotko, r[nkY, ;e{b, dcso, Xow, ek~B ns/ j'o ;z;EktK
okjh_ fJj gqfeqnk ikoh ofjzdh j? .
9H9 w[ Z y Fpd
;wki heoB L fJe iht ~ ;wkih iht ftu pdbD dh gq f eq n k ~
;wkiheoB efjzd/ jB .
u/ s z B L id'_ n;h_ fe;/ uh} gqsh g{o/ ikro[e j'e/ fttjko eod/ jK .
nu/ s z B L id'_ n;h_ nukBe iK fpBK ikD/ p[M/ e'Jh fttjko eod/ jK .
edoK iK gqfswkBL wB[yZ h ;wki d[nkok nkgD/ w?p _ oK d/ tksho/ ~ fB:ws eoB
bJh pDkJ/ rJ/ fB:w fi;~ jo ftnesh ~ wzBDk bkiwh
j? .
e hw s K L fJj ;wki dh wBi{oh gqkgs fJSktK ns/ T[dF / jB fiBQK
~ wzB Dk ftnesh dh woih j?.
9 H 1 0 nfGnk; bJh gq F B
1H ;wkiheoB fe;~ nkyd/ jB < fJ; gqfeqnK d/ fejV/ w[y Z ekoe jB <
2H ;wkiheoB fe;~ nkyd/ jB < fJ; gqfeqnk d/ fejV/ gVkn iK ;so jB <
3H tZy tZy ;w/_ s/ ;wkiheoB eoB tkb/ ;kXBK ~ y'bQ e/ fpnkB eo' .
4H eh ;wkiheoB dk gqfeqnk iBw s'_ b? e/ nzs sZe ikoh ofjzdh j? . fJ;
epB dh g[FNh eo' .
;z y / g ;tkb
(T) ;wkiheoB
(n) w"fye nt;Ek
(J) r[dZ k nt;Ek
(;) nzso fBjssk
(j) feF'o nt;Ek
9H11 T[ g :' r h g[ ; seK
Johnson H.M. : Sociology
Davis Kingsle : Human Society
Maciver : The elements of Social Science
Sawinderjeet Kaur : Samaj Vigyan De Mool Sankalap
(Punjabi)
Shankar Rao C.N. : Sociology
http://en.wikipedia.org : Wikipedia, The free encyclopedia.
phH J/H Gkr gfjbk ;wki ftfrnkB
gkm BzL 2H2 b/fyek L vkH jfozdo e"o
nkg/ dk ftek; L e{b,/ co'fJv ns/ whv

(Development of Self : Cooley, Freud and Mead)
pDso
10H1 T[d/F
10H2 ikD gSkD
10H3 e{b/ d/ nkg/ d/ ftek; dk ;zebg
10H4 whv d/ nkg/ d/ ftek; dk ;zebg
10H4H1 nkozfGe gVkn
10H4H2 y/v gVkn
10H4H3 gqsh:'rsk gVkn
10H5 co"fJv dk ;wkiheoD dk f;XKs
10H5H1 w"fye nt;Ek
10H5H2 r[dZ k nt;Ek
10H5H3 nzso fBjfssk
10H5H4 feF'o nt;Ek
10H6 cokfJv dk wB' ftFb/FD dk f;XKs
10H6H1 nu/s wB
10H6H2 noX-nu/s wB
10H6H3 ;[us / wB
10H7 cokfJv dk nkg/ d/ ftek; dk ;zebg
10H7H1 fJv
10H7H2 Jhr'
10H7H3 ;[goJhr'
10H8 ;ko
10H9 w[y
Z Fpd
10H11 T[g:'rh g[;seK
1 0 H 1 T[ d / F
fJ; gkm ~ gVB T[gozs s[;h_ ikD ;e'r/ fe L
 nkg/ dk ftek; fet/_ j[zdk j? <
11
 ;hH n?uH e{b/ nB[;ko nkg/ dk ftek; fet/_ j[d
z k j? <
 nkg/ dk ftek; pko/ co"fJv d/ ftuko .
 whv dk nkg/ d/ ftek; dk f;XKs .
1 1 H 2 ikD-gSkD
;wkiheoB dh wjZssk wB[Zyh ihtB ftZu fezBh e[ j? fJ; dk f}eo n;h_ gfjbK eo
u[e
Z / jK . fJ; Gkr ftZu sK n;h fJj t/yDk j? fe fJj gqfenk j'd _ ftu fe; soQK
nkT[d _ h j? T[j fejVhnK ftXhnK jB i' fJ; ~ w[ew z b eoB ftu ;jkJh j[d z hnK jB .
fJ; pko/ nZv-nZv ;wki ftfrnkBhnK B/ nkgDh-nkgDh ekoi e[Fbsk (specialization)
d/ nB[;ko tZy-tZy f;XKs g/F ehs/ jB fJBQK ;ko/ f;XKsK dk f}eo eoBk sK w[Ffeb
j? go fJBQK ftu'_ fszB nfij/ jB fiBQK ~ dZ;/ fpBK rZb B/ f;o/ Bjh_ uVQBk . fJBQK ftZu_'
d' sK ;wki ftfrnkBe f;XKs Bkb i[ V / j' J / jB ns/ sh;ok wB' f tFb/ F D
(psychoanalysis) d/ f;XKs Bkb . gfjbK tkbk f;XKs ;wki s/ T[;dhnK tyohnK
;z;EktK ~ wB[y Z d/ ftneshst d/ w[ekpb/ f}nkdk so}hj d/d _ k j? . fJ; dk wsbp
fJj Bjh_ fe wBZyh Fy;hns dk n;o f;oc Bk wkso jzd [ k j? . fJ; dk noE e/tb
J/BKQ j? fe fJ; d/ w[ekpbsB ;wki s/ T[;dhnK ;z;EktK wB[y Z h ;wkiheoB ftZu f}nkdk
nfjw o'b ndk eodhnK jB .
sh;o/ f;XKs dk }'o (emphasis) gfjb/ tkb/ d' d/ T[bN j? . fJ; dk wsbp fJj
Bjh_ eZYDk ukjhdk fe wB'ftFb/FDkswe ;e{b (psychoanalytical school) ;wki ~
Bekodk j?, pbfe T[; dk e/d _ o fpzd{ wB[y
Z h ihtB dh j'd
_ Bkb finkdk i[fVnk j'fJnk
j? . T[; d/ ihtB d/ w[Y Z b/ ;kbK ftZu T[;dh gotfoF fe; soQK j'Jh < T[;B/ nkgD/
ihtB ftZu xNhnK xNBktK ~ fe; soQK fbnk, T[; ~ fe; soQK ;wfMnk nkfd fJj
;G pj[s wjZstg{oB o'b ndk eodhnK jB fJZe Fy; dh Fy;hns (personality) ~
YkbD, pdbD iK pDkT[D ftZu . fJ; school of thought dk eosk-Xosk f;rwzv
co"fJv j? ns/ ;wki ftfrnkBe f;XKs dh gqshfBXsk eo oj/ jB e{b/ ns/ whv .
gfjb' uouk e{b/ dh eoKr/ .
1 0 H 3 e{ b / dk nkg/ d/ ftek; dk ;z e bg
e{b/ ~ fJe nKfre f;XKseko organic theorist ti'_ fbnk iKdk j? fi;dk noE
e/tb J/BKQ jh j? fe T[j ;w[u Z / ;wki ~ fJe fJekJh wzB e/ ubdk j? . wB[y Z fJeZb/
-fJeZb/ Bjh_ ;r'_ fJe ;w[u
Z / ;wki dk fjZ;k jB fijV/ T[; s'_ gqGkfts th j[d
z / jB ns/
T[; T[go nkgDh Skg th SZvd/ jB . Gkt fJj fe wB[y Z h fJekJh j? fJZe tZv/ whole
dk fjZ;k (part) fi;~ n;h_ ;wki dk BK d/d _ / jK . fJBQK d'BK ftZu fJZe rfjok ;zpXz
j? fi;~ fBy/VDk ;zGt Bjh_ . fJ; dk Gkt fJj th j? fe wB[ZyK dk i'V jh ;wki
dk nkXko Bjh_ ;r'_ fJ; s'_ tZX j? :kBh fe Society is always more than the sum
total of all its individuals.
j[D ;tkb fJj T[&Zmdk j? fe i/ ;wki fJZe wB[Zy Bkb'_ feZs/ tZvk j? ns/ f}nkdk
n;odko j? sK wB[y
Z s/ ;wki dk ;[wb
/ fet/_ ;zGt j? < fbjkik ;wkiheoB dh gqfefonk
jh nfijh fJZe' fJZe ftXh j? fijVh T[&g Z o dZ;/ ;[wb
/ dk ekoD pDdh j? fe fJZe wB[y Z
dk d{;ohnK wB[Zyh fJekJhnK Bkb i[VBk ns/ ;wkie ;z;EktK dk n;o rqfjD eoBk
jh ;wkiheoD dk wzst j? . e{b/ fJ; gqfefonk ~ ;t?-doFh FhFk (Looking glass
self) dk BK fdzdk j? . f;ZX/ FpdK ftZu fJ; dk noE j? fe wB[y Z ;wkie gqkDh j'D
s/ Bks/ fe; soQK nkgDk fuZso nkgD/ wB ftZy T[bhedk j? iK T[skodk j? . T[j fuZso
fej' fijk j[dz k j? < T[j fej' fijk j'Dk ukjhdk j? < T[j fuZso b'eK ~ s/ c/o nkgD/
nkg ~ fej' fijk brdk j? < fJj ;ko/ ;tkb T[&m Z d/ jB id'_ n;h_ e{b/ d/ 'Looking
glass self' dh rZb eod/ jK . w'N/ s"o s/ ;wkie self dh T[sgsh (emergence)
;wki o{gh Fh;/ okjh_ j[zdh j? fi; ftZu jo gqkDh nkgD/ nkg ~ fJe t;s{ (object)
d/ o{g ftu t/ydk j? ns/ b'eK dh T[; pko/ okJ/ s/ B[eskuhBh ~ w[y Z oZye/ nkgD/ nkg
~ Ykbdk j? . fJj fefonk mhe fJj' fijh j? fit/_ n;h_ nkgDh Feb nkg Fh;/ ftZu
t/yd/ jK s/ nkgD/-nkg ~ ;}k-tik e/ fsnko eo e/ xo'_ pkjo g?o gNd/ jK .
e{b/ nB[;ko Looking glass self dhnK fszB tZy' tZyohnK ;N/}K jB, fit/_ L
(i) n;h_ ;wki d/ pkeh b'eK ~ fej' fij/ bZrd/ jK < iK d{;o/ b'e w/o/
pko/ eh ;'ud/ jB < (Imagination of our experience to others)
(ii) ;kv/ pko/ b'eK dk c?;bk eh j? < T[;d/ ;zdoG ftu nkgDk w[bnzeD
(Imagination of other's judgement of our experience)
(iii) n;h_ nkg-nkgD/ pko/ eh okJ/ oZyd/ jK fit/_ pride nkfd < (Self-
feelings like pride etc.)
(i) fi; soQK fe ;wkiheoB d/ ;zebg s'_ ;gFN j? fe wB[y Z ;wki Bkb i[Vdk fet/
j? e{b/ B/ gfjbh nt;Ek fJj' dZ;h j? fi; ftZu jo ;wkfie gqkDh w{b o{g ftZu fJj
t/ydk j? fe T[; dk p'b tshok s[oBk-fcoBk, MkeDh, ezw eoB d/ s'o-sohe/ pkeh b'eK
~ fej' fij/ bZrd/ jB . fJj ;G e[M eoB s'_ gfjbK T[j nkgD/ wB ftZu fJZe ykek
T[sko b?d_ k j? fe T[; d/ nkb/-d[nkb/ tkb/ b'e T[; dhnK fJBQK joeZsK ~ fet/_ ;wMDr/ .
T[j T[BKQ d/ wBK ftZu nkgD/ pko/ fej' fijk fuZso T[bheD ftZu ;woE j'tr / k . mhe
T[;/ soQK fit/_ n;h_ xo'_ pkjo ikD bZr/ Fh;/ nZr/ yV' j' e/ ;id/ ;tod/ jK sK i'
n;h_ b'eK ~ uzr/ brhJ/ T[BQK ftu'_ e'Jh fJj Bk efj ;e/ fe fJ;d/ tkb ftyo/ j'J/
B/, NkJh g[mZ h bZrh j'Jh j? iK gZr dk bV Nzfrnk Bjh_ j'fJnk nkfd . id'_ fJZe gqkDh
fJ; soQK nkgD/ wB ftZu ftuko eoe/ ;wki ftZu ftuodk j? sK T[j T[jh eo fojk
j[zdk j? i' ;wki d/ pkeh b'eK ~ gotkDs j't/ . fbjkik T[j gqkDh nkgD/ nkg ~
b'eK Bkb i'Vdk j? . i/ T[j fJ; soQK Bjh_ eodk sK T[j nbr-Ebr g? ikt/rk ns/
pkehnK Bkb'_ fBZyV ikt/rk. fJ; dk f;ZNk fJj j'tr / k fe b'eK B/ T[; Bkb e'Jh toskok
Bjh_ oZyDk . fJ;/ eoe/ sK efjzd/ jB fe id'_ o'w u# j't' T[d' T[;/ soQK eo' fit/
_ o'w fBtk;h eod/ jB . wB[y Z tk;s/ fJj ;zGt Bjh_ feT[_ i' T[j fJZe ;wkie iht
(social animal) j? . fJZefbnK T[j e[M th eoB d/ ;woE Bjh_ . fJZE_' sZe fe p'bh
f;ZyD'_ th ofj iKdk j? . ;wki ftfrnkBh d;d/ jB fe i' Bt-iks pZu/ ~ wK Bkb'_
nZv eoe/, wB[y Z h ;wki u'# pkjo eZY e/ oZfynk ikt/ sK T[j e/tb ikBtoK tKr x[o-
x[o jh eo/rk. T[j wB[y Z h p'bh p'bD ns/ ;wMD d/ jh Bkekfpb pD ikt/rk .
(ii) d{;oh nt;Ek j? fi; ftZu gqkDh nkgD/ wB ftZu fJj :ehBh pDkT[d _ k j? fe T[;
dhnK joesK ~ b'e uzrk efjDr/ iK wkVk . T[BQK ~ gqtkD eoDr/ iK ngqtkD .
fJj fJZe nfjw nt;Ek j? feT[f_ e fJ; u# bzxD d/ pknd jh e'Jh gqkDh ;wki Bkb
i[VB bJh gk; (qualify) j[zdk j? . r?o-;wkie sZs j[d z / jB fiBQK dhnK joesK ~
;wki gqtkD Bjh_ eodk fi; soQK fe u'o-T[&u Z fenK ~, mZrh-u'oh eoB tkfbnK ~ nkfd.
i/ e'Jh g[s Z o nkgD/ wkfgnK d/ nky/ Bjh_ brdk sK T[; ~ xo'_ eZY fdZsk iKdk j?,
ikfJdkd u'# p/dyb eo fdZsk iKdk j? . mhe T[;/ soQK i' gqkDh ;wki dhnK edoK-
ehwsK ~ gqtkD Bjh_ eodk, T[BKQ s/ g{ok Bjh_ T[sodk, iK ikD-p[M e/ T[BKQ dh T[bx z Dk
eodk j? sK gzukfJs T[; ~ ;wki u'# S/e fdzdh j? . fJjh vo-G? jo gqkDh s/ fJZe
nzeF [ dh soQK ezw eodk j? i' T[; ~ T[;d/ ;wki Bkb i'V e/ oZydk j? . ;wki Bkb
i[VB iK ;wkie gqkDh j'D dk noE jh fJj j? fe T[j ftnesh ;wki dhnK pDkJhnK
j'JhnK edoK-ehwsK w[skpe nkgD/ nkg ~ fB:wpzX eo/ . fJj edoK-ehwsK fes' pkjo'_
Bjh_ nkT[d _ hnK pbfe ;wki ftZu_' jh g?dk j[d z hnK jB fiBQK pko/ ;ko/ b'eK dh ;fjwsh
j[zdh j? . fJBQK ~ wzBe/ ofjDk ;wkie fJZem bJh bk}wh j? . feT[_fe fJj ;w[u Z /
;w[dkfJ (community) dhnK ;KMhnK j[zdhnK jB fJ;/ eoe/ ;ko/ b'e fJBQK ~ wzBd/
jB ns/ T[; T[go dpkT[ dk ezw eodhnK jB i' fJBQK s'_ fEVeD dh e'fFF eodk
j? .
(iii) id'_ ;wkie gqkDh nkgD/ s}ofpnK iK fefonktK ~ ;wki o{gh ;hF/ u'# fJj t/
yD dh ebgBk eo u[fenk j[d z k j? fe fJj (:kBh T[;dhnK fefonktK nkfd) b'eK ~
fej' fijhnK bZrDrhnK ns/ T[j fJj th ebgBk eo u[fenk j[d z k j? fJjBK pko/ b'e
(;wki) fej' fijk c?;bk eoBr/ sK T[j shih nt;Ek ftu g?o Xodk j? . fJ; dk
wsbp fJj fe T[j j[D nkgDhnK ehshnK fefonktK iK siofpnK s/ iK sK wkD eodk
j? iK fBw'M{Dk iK Fofwzdk j' ;edk j? . fJj nfj;k; T[; ~ pkehnK Bkb'_ fBy/VD
ftu ns/ nkgD/ pb-p{s/ T[go ;wki ftZu yVQD bJh ;jkJh j[d z k j? . j[D fJj ;wkie
gqkDh nkgD/ ehs/ ekfonK ~ ;wki iK b'eK d/ fjZs ftZu G[rsk e/ nkgD/ s/ \yo wfj;{;
eo ;edk j? . nkgD/ pko/ b'eK s'_ j'Jh tkj-tkj ~ ;[D e/ T[j j'o uzro / k pBD dh
e'fFF eodk j? . fJj ;wkie go?Fo i' ;wki d/ jo fJZe gqkDh ~ T[; ;wki dhnK
edoK-ehwsK ~ wzBD ns/ T[BQK ~ f;o/ uVQkT[D bJh
gqf/ os eodk j? ns/ w}p{o th eodk j?. i' gqkDh fJBQK edoK-ehwsK s/ c[Zb uVkT_d [ /
jB ns/ fJBQK ~ T[&Zuk u[e Z d/ jB, ;wki th nfij/ ftneshnK ~ T[go u[Zedk j? .
T[ B Q K d/ ;wkie o[sp/ ftZu tkXk eodk j? i' pkeh b'eK tk;s/ ;ze/s iK jtkbk
(reference) wkvb pDd/ jB . fJ;d/ T[bN i' ftnesh fJBQK edoK-ehwsK ~ nZy_' go'y/
eod/ jB iK fJjBK dh T[bx z Dk eod/ jB ;wki T[BKQ dk pfjFeko eodk j? . fe;/
th ;wkie gqkDh tk;s/ T[;dk nkgD/ ;wki ftu'_ S/fenk ikDk ;kohnK ;}ktK Bkb'_ ;ys
;}k j? .
1 0 H 4 whv dk nkg/ d/ ftek; dk ;z e bg
whv w[skpe nkgk (Self) iBw t/b_/ Bjh_ j[d z k ;r'_ fJj sK fJe ;wkfie T[gi j? i'
;wkie s}op/ ns/ nzso feqnk okjh_ F[o{ jz[dk j? . GkFk nkg/ d/ ftek; bJh g{ot
Fos (Pre-Requisite) j? . GkFk s'_ gfjbK Bk p'bhnK ikD tkbhnK joesK (Non-
Verbal Gestures) th nkg/ d/ ftek; bJh wjZstg{oD :'rdkB gkT[_dhnK jB .
T[dkjoD bJh pj[s S'Nk pZuk r[; Z k Fpd dk wsbp T[BKQ fuo Bjh_ ;wM ;edk fizBk
fuo r[; Z / tkbhnK joesK Bk ehshnK ikD. fJ; eoe/ fJj GkFk Bjh_ pbfe r[; Z / dhnK
joesK jB i' pZu/ ~ r[; Z / dk wsbp do;kT[d _ hnK jB . whv w[skfpe nkg/ dk ftek;
f;oc d{finK d/ o'b ngBkT[D (Taking the Role of Others) Bkb jh ;zGt j? .
e'Jh ftnesh nkgD/ nkg ~ d{finK d/ o'b ftu oye/ jh ;wM ;edk j? . whv B/
fJe Fpd nfjw d{;o/ (Significant Others) dh th tos'_ ehsh j? . fJj T[j b'e
j[d
z / jB i' fe;/ d/ ;t?-;BwkB ~ gqGkfts eod/ jB . whv B/ fJe j'o Fpd nkwnkJ/
d{i/ (Generalized Others) dh th tos'_ ehsh j? . fJj nkwnkJ/ d{i/ tZy tZy
;wkie xNBktK ftu wB[y Z h tsho/ ~ fdFktK gqdkB eoB d/ Bkb Bkb ftnesh d/ nkg/
d/ ;zebg ~ ftef;s eoB bJh fJe ;zes / e YKuk (Frame of Reference) th gqdkB
eod/ jB . id'_ e'Jh ftnesh nkgD/ ro[g Z iK ;wki ftu'_ nkgDh ;fEsh ~ gqo / dk j?
sK fJ; dk wsbp j? fe T[j d{finK ~ gSkDdk j? . fJ; soQK nkg/ dh T[sgsh nzdo'_
Bjh_ T[gidh ;r'_ fJj o'b ngBkT[D dh gqfeqnk ftu'_ jh g?dk j[d z h j?L i' wB[y
Z h ihtB
ftu pugB s'_ F[o{ j' iKdh j? . whv B/ nkg/ d/ ftek; ~ fszB gVktK ftu tzfvnk
j?l i' fe fJj jB L
(T) nkozGe/Beb gVkn (Preparatory Stage)
(n) y/v/BkN gVkn (Play Stage)
(J) gqsh:'rsk gVkn (Game Stage)
1 0 H 4 H1 nkozfGe gVkn L fJ; gVkn d"okB pZu/ nkgD/ tksktoD w[skpe
d{;fonK dh Beb eod/ jB . ftek; d/ fJ; gVkn ftu pZu/ dk ;wkie gqkDh ti'_
nkgDk e'Jh tZyok ;zebg Bjh_ j[d z k . fJ; gVkn dk yk; BeF pZu/ d[nkok d{finK dh
Beb eoBk j? . T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ id'I pZuk xo ftu nkgD/ wK pkg ~ nypko
gVQd/ t/ydk j? sK T[j th nypko gVQB dh e'fFF eodk j? p/Fe T[;B/ nypko T[bNk
jh feT[I Bk cfVnk j't./ fJT[I Beb eoB dh gqfeqnk th pZu/ ~ g{ok ;wkfie gqkDh pBD
ftu wdd eodh j?.
1 0 H 4 H2 y/ v gVkn L
fJ; gVkn ftu pZuk eJh soQK d/ o'b wB ftu Xkodk j?. T[j T[; o'b Bkb i[V e/
T[;d/ noEK ~ f;ydk j? ns/ T[jBK noEK d/ go;zr ftu'I j'o shyDsk Bkb y/vdk j?.
T[j wK, pkg, nfXnkge iK fe;/ ebkeko d/ ftjko dk ftyktk eodk j?. fJ;/ jh
nt;Ek ftu pZuk nkgD/ nkg ~ fJe ;wkie gqkDh ;wMD bZr g?d I k j?. fJ;/ jh gVkn
d"okB pZu/ ~ nkgD/ o'b, i' fe T[j y/vdk j?, ftu tyo/tK B}o nkT[D br g?d I k j?.
fJ;/ jh gVkn d"okB pZu/ ~ nkgD/ o'b, i' fe T[j y/vdk j?, ftu tyo/tK Bio nkT[D
br g?d I k j?. w?~ (me) dk ftek; th fJ;/ nt;Ek ftu F[o{ j' iKdk j?. go pZu/ ~
ni/ fJj gsk BjhI j[d z k fe i' o'b T[j y/v fojk j?, T[j fJe fizwt / koh j? iK ;wkie
io{os. T[dkjoD bJh fJe pZuk edh nkgDh wK dk o'b ndk eodk j?, d{;o/ jh gb
fe;/ nfXnkge dk s/ fco fe;/ fyvkoh dk. Gkt pZu/ dk wB nkgD/ o'b ftu ;fEo
Bk j'e/ vktKv'b fijk j[d z k j?.
10H4H3 gqsh:'r sk gVkn L fJ; nt;Ek d'okB pZuk eJh o'b fJe' t/b/ eodk j?
ns/ nzs ftu ;koh ;w[dkfJ (Community) iK gopzXs ;wkie ;w{j d/ o'b eoB d/
;woZE j' iKdk j? . pZuk nkgD/ ;w{j ftu nkgDh nfjwhns iK ro[Zg bJh nkgDh
nfjwhns ~ fJ;/ nt;Ek d"okB gSkD b?d _ k j? . fJj T[j nt;Ek j[d z h j?, id'_ pZuk
nkgDh ;w{dk iK ;w[u Z / ;wki ftu nkgDh j'd _ ~ gSkDdk j? . whv B/ Fpd nkw nkJ/
d{i/ (generalized others) fJ;/ gVkn bJh tofsnk j?, feT[f_ e fJ;/ ;fEsh ftu'_ pZuk
nkgDh ;w[dk iK ;wki d/ d{i/ efozfdnk dh wzr w[skpe j[r z kok fdzdk j? . T[dkjoD
bJh id'_ n;h_ efjzd/ jK fe d{;o/ eh ;'uDr/ < sK ;kv/ fdwkr ftu e'Jh yk; ftnesh
Bjh_ j[d z k, ;r'_ ;kv/ wB ftu d{finK dk e/tb fJe nkw nkfJnk j'fJnk o{g j[d z k j? .
whv B/ pZu/ bJh nfjw s/ w[Zy ;pzX bJh nfjw d{;ok (significant others) th
tofsnk j? . d{;o/ ftu T[j b'e th Fkwb j[d z / jB, i' fe fe;/ d/ ;t?-;BwkB ~ gqGkfts
eod/ jB, fit/_ fe wksk fgsk, ;w{dk d/ w?p _ o ns/ y/v ;kEh nkfd . nkg/ d/ ftek; ;wpZu/
dk M[ekn ‘nfjw d{;o/’ s'_ ‘nkw nkfJnk’ j'fJnk d{ik tZb tZXdk j? . fJ; nt;Ek ftu
pZ u k d{ f inK ~ ‘nfwnkT[ D ’ s'_ ‘gfjbK nfjw’ d{; o/ dh wz r tZb tX/ o / M[ f enk
j[d
z k j? . fJj ‘nfwnkJ/ j'J’/ d{i/ tZy tZy ;wkie xNBktK ftu wB[y Z h tsho/ ~ fdFktK
gqdkB eoB d/ Bkb Bkb ftnesh ~ T[; d/ nkg/ d/ ;zebg fte;s eoB bJh fJj
;zes / e YKuk th gqdkB eodk j? .
whv B/ fJ; gVkn bJh nbzeko gqsh:'rsk (Game) dh tos'_ FkfJd fJ; bJh ehsh
j? fe jo :'iBkpZX gqsh:'rsk ftu r[M z bdko tsho/ dh wzr ehsh iKdh j? . T[dkjoD
bJh jkeh y/vD t/b/ e'Jh fyvkoh nkgDh wo}h w[skpe Bjh_ y/vdk, ;r'_ T[; ~ y/v
d/ fB:w gkbD d/ Bkb Bkb jkbks nB[;ko d{;o/ fyvkohnK ~ th fXnkB ftu oyDk
g?d_ k j? .
whv nB[;ko ;t?-u/sBk dk ftek; wB[y Z pDB dh gqfeqnk dk fJe }o{oh nzF j? . fJj
wB[y Z h ;wki ftu ;'u ns/ ekoi (action) dk nkXko pDdh j? . ;t?-u/sBk s'_ fpBK
ftnesh fe;/ th ekoi ~ ;/X d/D ns/ T[; gqsh gqshfeqnk eoB ftu ekw:kp Bjh_
j' ;edk j? .
nkgDk frnkB goy'
(T) e{b B/ Looking glass self dhnK fejVhnK fszB/ ;N/}K d;hnK jB <
(n) e{b/ B/ nkg/ d/ ftek; dh s[bBk ;t?-doFh FhF/ Bkb feT[_ ehsh j? <
(J) whv B/ nkg/ d/ ftek; d/ fejV/ fszB gVkn d;/ jB <
1 0 H 5 f;z r wz v cokfJv dk ;wkiheoD dk f;XKs

f;zrwzv co"fJv d/ ;wkiheoD dk f;XKas th ;wki ftfrnkB ftZu uzrh nfjfwns oydk
j? . fJ; f;XKs w[skpe wB[y Z h ;wkiheoB ~ uko gVQktK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j? fijVk
pZu/ d/ g?dk j'D s'_ b? e/ T[; d/ pkbr (adult) j'D dh nt;Ek sZe j[d z k j? . fJj
jB L (T) w"fye nt;Ek (Oral Stage) (n) r[d Z k ntZ;Ek (anal stage) (J) nzso
fBfjssk (Oedipal stage) (;) feF'o ntZ;Ek (adolescence)
1 0 H 5 H1 w"f y e n t ; Ek (Oral Stage)
pZu/ d/ g?dk j'D s'_ b? e/ gfjb/ fJZe ;kb dh nt;Ek ~ Oral Stage dk BK fdZsk
frnk j? . fJj BK fJ; eoe/ fdZsk frnk feT[_ i' pZu/ dhnK pkeh fJzdohnK Bkb'_ w{j z
dh G{fwek gqwy
Z[ j[d
z h j? . fJ;d/ }ohJ/ jh T[j nkb/ d[nkb/ dhnK uh}K ~ sZs-/ mzv/ j'D
nkfd ~ nB[Gt eodk j? . fJ; nt;Ek ftZu T[; dhnK }o{osK e/tb ;ohoe jh
j[d
z hnK jB . id'_ T[;~ G[y Z bZrdh j? iK sZsk-mzvk, frZbk-;[e
Z k i' th brdk j? T[;~
o' e/ jh do;kT[d_ k j? ns/ wK ~ ;{fus eodk j? fe T[;dh wzr g{oh ehsh ikt/ . fJ;
}o{os dh g{osh j'D s/ T[j FKs j' iKdk j? . need- satisfaction dk fJj d"o pZu/
~ nkb/-d[nkb/ dh gfjukD eotkT[D ftZu ;jkJh j[d z k j? . T[j jo fe;w dh }o{os
(need) dh g{osh tk;s/ wK s/ jh fBoGo j[d z k j? . fJj' nt;Ek j? fiZE/ pZu/ s/ wK
d/ gZe/ foFs/ dk w[Y
Z pZMdk j? . fJ; foFs/ dh rzY J/BhQ ghvh j[d
z h j? fe pZuk nkgD/
ns/ wK ftZu e'Jh coe Bjh_ eo ;edk .
1 0 H 5 H2 r[ Zd k nt;Ek (Anal Stage) :
fJj d{;oh nt;Ek j? fijVh seohpB fJZe ;kb s'_ b? e/ fszB ;kb dh T[wo sZe j[d z h
j? . fJ; nt;Ek ~ fJj BK fJ; eoe/ fdZsk frnk j? feT[f_ e fJ; ftZu pZuk toilet
No/fBzr jk;b eodk j? . T[j j"bh-j"bh nkgDhnK fJzdohnK s/ ezNo'b eoBk f;Zydk
j? . j[D T[j fiZE/ p?mk iK b/fNnk j't/ T[&E Z / jh NZNh-fgFkp Bjh_ eodk pbfe nkgDh
wK ~ fJ; jkbs pko/ ;zes / fdzdk j? i' T[;dh fJj fJZSk iK }o{os g{oh eodh j? .
fJBQK gqfefonktK d"okB jh pZuk nkgD/ ns/ wK ftueko \oe ~ ;wMdk ns/ gZek eodk j? .
T[; d/ fdwkr ftZu fJj rZb ;kc j'Dh F[o{ j[d z h j? fe T[j ns/ T[;dh wK d' tyohnK-2
Fy;hnsK jB . T[j nkgDh wK s'_ fgnko dh nk; th eodk j? i' T[;~ fwbdk j?,
ns/ fi;dk T[;~ fwbDK nfs ntZ;e th j[d z k j? . T[j e/tb fgnko b?d _ k jh Bjh_
pbfe fgnko fdzdk th j? . id'_ T[j fp;sok iK eZgV/ rzd/ Bjh_ eodk sK wK T[;~
bkv-fgnko eodh j? i' pZu/ ~ ;zes / j[d
z k j? fe T[;B/ fJj ezw uzrk ehsk j? ns/ i/
nZr/ ~ th fJ;/ soQK eo/rk sK T[;~ fgnko fwb/rk . fJ;/ soQK pZuk ;fji/-;fji/ toilet
No/fBzr ftZu wjkos jk;b eo b?d _ k j? . T[j nkgDh fi;wkBh }o{osK s/ ns/ nkgDhnK
fJzdohnK s/ ekp{ gkT[Dk bkj/pd z ;wMD brdk j? .
1 0 H 5 H3 nzs o-fBjfssk (Oedipal Stage)
fJj sh;oh nt;Ek j? fijVh fszB ;kb s'_ b? e/ 12-13 ;kb dh T[wo sZe ubdh j? .
fJ; ftZu pZuk nkgD/ fbzr d/ nB[e{b wK iK fgU Bkb gSkD (identification) ~
nkgD/ ;wki dhnK oj[-ohsK d/ nB[;ko g{ok eo b?d _ k j?. Gkt fJj fe eohp-eohp jo
wB[y
Z h ;wki ftZu fJj' gqEk gqubs j? fe bVeh nkgDh wK d/ Bkb ns/ bVek nkgD/
fgU d/ Bkb nkgD/ nkg dh gSkD (identify) eo/ . fJ; dk f;ZXk wsbp fJj j?
fe bVeh nkgDh wK ns/ bVek nkgD/ fgU d/ o'b ~ intrenalize eoB :kBh fe
T[j nkgDh o'} woQK dh f}zdrh ftZu T[;h soQK eoB fit/_ T[BKQ d/ wK s/ fgU eowtko
eod/ jB .
pZuk fJj fet/_ f;Zydk j? fe T[jB/ fejV/ wkg/ dk o'b internalize eoBk j? :kBh fe
bVeh B/ wK dk ns/ bVe/ B/ fgU dk . fJ; s'_ gfjbk fe pZuk f;nkDk j' e/ ;wki
ftu ftuoe/ fJj t/y' fe e"D eh eo fojk j? s/ fet/_ ns/ T[;d/ gfotko iK nkY-
r[nKY d/ b'e T[BKQ pko/ eh okJ/ oZyd/ jB, pZu/ ~ S'N/ j[d
z / s'_ jh nfij/ fyv"fDnK Bkb
y/vD bJh gqf/ os ehsk iKdk j? fijVk T[;d/ GftZy dk o'b j[d z k j? . fi; soQK gzikph
;wki ftu e[VhnK ~ r[vhnK-gN'b,/ o;'Jh d/ GKfvnk nkfd Bkb y/vB ~ fejk iKdk j? .
d{i/ gk;/ bVfenK ~ No?eNo, pzde { , sho-ewkB iK fJj' fijhnK j'o wodK dhnK y/vK iK
ezwK tkbhnK uh}K Bkb y/vD bJh gqf/ onk iKdk j? . bVe/ epZvh, s/ pzN/ y/vd/ B/ ns/
bVehnK ;Nkg{ s/ rhN/ nkfd .
fJ; nt;Ek dh fJZe ftF/Fsk j'o th j? . T[j fJj fe fJ; d/ F[o{ ftZu jh pZu/ dh
f}zdrh ftZu fJe nfijh ;N/i nkT[_dh j? fi; ftZu bVek nkgDh wK ~ ns/ bVeh
nkgD/ fgU ~ fi;wkBh s"o s/ fgnko eoB bZr g?d _ / jB . gfjbh ~ n;h_ ‘fJvhg;
ezwb?e ;’ ns/ d{i/ ~ fJb?e Nok ezgb?e;’ nkyd/ jK . go pZu/ ibdh jh fJBQ K
complexes s'_ w[es j' iKd/ jB i/ ;wkiheoD dh fefonk mhe ub ojh j't/ .
;wkiheoD ;jh j'D dh fJZe e;'Nh fJj th j? . i/ fJ; soQK Bk j't/ sK pZuk tZvk
(adult) j' e/ nfijhnK joesK eodk j? i' T[; ;wki dhnK oj[-ohsK d/ w[skpe Bjh_
j[d
z hnK fJ; Bkb T[;dh nkgDh Fy;hns ftZu fJe ftrkV nk iKdk j? .
1 0 H 5 H4 feF'o nt;Ek (Adolescent Stage) :
;wkiheoD dh fJj nkyoh nt;Ek j? fijVh 12-13 ;kb s'_ b? e/ 17-18 ;kb dh T[wo
sZe ubdh j? . fJ; ftu pZuk fbzr nB[;ko nkgD/ o'b ~ uzrh soQK ;wM u[e Z k j[d
z k
j? ns/ g{o-/ ;{o/ adult tKr ;wki ftZu ftuodk j? . :kBh fe bVehnK n"osK dk ns/
bVe/ wodK dk o'b uzrh soQ ngBk (internalize) u[e Z / j[d
z / jB ns/ ;wki dhnK oj[-
ohsK nB[;ko nkgD/ ezwKekoK ftZu i[N Z iKd/ jB . fJ; s'_ Gkt fJj fe i/ bVfenK
s'_ fJj nk; oZyh ikt/ fe T[j xo/b{ ezw eoBrhnK ns/ wod pkjob/, sK adolescent
pZu/ fJ;/ soQK d/ ezw eoB brd/ jB sK i' ;wki T[BQK dhnK joesK ~ gqtkBrh d/
SZv/ ns/ T[j tZv/ j' e/ nkg'-nkgD/ NZpo pDk ;eD ns/ T[;d/ w?p _ oK dh d/yGkb eo
;eD . fJ;/ soQK T[j ;wki ns/ ;wkiheoD ~ ubdk oZyD ftZu ;cb j[d z / jB .
1 0 H 6 cokfJv dk wB' - ftfrnkBe-ftFb/ F D
cokfJv B/ ;wkiheoB dh gqfeqnk ~ wB'ftfrnkBe ftFb/FD d[nkok ;wMkT[D dk :sB
ehsk j? . T[; dk wzBDk j? fe wB[y Z h wB dk ftek; jh n;b ftu ;wkiheoB j? .
cokfJv fbydk j? fe wB[Zy d/ wB ~ fszB fjZf;nK ftZu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? .
(T) nu/s wB (Unconscious mind)
(n) noX nu/s wB (Subconscious mind)
(J) ;[u/s wB (Conscious mind)
1 0 H 6 H1 nu/s wB L fJj wB[yZ h wB dk T[; fjZ;k j? fiE/ T[;dhnK ;wkfie
pzfd;K ekoB Bk g{ohnK j' ;eD tkbhnK fJSktK dphnK j[d z hnK jB . fiBQK y[jkfJ;K
~ fJB;kB Bk ukj[d z / j'J/ th g{ok Bjh_ eo ;edk ns/ T[BK dk dwB eodk j? . T[j
fJ; nu/s wB d/ N?e _ ftu fJemhnK j[d z hnK ofjzdhnK jB ! cokfJv fbydk j? It is
a resvoir of our repressed desires. T[;dk wzBDK j? fe wB dk fJj fjZ;k ;[Zsh
nt;ZEk ftu j[dz k j? feT[_fe fJj fJBQK fJSktK gqsh ;[us / Bjh_ jz[dk .
10H6H2 noX nu/ s wB L
fJj wB dk T[j fjZ;k j? fijVk Bk sK g{oh soQK ;[us
/ jh j[d
z k j? ns/ Bk jh ;[s
Z k
j[d
z k j? feT[f_ e fJ; ftu fJemhnK j'JhnK y[jkfJ;K ns/ fJSktK ~ ftnesh fe;/ th
;w/_ u/sB wB ftu fbnk ;edk j? Gkt T[BQK gqsh ;[us / j' ;edk j? .
10H6H3 ;[ u / s wB L
u/sB wB ssekbh jkbsK Bkb ;zpfz Xs j? . ftnesh i' th ekoi eodk j? T[j ;'u
;wMe/ ns/ ikD p[M
Z e/ fe;/ :'iBk-pZX sohe/ Bkb eodk j? . ftnesh dk jo/e ekoi
soZe s/ nkXkfos jz[dk j? . T[;dk e'Jh Bk e'Jh Nhuk (goal) j[d
z k j? fi; dh gqkgsh
bJh T[j ;kXBK (means) ns/ Nhu/ (goals) ftu soeFhb sohe/ Bkb ;zpX z ;Ekfgs
eodk j? . fJj Nhuk ;wki nB[;ko rbs th j' ;edk j? ns/ ;jh th .
1 0 H 7 cokfJv dk nkg/ d/ ftek; dk ;z e bg
fJ; s'_ nZr/ ube/ cokfJv nkg/ (Self) d/ ftek; pko/ dZ;dk j? fe wB[yZ h nkg/ dhnK
th fszB nt;EktK j[d z hnK jB . jo/e ftnesh dk nkgk fszB ;soK s/ fte;s j[d z k
j? . T[j jB fJv (Id), Jhr' (Ego) ns/ ;[go Jhr' (Super-Ego) fJj nkg/_ dhnK
fszB' n;;EktK wB dhnK fszB nt;EktK d/ nB[e{b jB . cokfJv B/ ftnesh d/
;wkiheoB dh gqfenk ~ ;gFN eoB bJh f;ZXk Yzr fJyfsnko Bjh_ ehsk pbfe fJ;~
nf;ZX/ s"o s/ gfjbK ;Zso iK gVQktK ~ fpnkB ehsk, ed'_ s/ fet/_ ftnesh dk ftek;
j[d
z k j? ns/ fco ftnesh d/ wB ~ fpnkB ehsk fe wB[y Z h wB dk ftek; fet/_ j[d z k
j? . fJ;d/ Bkb jh T[;B/ nkg/_ Gkt Self d/ ftek; ~ do;kfJnk j? . T[j fbydk
j? fe wB[yZ h ‘nkg/’ dk ftek; fszB ;soK (Stages) s/ j[zdk j? .
1 0 H 7 H1 fJv (Id)
fJ; nt;Ek ftu wB[y Z h nkg/_ dh nu/s wB ns/ w"fye s/ r[dZ k (Oral and anal) ;soK
Bkb s[bBk ehsh ik ;edh j? . fJ; ;fEsh ftu ftnesh dk ;zpzX nkgDhnK gF{
gqftoshnK (Instincts) ~ ;sz[FN eoB Bkb jh j[d z k j? . co'fJv dZ;dk j/ fe jo/
e ftnesh ftu 16 fe;w dhnK w[y Z gqftoshnK j[zdhnK jB fiBQK ~ b? e/ T[j g?dk
j[d
z k j? . pkb nt;Ek ftu nu/sB o{g Bkb ehs/ ikD tkbk fttjko fJv (Id) ~ gqrN
eodk j? . fit/_ G[y Z bZrh s'_ pZuk o'&d
_ k j? T[;~ fJ; rZb dk nfj;k; Bjh_ j[d z k fe
T[; d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ pZu/ s/ ftnesh T[; pko/ eh ;'uDr/ pZ; id'_ T[; dk fdb ehsk,
fi; irQk s/ ehsk T[j o'Dk F[o{ j' ikt/rk. T[;dk fttjko w{b gqftqshnK T[s/ nkXkfos
j[dz k j? T[j T[fuZs ns/ nBT[fus ftu G/d Bjh_ eo ;edk . fJ; fJv iK gF{ fposh
ekoB T[j uzr-/ p[o/ iK B?fse nB?fse dk ftuko eo/ pr?o nkgDhnK gqEkfwe b'VK ~
;zs[FN eoB dh e'fFF eodk j?. fi; ftZu fi;wkBh ;[y dh g{osh jh w[y Z T[dF/ j[dz k
j?. fJ; eoe/ fJ;~ Pleasure Principle Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk th nkfynk iKdk j? .
1 0 H 7 H2 Jhr' (Ego)
nkg/ _ (Self) dh fJ; nt;Ek ~ n;h_ noX-u/s wB ns/ Oedipul stage Bkb
compare eo ;ed/ jK . fJj T[j ;fEsh j? fi; ftu ftnesh y[jkfJFK (desires)
ns/ ekoiK (actions) ftueko skbw/b pDkJh oZyD dk ezw eodk j? . fJj gF{-
fposhnK Gkt fJv (Id) dhnK gqo
/ DktK ~ dpkT_d
[ h j? ns/ ;wkfie fB:wK ns/ edoK-
ehwsK Gkt T[; ;wki dh gqw
z gok nB[;ko ftnesh ~ ekoi eoB bJh gqo / dh j? . fJj
ftnesh ~ ;wkie :EkoE Bkb i'Vdh j? fi; Bkb T[; ~ ;wkie n;bhns dk
frnkB j[[zdk j? . fJ;/ eoe/ fJ; ~ (reality principle) Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk th
nkfynk iKdk j? . fJ;/ nt;Ek s'_ ftnesh d/ nkg/ dk ftek; F[o{ j' iKdk j? j[D T[j
f;o\ ns/ f;o\ nkgD/ pko/ Bjh_ ;'udk pbfe nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/ ns/ d{finK gqsh th
;[us
/ j' iKdk j? . go fJ; nt;Ek ftu eJh tko fJv (Id) th Gko{ j' iKdh j? .
1 0 H 7 H3 ;[ g oJhr' (Super-Ego)
fJj nt;Ek wB dh ;[us / nt;ZEk ns/ ftnesh dh feF'o nt;ZEk Bkb w/b yKdh j? .
id'_ ftnesh d/ nkg/_ dk g{ok ftek; j' iKdk j? ns/ T[j nkgDhnK ;wkfie gozgoktK
ns/ ;z;feqsh s'_ g{oh soQK ikD{ j' iKdk j? ns/ fwE/ fB:wK nB[;ko fttjko eoBk F[o{
eo fdzdk j? T[j ;[go-Jhr' dh ;fEsh j[d z h j? . T[j uzr/ ns/ wkV/ ftu B?fse ns/
nB?fse ftu \oe ;wMD bZr iKdk j? . fJ; ntZ;Ek ftu nkdoF ns/ B?fsesk Gko{
j[d
z h j? . ftnesh ~ fJ; rZb dh ;wM j[d z h j? fe ;wkfie edoK-ehwsK T[; s'_ fej'
fij/ fttjko dh y[jkfJF eodhnK jB ns/ fej' fijhnK pzfdFK T[;s/ brkT[d _ hnK jB .
;' ftnesh fwE/ ;wkfie fB:wK nB[;ko fttjko eodk j? . fJ; eoe/ ;[go Jhr' ~
Society principle Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk nkfynk iKdk j? feT[f_ e fJj e/tb ;wki dhnK
edoK-ehwsK s/ T[BKQ dh gkbDk s/ gfjok fdzdh j? . i/eo pugB ftu fJ; ftnesh
dk ;wkiheoB mhe Yzr Bkb j'fJnk j? sK T[;d/ ftnefsst ftu'_ fe;/ fe;w d/
nBT{fus fttjko dh Mbe Bjh_ fwb/rh go i/eo T[;d/ F[o{ d/ ;wkiheoB ftu e'Jh
ewh ofj rJh j't/ sK T[j ;wki d/ ftgohs ekoi eodk j? fiBQK dh ;wki nkfrnk
Bjh_ fdzdk fit/_ u'oh, esb nkfd .
cokfJv dk wzBDk j? fe ;[go Jhr' dh ;fEsh jh ;wkiheoD dh ;fEsh j? . id'_ fe
ftnesh ;wkfie fB:wK nB[;ko uZbDk F[o{ eo fdzdk j? . T[; dhnK w{b gqftoshnK
(basic instincts) s/ nkXkfos fttjko ;wkfie fttjko ftu pdb iKdk j? . T[;dk
jo/e ekoi T[; ;wki dh gozwgok ;z;feqsh, edoK-ehwsK, fB:wK s/ nkXkfos j[d z k j? .
go i/eo ;[go Jhr' ew}'o j't/ sK T[j ;wki tb'_ do;kJ/ o;s/ s'_ GNe iKdk j? ns/
ngokX eodk j? .
nkgDk frnkB goy'
(T) cokfJv B/ ;wkiheoB d/ fezB/ gVkn d;/ jB ns/ fejV/ <
(n) cokfJv B/ ;wkiheoB dh gqfeqnk dk wB'ftfrnkBe ft;b/FD fet/_ ehsk
j?<
(J) cokfJnK nB[;ko nkg/ dk ftek; fet/_ j[zdk j? <
1 0 H 8 ; ko
T[go'es uouk s'_ n;h_ fJ; Bshi/ s/ gj[uz d/ jK fe nkg/ dk ftek; ;wkiheoB dh jh
gqfeqnk j? . jo/e ftnesh d/ nkg/ dk ftek; (Development of Self) j[d z k j? . fJj
gqfeqnk jh ;wkiheoB nytkT[d
_ h j? fijVh ftneshnK ~ ;wki ftu ftuoD d/ :'r pDkT[d _ h
j? ns/ ;wki dk fjZ;k pDkT[d _ h j? . fJ; Bkb jh ;wkfie ftt;Ek pDh ofjzdh j? .
e{b,/ whv ns/ cokfJv B/ nkgD/ nkgD/ sohe/ Bkb fJ; nkg/ d/ ftek; ~ ;wMkT[D dk
:sB ehsk j? . ftnesh dk ;wkiheoB fe;/ yk; ;w/_ ftu Bjh_ j[d z k pbfe fJj sK
fBozso ubD tkbh gqfeqnk j? fijVh iBw s'_ b? e/ woB sZe ubdh ofjzdh j?. id'_
ftnesh ;wki d/ pDkJ/ fB:wK nB[;ko fttjko eoB bZr g?d _ k j? sK ;wfMnk iKdk
j? fe T[;dk ;wkfie nkgk fte;s j' frnk j? ns/ T[j f;oc w?_ s/ w/o/ sZe jh ;hfws
Bjh_ pbfe nkw d{;fonK (Generalized Other) pko/ th ;[us / j' frnk j?. T[;dk
fttjko ;wkfie j' frnk j? . ;' nkfyo ftu fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe ftnesh ~
;wki dk fjZ;k pDkT[D bJh T[;dk ;wkiheoB pj[s }o{oh j? ns/ ;wkiheoB dh fJj
gqfenk ;ot-ftnkge j? .
1 0 H 9 w[ Z y Fpd
wB' f tFb/ F D L fJj f;XKs f;rwzv cokfJv d[nkok fdsk frnk j? fijVk
fe ftF/F eo wB d/ dwB ns/ nzso ;zxoF dhnK
w[FfebK Bkb ;zpzfXs j? ns/ nu/s y[jkfJFK ~ ;[us /
o{g ftu fbnkT[D bJh j? .
fJvhg; ezwgb?e;L fJj T[j nt;Ek j? fi; ftu fJe bVe/ dk nkgDh wK
tZb M[ekn j[d
z k j? ns/ T[j nkgD/ fgsk s' B\os eodk
j? .
fJb? e NoK ezw gb? e ; L id'_ fe;/ bVeh dk nkgD/ fgsk tZb M[ekn j' iKdk j? .
1 0H 1 0 nfGnk; bJh gq F B
(T) ;wkiheoB fe;~ nkyd/ jB < e{b/ nB[;ko ftnesh dk ;wkiheoB fet/
_ j[d
z k j?<
(n) wB[Zy d/ ;wkiheoB ~ whv B/ fet/_ fpnkB ehsk j? <
(J) cokfJv nB[;ko ftnesh dk ;wkiheoB fejV/ fejV/ gVktK s/ j[d
z k j?
ftnkfynk eo' .
(;) nkg/ dk ftek; fe;~ nkyd/ jB < e{b/ whv ns/ cokfJv d/ fJ; pko/
eh ftuko jB < ;zyg/ ftu fpnkB eo' .
;z y / g ;tkb
(T) Ft? doFh FhFk
(n) Beb gVkn
(J) y/v gVkn
(;) fJv
(j) Jhr'
(e) ;[go fJr'
(y) nu/s wB
(r) ;[us
/ wB
1 0H 1 1 T[ g :' r h g[ ; seK
Charles H. Cooley : Intorductory Society
Mead George H. : Mind, Self and Society
Young Kimball : Hand book of Social Psychology
Freud S. : Psychoanalysis
Johnson H.M. : Sociology
gkm Bz po L 2 H3 b/ fyek LvkH jfoz d o e" o
;fGnkuko (Culture)
gkm dh pDso L
11H0 T[d/F
11H1 ikD gSkD
11H2 ;fGnkuko dhnK gfoGkFktK
11H3 ;fGnkuko dhnK ftF/FskJhnK
11H3H1 fJj wB[Zy dh ;w{fje f;oiDk j?.
11H3H2 fJj f;Zfynk ikD tkbk fttjko j?.
11H3H3 ;fGnkuko ghVQh-do-ghVQh ubdk j?.
11H3H4 ;fGnkuko tzfvnk iKdk j?.
11H3H5 ;fGnkuko ;zs[FNsk fdzdk j?.
11H3H6 fJ; ftu nB[e{bDFhbsk dk r[D j?.
11H3H7 fJj b'eK ~ ;zrfms eodk j?.
11H3H8 ;fGnkuko dh ebgBkswe ftF/Fsk .
11H4 ;fGnkuko dhnK fe;wK
11H4H1 b[Zgs ns/ nb[Zgs ;fGnkuko
11H4H2 fiT[Idk s/ w[odk ;fGnkuko
11H4H3 ;fGnkuko, T[g;fGnkuko ns/ gqfse{b ;fGnkuko
11H4H4 gdkoEe ns/ ngkdoEe ;fGnkuko
11H4H4H1 gdkoEe ;fGnkuko dhnK ftF/FskJhnK
11H4H4H2 ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko dhnK ftF/FskJhnK
11H4H4H3 gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftu nzso
11H5 ;fGnkuko s/ sZs
11H5H1 ;zfrnkBe
11H5H2 ftFtk;
24
11H5H3 ;ze/s
11H5H4 ehwsK
11H5H5 GkFk
11H6 ;fGnkuko d/ ezw
11H7 ;fGnkuko Bkb ;zpzXs j'o ;zebg
11H7H1 ;z;feqse bZSD
11H7H2 ;z;feqse ;z;b/F
11H7H3 ;z;feqse gqshwkB
11H7H4 ;z;feqse g;okU
11H8 ;ko
11H9 w[Zy Fpd
11H11 T[[g:'rh g[;seK
1 1 H0 T [d /F
fJ; gkm ~ gVQB T[gozs s[[jk~ ;fGnkuko dh ft;Eko g{ote ikDekoh jk;b j't/rh ns/ s[;hA
fJj ;wM ;e'r/ fe L

;fGnkuko eh j? ns/ fJ; dhnK eh ftF/FskJhnK jB <

;fGnkuko dhnK fe;wK dh ikDekoh gqkgs eo ;e'r/.

fJ; rZb s'I ikD{ j' ;e'r/ fe ;fGnkuko feBQK nzrK s'I fwb e/ pDdk j? Gkt
fJ; d/ sZs fejV/-fejV/ jB <

;fGnkuko d/ ezwK pko/ frnkB gqkgs eo ;e'r/.
1 1 H1 ikD-gSkD
fJ; rZb s'I n;hA Gbh-GKs tkfe\ jK fe wB[Zy fJe ;wkfie gqkDh j?. T[j fJeZbk BjhI ofj
;edk. nkgDhnK b'VK ~ g{ok eoB d/ bJh T[j nbZr-nbZr ftnesh ns/ ;w{zjK Bkb ;zgoe
ftu nkT[Idk j?. T[BQK Bkb ;zgoe ftu nkT[D s/ T[j d{i/ ftneshnK iK ;wz{jK d/ fynkb,
tsho/, edoK-ehwsK ns/ nkdsK f;Zydk j?. fJj ;ZG e[M ~ jh ;fGnkuko nkyd/ jB.
;fGnkuko fi; ~ nzro/}h ftu ebuo fejk iKdk j?. eJh sohfenK Bkb tos'I ftu fbnkdk
iKdk j?. nkw p'b ukb ftu fJ; dk noE f;FNsk iK ;fGne j'D s'I j?, fcbk;ch ns/
;kfjse f;XKs ftu fJ; ~ wB[Zyh ftek; d/ bJh tofsnk iKdk j? ns/ ftfrnkBe s"o s/
ihtkD{nk dh T[sgsh d/ bJh gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. go ;wki ftfrnkB bJh ebuo dk noE
j? ;fGnkuko. ;fGnkuko ftu T[j ;G e[M Fkfwb j? i' wB[Zy ~ gF{nK d/ ;wki Bkb'I tZy
eodk j?. ;kvhnK edoK ehwsK, ftukoXkoktK ftFtkF, ebk, frnkB, B?fse fB:w, ekB{zB
gqEk, GktBktK, t;sK, ;kv/ p'b-ukb d/ sohe/ ns/ fttjko ;GBK ~ fwb e/ ;kvk ;fGnkuko
pDdk j?. ;z;ko dk e'Jh th ftnesh iK ;w{j ;fGnkuko s'I tKMk BjhI feT[Ife ;fGnkuko
ftneshnK d/ fttjkfoe Yzr dk ;zrqfj jh j?. j[D ;tkb g?dk j[zdk j? fe ;kB{z ;fGnkuko
dh }o{os feT[ g?Idh j? < ;kv/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK, foFfsnK, feqnktK, gqfeqnktK ns/ ;wkfie YKu/
~ ;wMD d/ bJh ;kB{z ;kvhnK ;fGnkukoe ehwsK, nkdoFk ns/ fB:wK ~ ;wMDk pj[s }o{oh
j? feT[Ife ;kv/ ;wkfie foFfsnK ns/ ;zpzXK dk ftek; ;zukbB ns/ fBod/FB ;fGnkukoe
ehwsK ns/ fB:wK d[nkok jh j[zdk j?. ;fGnkuko wB[Zy dhnK e'fFFK dk fBu'V j? fiBQK d[nkok
wB[Zy nkgD/ nkg B{z tksktoD nB[;ko Ykbdk j? ns/ nkgD/ ihtB Yzr ftu ;[X ko fbnkT[Idk
j?. fiZE'I sZe ;fGnkuko d/ T[sgzB j'D dh rZb j? fJj nkfd wB[Zy d/ Bkb jh g?dk j'fJnk
j? ns/ ghVQh-do-ghVQh ubdk nk fojk j?. ;w/I-;w/I f;o ;fGnkuko ftu gfotosB j[zd/ ofjzd/
jB feT[Ife ;wki ftu BthnK edoK ehwsK, nB[Gt ns/ f;XKs g?dk j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB.
1 1 H2 ;fGnkuko dhnK gfoGkFktK L
(T) wkbhB't;eh nB[;ko ;fGnuko ~ ftT[sgB b'VK dh ftt;Ek ns/ T[d/F g{oD feqnktK
dh ;zrfms ftt;Ek dZ;dk j?.
(n) w?ekJhto ns/ g/} dk wzBDk j? fe ;kv/ ofjD ;fjD, ;'uD d/ sohfenK, o'} dhnK
nzso feqntK, wB'ozi B ns/ nBzd ftu ;kv/ ;fGnkuo dh gqfeqsh dk gqrNktk j?.
(J) JhHphH NkfJbo ;fGnkuko ~ T[j ifNb ;wZrosk ;wMdk j? fi; ftu frnkB ,
ftFtkF, ebk, B?fse fB:w, ekB{zB, gqEk ns/ nfijhnK jh j'o :'rsktK ns/ nkdsK
Fkfwb jB, fiBQK ~ wB[Zy B/ ;wki d/ w?Apo j'D dh j?;hns ftu gqkgs ehsk j?.
(;) b?}bh tkJhN dk efjDk j? fe ;fGnkuko e[M go-xNBKtK dk ;zrmB j?. feqnktK
(fttjko, gqfswkB) t;sK (n"iko ns/ n"ikoK Bkb pDhnK t;sK) ftuko (ftFtk;,
frnkB) ns/ GktBktK (othJ/, ehwsK i' fe fuzBk d/ gq:'r T[s/ fBoGo jB) T[;
nB[;ko ;fGnkuko dk nkozG T[; ;w/I s'I j'fJnk id'I gfowfNt wB[Zy B/ gqshe iK
fuzBQK dk gq:'r F[[ [ o{ ehsk. nkgDh gqshekswe gqfeqsh d/ ekoB ;z;feqsh nk;kBh Bkb
fJe ghVQh s'I d{ih ghVQh ftu ubh iKdh j?.
(j) frfbB ns/ frfbB nB[;ko ;fGnkuko fJe wB'ftfrnkBe toskok j? i' fttjko d/
o{g ftu fd;D:'r j?. ;fGnkuko fttjko d't/A wkBf;e ns/ pkjoh gqshwkBK ~ nkgD/
ftu Fkfwb eodk j? fijV/ ;wki ftu ;wkB: jB fiBQK ~ ftnesh B/ f;Zfynk j? ns/
fiBQK ~ f;ZyD dh gqfeqnk okjhA jh fJe ghVhQ s'I d{ih ghVQh ftu ;zukos ehsk j?.
(e) n"rpoB ns/ fBwe'\ B/ ;fGnkuko ~ d' GkrK ftu tzfvnk j?, fJj jB L gdkoEe
ns/ ngdkoE ;fGnkuko. gdkoEe ;fGnkuko s'I Gkt ;G ;E{b t;sK fit/I xo,
n"}ko, posB, g[Fke ns/ ftukoK ~ gqrN eoB d/ ;E{b Yzr fit/I feskpK nkfd.
ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko s'I Gkt T[j t;sK fiBQK fgZS/ S[g/ ftuko, ;zebg, seBheK,
fuzsB ns/ ekoi d/ Yzr, ehws ns/ Gktkswe gqfsqfeqnktK ns/ ;kXkoD o{g ftu wB[Zy
dhnK ebK feosK, w{osK iK ;{yw ouBktK fit/I GkFk ns/ ;kfjs, Xow, frnkB ns/
ekB{zB nkfd.
(y) w?e; t?po B/ ;fGnkuko ~ gfoGkfFs eod/ j'J/ fJ; ~ ;fGnsk Bkb'I fBy/fVnk j?.
T[; nB[;ko ;fGnsk ftu T[g:'rh G"fse gdkoE ns/ T[BQK ~ fBowkD eoB ns/ gq:'r
eoB dhnK ftXhnK Fkfwb j[zdhnK jB, id'I fe ;fGnkuko ftu fe;/ ;w{j d/ nkdoF,
ehwsK ns/ wkBf;e s/ Gktkswe gfjb{ Fkfwb j[zd/ jB.
(r) J/H vpfbT{ rohB B/ fbfynk j? fe ;fGnkuko e/tb sK jh ;fGnsk pDdh j? id'I T[;
e'b fJe fbys GkFk ftfrnkB, doFB pj[s f}nkdk ftF/FheoD tkbk feos tzv, fJe
ifNb gqftXh ns/ okiBhfse gZXsh j't/.
T[go fdZshnK gqf;ZX wB'ftfrnkBhnK ns/ ;wki ftfrnkBhnK dhnK gfoGkFktK s'I e[M w[Zy rZbK
T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[IdhnK jB, fit/I L
(1) wB[Zy ftu jh fJj ;woZEk j? fe T[j frnkB, ftFtkF, ebk, B?fsefB:w,ekB{zB,
gqEk ns/ nfijhnK j'o :'rsktK ~ gqkgs eo ;edk j? .
(2) ;fGnkuko dk iBw gfowfNt wB[Zy d/ Bkb jh j'fJnk.
(3) ;fGnkuko ghVQh do ghVQh ubdh j?.
(4) ;fGnkuko e[M go-xNBktK dk ;zrmB j[zdk j?.
(5) ;fGnkuko wB[Zy dhnK e'fFFK dk fBu'V j? fiBQK d[n kok wB[Zy nkgD/-nkg ~ nkgD/
tkskotD nB[;ko Ykbdk j? ns/ nkgD/ ihtB Yzr ftu ;[Xko eodk j?.
(6) ;fGnkuko fJe wB'ftfrnkBe toskok j?.
(7) G"fse ;wkfie ftok;s ;fGnsk j? ns/ nG"fse ftok;s ;z;feqsh iK ;fGnkuko j?.
1 1 H3 ;fGnkuko dhnK ftF/ F skJhnK L
T[go'es B[e fsnK dh o'FBh ftu n;hA ;fGnkuko dhnK ftF/FskJhnK ~ ikD ;ed/ jK.
;fGnkuko dhnK e[M e[ w[Zy ftF/FskJhnK j/m fbyhnK jB L
1 1H 3H 1 fJj wB[ Zy dh ;zw{ fje f;oiDk j? L ;fGnkuko ftneshrs ftok;s
BjhI pbfe ;wkfie j?. fJj ;zw{fje f;oiBk j?. fJj ftnesh ~ iBw s'I p]FF ftu BjhI
fwbdh ;r'I wB[Zy fJ; ~ f;Zydk s/ y[d oudk j?. jo/e ftnesh ~ T[;dh ;wkfie f}zdrh,
G"fse u"frod/ ns/ nkgD/ ;[Gkn nB[;ko b'VK g{ohnK eoB bJh ;fGnkuko dh }o{os g?Idh
j?. fJ; dh f;oiBk fe;/ fJe ftnesh d[nkok BjhI j[zdh pbfe b'eK dk fJeZm fJ; dh ouBk
eodk j?. T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ fe;/ fgzv iK e;p/ ftu fe;/ fJe iK d' uko b'eK d[nkok p'bh
ikD tkbh GkFk ed/ th T[E'A d/ ;fGnuko dk fjZ;k BjhI j[zdh ;r'I nkw b'eK d[nkok iK ;zw{j
d[nkok p'bh ikD tkbh GkFk jh ;fGnkuko dk fjZ;k jz[dh j?.
1 1H 3H 2 ;fGnkuko f;Zfynk ikD tkbk fttjko j? L ;fGnkuko dh d{;oh ftF/
Fsk fJj j? fe fJj f;Zfynk ik ;eD tkb fttjko j?. fiat/A fe gfjbK th f}eo ehsk j?
fe ;fGnkuko fe;/ th wB[Zy ~ iBw s'I BjhI fwbdk ;r'I T[j ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk okjhA
;wki dk fjZ;k pDd/ j'J/ fJ; ~ f;Zydk j?. i/eo fe;/ ftnesh ~ wB[Zyh ;wki s'I d{o oZfynk
ikt/ sK T[; e'b ;fGnkuko BjhI j' ;edk ;r'I T[j ikBtoK dh soQK jh fttjko eo/rk.
1 1H 3H 3 ;fGnkuko ghVQh do ghVQh ubdk j? L ftneshnK d[nkok f;Zfynk
;fGnkuko ghVQh-do-ghVQh ubdk ofjzdk j?. i' ftnesh fe;/ th ;fGnkuko dk fjZ;k j? T[j
nkgD/ pZfunk B{z th fJ; dk nzr pDkT[Idk j?, Gkt ;fGnkuko dk ;zukbD eodk j?.
1 1H 3H 4 ;fGnkuko tzfvnk ikD tkbk fttjko j? L ;fGnkuko ;w{fje o{g
ftu jh f;ofink iKdk j? ns/ ;w{fje o{g ftu jh tzfvnk iKdk j?. fJe fJe ;w{fje ftF/
Fsk j? Bk fe ftneshrs. ;fGnkuko id'I b'eK ftu tzfvnk iKdk j? iK fJ; dk gq;ko j[zdk
j? sK fJ; ftu eJh soQK d/ fto'Xh sZs s/ fGzBsktK th T[gidhnK jB.
1 1H 3H 5 ;fGnkuko ;zs [F Nsk fdzdk j? L ;fGnkuko dh nrbh ftF/Fsk fJj j?
fe fJ; ftu ;zs'yiBe j'D d/ r[D w"i{d jB. ;fGnkuko ~ ;zs'yiBe iK nkBzddkfJe fJ;
gZy s'I wzfBnk iKdk j? feT[Ife fJ; ftu wB[Zyh ;wkfie ns/ iht ftfrnkBe b'VK ~ g{ok eoB
dh ;woZEk j[zdh j?. i/eo fe;/ ;fGnkuko d[nkok ftnesh dhnK fJSktK dh g{osh Bk j' ;edh
j't/ sK T[j ;fGnkuko gqc[Zbs BjhI j' ;edk ;r'I ]sw j' ikdk j?.
1 1H 3H 6 ;fGnkuko ftu nB[e { b DFhbsk dk r[ D j? L ;fGnkuko dh nrbh
ftF/Fsk fJ; dk nB[e{bDFhb j'Dk j?. ;fGnkuko dk fJj th r[D j? fe fJ; ftu gfotosB
nkT[Idk ofjzdk j? ns/ fJj pkjoh jkbsK nB[;ko uZbdk ofjzdk j?. fJj nkgD/-nkg ~ ns/
ftneshnK ~ T[BKQ jkbsK d/ nB[e{b pDkT[dk j?.
1 1H 3H 7 fJj b' eK ~ ;zrfms eodk j? L ;fGnkuko dk ;zrfms j'Dk fJ; dh
nrbh ftF/Fsk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb Bkb ;fGnkuko nkgD/ tZy'A tZy nzrK iK sZsK ftu skbw/
b pDk e/ oZydk j? ns/ T[BQK ~ ;zrfms eoe/ oZydk j? sK fe nzdo{Bh ns/ pkjoh tksktoBe
dpkU ~ ;jkodk j'fJnk T[j wB[Zyh b'VK dh g{osh eo ;e/.
1 1H 3H 8 ;fGnkuko dh ebgBkswe ftF/ F sk L ;fGnkuko dh ebgBkswe ftF/
Fsk th j? feT[Ife ;fGnkuko dk ;zebg ftensh d/ ;w{fje n;bh fttjko ~ BjhI
do;kT[Idk pbfe fJj sK ;wkfie s"o s/ gqwkfDs ns/ sZti'g{oB fttjko sZe jh ;hws j[zdk
j?. ;fGnkuko f;o\ ;wki d/ w?ApoK d/ wBK ftu jh j[zdk j? fJ; eoe/ fJ; ~ ebgsBkswe
fejk iKdk j?. fJ; s'I fJj ;kfps j[zdk j? fe ;fGnkuko ;kv/ ihT[D d/ Yzr ~ BjhI ;r'I
;kv/ ;'uD d/ Yzr ~ efjzd/ jB. go fJj d't/A uhiK fJe d{;o/ s'I tZyohnK BjhI ehshnK ik
;edhnK. ftuko ns/ fttjko d'tK ftueko skbw/b ukjhdk j?, fJ; bJh ;fGnkuko ;kv/ d't/
A ;'uD ns/ ihT[D d/ YzrK dk BK j?.
1 1 H4 ;fGnkuko dhnK fe;wK L
;fGnkuko dhnK ftF/FskJhnK d/ Mks wkoB s'I pknd nkU fJ; dhnK fe;wK pko/ th ikDekoh
jkf;b eohJ/.
1 1H 4H 1 b[gs ns/ nb[Zgs ;fGnkuko L tZy tZy ftfrnkBhnK B/ ;fGnkuko dhnK
tZy'-tZyohnK fe;wK fdZshnK jB. eJh ftfrnkBhnK B/ fJ; ~ b[gs ns/ nbZ[gs ;fGnkuko
dk Bk fdZsk j?. fJj tzv b'eK dh ikro{esk s/ fBoGo eodh j?. id'I b'e ;fGnkuko d/ e[M
gfjb{nK pko/ nDikD j[zd/ jB Gkt T[j nu/s wB Bkb fJ; ~ ngBkT[Id/ jB sK T[; ~ n;hA
b[gs ;fGnkuko efjzd/ jK fit/I fJe nBgVQ ftnesh GkFk d/ T[ukoD d/ sohe/ ns/ tke
ouBk ~ ;wM/ fpBK jh T[; ~ mhe Yzr Bkb p'b ;edk j?. T[; ftnesh bJh GkFk d/
T[ukoD ns/ tke ouBk fgS/ fSg/ fB:w b[gs ;fGnkuko jB go id'I n;hA ;a[u /s wB Bkb
;fGnkuko d/ ;ko/ nzrK pko/ g{ok g{ok frnkB oZyd/ jK ns/ T[BQK dh tos'I eod/ jK sK T[;
~ nb[Zgs ;fGnkuko fejk iKdk j?.
1 1H 4H 2 fiT[I d k ns/ w[o dk ;fGnkuko L d{;oh tzv i' ftfrnkBh eod/ jB T[j
j? fiT[Idk ns/ w[odk ;fGnkuko dh. e'Jh th ;fGnkuko sK jh fiT[Idk ;fGnkuko efjbkT[Idk
j? i/eo T[j wB[ZyK dh fBZih ns/ ;wkfie f}zdrh dk w[Zy nkXko pDdk j? ns/ b'e T[; ~
wkBf;e s"o s/ ngBkT[Id/ jB sK T[j fiT[Idk ;fGnkuko j?. go i/eo fe;/ uh} ~ f;o\
ikDekoh d/ s"o s/ jh fbnk ikt/ sK fJj w[odk ;fGnkuko j't/rk. fJ; dk wB[Zyh f}zdrh ftu
e'Jh nfjw o'b BjhI j[zdk. T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ i/eo n;hA GkFk f;o\ fJwfsjkB gk; eoB
tk;s/ jh f;Zyd/ jK go n;hA T[; ~ jo o'} p'bd/ BjhI iK p'bD ftu n"y j[zdh j? sK fJj
w[odk ;fGnkuko dk jh fjZ;k j?.
1 1H 4H 3 ;fGnkuko, T[ g-;fGnkuko ns/ gq fse{b ;fGnkuko L fJj tyo/tK
yk; s"o s/ ;BZn sh ns/ T[ZBs ;wkiK ftu gkfJnk iKdk j?. nwohek, fJzrb?Iv ns/ igkB
tor/ d/FK d/ ;wkiK ftu ;fGnkuko d/ Bkb Bkb eJh T[g ;fGnkuko ns/ gqshe{b iK
fto'Xh$T[ZbN ;fGnkuko th w"i{d jB. fJe r[zMbdko ;wki ftu tZy' tZy XowK, feZs/ ns/
e"wh fgS'eV tkb/ b'e ofjzd/ jB. fJBQK tb'A f}zdrh d/ ftfGzB o;s/ fJyfsnko ehs/ iKd/ jB,
fi; s'I T[g-;fGnkuko dk iBw j[zdk j?. fJ; ~ n;hA e"wh ;fGnkuko dh tzv efj ;ed/ jK.
id' e'Jh ;fGnkuko e"w h ;fGnkuko s'I tZy jh BjhI pbfe fJ; d/ fto'X ftu iK fpbe[Zb
T[bN j[zdk j? sK T[; ~ n;h gqshe{b iK T[Zb N ;fGnkuko dk BK fdzd/ jK. T[dkjoD d/ s"o
s/ Gkosh ;zdot ftu id'I n;hA rZb eohJ/ sK efj ;ed/ jK fe Gkosh ;fGnkuko fJe e"wh
;fGnkuko j? ns/ tZy' tZyo/ okiK fit/I gzikph, pzrkbh fJj T[g-;fGnkuko jB go id'I n;hA
Gkosh b'e gZSwh ;fGnkuko ~ ngBkT[Id/ jK sK fJj fJe gqshe{b ;fGnkuko j?.
1 1H 4H 4 gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko L eJh ;wki ftfrnkBh ;fGnkuko
~ gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe d' fjZf;nK ftu tzvd/ jB. gdkoEe ;fGnkuko Gkr m'; t;sK
fit/I xo, egV/, posB, ;zd, feskpK ns/ j'o soQK dk ;ki' ;wkB j[zdk j?. d{;o/ gk;/
ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftu ;kv/ ftuko, frnkB, ;kfjs, GkFk, ebk, ekB{zB s/ Xow nkfd
nkT[Id/ jB. ;kvk gdkoEe ;fGnkuko pj[s s/}h Bkb pdbdk j? id'I fe ngkdoEe ;fGnkuko
ftu spdhbh pj[s j"bh-j"bh nkT[Idh j?.
nkU j[D gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ~ ft;Eko-g{ote ikDhJ/ L
Fq h nkoHe/ H o;s'rh B/ gdkoEe ;fGnkuko pko/ fbfynk j? fe @@wB[Zy B/ e[dosh ;kXBK
dh tos'I eoe/ fiBQK uh}K ~ pDkfJnk j?, T[;~ G"fse iK gdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftZu Fkfwb
ehsk iKdk j? fit/ I wFhBK, n" } ko, wekB, eZgV/ , \oBhuo, dtkJhnK, feskpK,
o/vhU, o/bK, jtkJh ijk}, G'iB ;wZroh nkfd nkfd. fJBQK gdkoEe t;s{nK dh ouBk wB[Zy
nkfd ekb s'I nkgDhnK }o{osK ~ g{ok eoB d/ bJh eodk nk fojk j?. fJ; bJh n;hI efj
;ed/ jK fe gdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftZu T[j ;kohnK t;sK nk iKdhnK jB, fijVhnK ;E{b jB
ns/ fiBQK dk fBowkD ftnesh B/ ehsk j?.
11H4H4H1 gdkoEe ;fGnkuko dhnK ftF/ F skJhnK L
T[go'es uouk s'I gdkoEe ;fGnkuko dhnK j/m fbyhnK ftF/FskJhnK T[Go e/ ;kjwD/
nkT[IdhnK jB L
(i) gdkoEe ;fGnkuko w{os j[zdk j?. fJ; ~ S'fjnk ik ;edk j?.
(ii) gdkoEe ;fGnkuko ;zuJh j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh fJ;d/ nzrK ftZu brksko tkXk j[zdk
iKdk j? ns/ pj[s s/}h Bkb gfotosB j[zdk j?.
(iii) gdkoEe ;fGnkuko ~ wkfgnk ik ;edk j?, feT[Ife fJj w{os j[zdk j?.
(iv) gdkoEe ;fGnkuko dh T[g:'frsk ns/ bkG dk w[bnzeD eoBk ;"yk j[zdk j?.
(v) gdkoEe ;fGnkuko ~ fpBk gfotosB fJZe EK s'I d{ih EK #s/ rqfjD ehsk ik ;edk
j? .
ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko L ngkodEe iK nG"fse ;fGnkuko ftZu T[j ;kohnK uh}K Fkfwb
j[zdhnK jB, fiBQK ~ d/fynk iK S{fjnk BjhI ik ;edk, fit/I ;kvk Xow, gqEktK, gqzgoktK,
nkdoF, GkFk, b'e ohsK, ;kfjs, frnkB nkfd. fJBQK ;G uh}K dk ftek; wB[Zy d/ ;w{fje
o{g ftZu ofjD s/ ekoi eoB Bkb j[zdk j?. fJj ;G wB[Zyh ;wki ftZu nkgD/-nkg ftef;s
j[zdhnK jB.
11H4H4H2 ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko dhnK ftF/ F sktK L
T[go'es uouk s'I ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko dhnK j/m fbyhnK ftF/FsktK ;kjwD/ nkT[IdhnK jB L-
(i) ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko nw{os j[zdk j?, fi;~ S'fjnk ns/ d/fynk BjhI ik ;edk. e/tb
wfj;{; ehsk ik ;edk j?.
(ii) fJj pj[s ifNb iK r[zMbdko j[zdk j?.
(iii) fJ;~ wkfgnk BjhI ik ;edk feT[Ife fJj nw{os j?.
(iv) ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko dh T[g:'frsk ns/ bkG dk w[bnzeD gdkoEe t;s{nK dh soQK
gqrNkfJnk BjhI ik ;edk.
(v) ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftZu gfotosB pj[s j"bh-j"bh j[zdk j?.
(vi) ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ~ fpBk gfotosB rqfjD eoBk w[wfeB BjhI.
(vii) fJj ftnesh d/ nfXnkswe ns/ nzdo{Bh ihtB Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zdk j?.
d'tK soQK dhnK tZy-tZy ftF/FskJhnK j'D d/ pkti{d fJBQK ftZu nzso fBoGosk j[zdh j?. fJBQK
~ fJZe d{i/ s'I nbZr BjhI ehsk ik ;edk, pbfe fJBQK dh tos'I fJeZm/ jh ehsh iKdh j?.
;fGnkuko fJZe ;zg{oB ftt;Ek j[zdh j? ns/ fJ;d/ G"fse s/ nG"fse d't/I gfjb{nK ftZu nzso-
fBoGosk ns/ nzso-;zpzX j[zd/ jB. fJ; ftZu spdhbh nkT[D Bkb d{i/ gfjb{ ftZu gfotosB
bk}wh j[zdk j?. fJZe dk ftek; j'D Bkb d{i/ dk ftek; j[zdk j?, gozs{ fJ;dh rsh ftZu nzso
j[zdk j?.
11H4H4H3 nkU j[D gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftZu nzs o ikDhJ/ L
gdkoEe ;fGnkuko ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko
1H gdkoEe ;fGnkuko w{os j[zdk j?. ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko nw{os j[zdk j?. fJ;~
fJ;~ S'fjnk, d/fynk ik ;edk j?. fJ;~ S'fjnk iK d/fynk BjhI ik ;edk,
f;o\ wfj;{; ehsk ik ;edk j?.
2H gdkoEe ;fGnkuko pDkfJnk iKdk j?. ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko dk ftek; wB[Zy d/
fJ;dk fBowkD wB[Zy nkgDhnK b'VK ;w{fje o{g ftZu ofjD s/ ekoi eoB Bkb
dh g{osh bJh eodk j?. j[zdk j?.
3H gdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftZu gfotosB ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftZu gfotosB ;fji
s/}h Bkb nkT[Idk j?. rsh Bkb nkT[Idk j?.
4H gdkoEe ;fGnkuko ~ wkfgnk ik ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ~ wkgDk w[w feB BjhI
;edk j?. j? fit/I Xow iK gozgok ~ wkgDk.
5H gdkoEe ;fGnkuko ;ob j[zdk j?. ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ifNb j[zdk j?.
6H gdkoEe ;fGnkuko pkjoh j?. fJj ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko dk ;zpzX wB[Zy d/
nzdo{Bh wB[Zy d/ pkjoh ihtB Bkb ;zpzfXs ihtB Bkb j[zdk j? fit/I Xow, gozgok,
edoK-j[zdk j? fit/I wekB, eZgV/ nkfd. ehwsK, nkdoF nkfd.
T[go'es uouk s'I fJj rZb ;kjwD/ nkT[Idh j? fe gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko d/ d'
gZy jB, fijV/ fe nkg; ftZu nzso-;zpzfXs jB. fJBQK ~ fJZe d{;o/ s'I tZy BjhI ehsk ik
;edk.
1 1 H5 ;fGnkuko d/ w{ b sZs L
;z;feqsh d/ pj[s ;ko/ sZs jB fijBK d/ ;[w/b Bkb fe;/ th ;wki dh ;z;feqsh dh f;oiDk
j[zdh j?.T[jBK ftu'I gqw[Zy w{b sZs j/m fby/ jB L-
11H5H1 ;zfrnkBe (Cognitive Elements) :- e"wh ;z;feqsh ftu ;wkfie ns/ G"fse
;z;ko pko/ pj[s fiankdk frnkB iK ikDekoh w"i{d j[zdh j?. fJE'_ sZe fe pj[s fiankdk nkfd
b'eK (fit/_ nzv/wkB dhg ;w{zj iK n?;ehw') ~ th fiT[D bJh pj[s e[M f;ZyDk g?_dk j?. T[jBK
~ fJ; nfGnk; s/ frnkB dh }o{os j[zdh j? fe G'iB fet/_ gqkgs eoBk j?, xo fet/_
pDkT[Dk j?, :ksok fet/_ eoBh j?, e[dosh nkcsK, wh_j, jB/ohnK ns/ s{ckBK s'_ pukn fet/_
eoBk j?. ;z;feqsh pko/ fiankdk frnkB ;kB{z wkBt-ftfrnkB d/ y/so ftu j'JhnK y'iK s'_ th
fwbdk j?. feT[_fe wkBt-ftfrnkB ftu wkBt-ftfrnkBhnK dk tkj id'_ nZyK u[zfXnkT[D
tkbhnK nDikDhnK t;sK iK ohsh fotkiK Bkb g?_dk j? sK T[j T[j BK b'eK dh ;z;feqsh pko/
fbyd/ jB. T[j fXnkB Bkb t/yd/ jB fe b'e xo fet/_ pDkT[_d/ jB, jfEnko fet/_ pDkT[_d/
jB, G'iB fet/_ fsnko eod/ jB ns/ fet/_ fJjBK dk fJ;s/wkb eod/ jB. T[jBK dhnK ;G
o;wK ftu Gkr b?_d/ jB ns/ T[jBK dhnK ;koh fe;w dhnK rsh-ftXhnK dh ikDekoh th oyd/
jB. ;Bnsh s"o s/ nrKjtX{ ;wkiK ftu fiE/ fJe pzdk tZv/ ezw d/ fJe S'N/ fij/ fjZ;/ dk
jh wk;No (fBg[zB) jz[dk j?, nfij/ ;wki dh ;z;feqsh pj[s ifNb jz[dh j?. G"fse ;z;ko s'_
fJbktk jo ;wki dh ;z;feqsh ftu nkgDh ;z;Ek pko/ pj[s ;ko/ ftuko, fynkb ns/ fJj fet/_
ezw eod/ jB, bJ/ iKd/ jB.
11H5H2 ftFtk; (Beliefs) :- ft;atk; Bk ;Zu/ jz[d/ jB Bk M{m/. n?;ehw' FwB fpwko
nkdwh d/ ;oho ftu'_ G?VhnK nkswktK ~ eZYD bJh c?fNF dh tos'_ eod/ jB. fJ;kJh
fw;aBoh woh} bJh gqkoEBktK th eod/ jB ns/ dtkJh th fdzd/ jB. fit/_ fjzd{nK d/ pZu/ d/
w[zvB dh o;w ftu ftFtk; ns/ pknd ftu iB/T[ gkT[D ftu ftFtk; fJ;/ soQK fJj ftFtk;
fe uVQd/ gk;/ ;{oi tZb gkDh ;[ZND Bkb T[BQK d/ fgZsoK ~ fwbdk j?. eow f;XKs nB[;ko
fJj ftFtk; ehsk iKdk j? fe fJe pzdk nkgDh f}zdrh ftu fij' fijk eow eo/rk GftZy ftu
T[; ~ T[j' fijk cb fwb/rk. fJ;/ soQK f;ZyK dk nzfwqs SZe e/ g{oB f;Zy pDB ftu ftFtk;
j?. fJj ftFtk; ehsk iKdk j? fe i/ pj[sk bzwk ;wK pkoF Bk gt/ sK fJzdo d/tsk ~ y[F
eoB tk;s/ iZr ehsk iKdk j?. fJjBK ftFtkFK ~ fe;/ nB[Gt-f;ZX nXko s/ N?;N Bjh_ ehsk
ik ;edk. N?;N ehsk j'fJnk nB[G t-f;ZX frnkB ns/ N?;N Bk j' ;eD tkbk ftFtkF T[;/
;z;feqsh dk fj;k jB ns/ ne;o fJj nkg; ftu obrZv j' iKd/ jB fJjBK dk fBp/Vk eoBk
bk}wh pDdk j?.
11H5H3 ;ze / s L ;ze/s fJe fJFkok, t;s{, ntkF, ozr iK fv}kJhB j? i' nkgD/ s'_ fJbktk
fe;/ j'o uh} dh gqshfBXsk eodk j?. eJh ;z;feqshnK ftu ekbk ozr ;'r dk ;ze/se j?, d{ih
;z;feqsh ftu fuZNk iK bkb d[y dk ;ze/s eod/ jB. j'o ;ze/sK dh soQK fJjBK ozrK dk
wsbp th o;wK fotkiK ftu'_ fwbdk j? Bk fe fJBQK d/ nzdo S[g/ r[D s'_. ozr dk wsbp
fe;/ fJe ftnesh dh Bjh_ ;r'_ pj[s/ ftnesh dh ouBk j? sK jh fJj ;ze/s ti'_ ;z;feqsh
dk nzr pDdk j?. fe;/ Gkosh bVeh d/ bkb u{Vk gkfJnk j'Dk fJ; rZb dk ;ze/s eodk j?
fe T[j ftnkjh j'Jh j? iK bVe/ d/ bkb w"bh dk pzB/ j'Dk Gh ftnkj iK wzrDh d/ FrBK
dh fBFkBh j? e'Jh B"itkB n"os fuZNk d[gZNk b?_dh j? sK fJj fJ; rZb dk ;ze/s eodh j?
fe T[j ozvh j' rJh j? Gkt T[; dk gsh wo u[Zek j?. fe;/ f;Zy d/ eZSk, eVk, feogkB, e/;
ns/ ezx/ d/ gfjB/ j'D s'_ Gkt j? fe T[j nzfwqs-Xkoh f;zx j?. ;kv/ Gkos d/ fsozr/ ftu
fszB ozr jB i' fe;/ rZb dk ;ze/s eod/ jB. ;ze/s yd;o iK co}h (Arbitrary) j[zd/
jB. fJj pj[s f}nkdk buedko jz[d/ jB. fJjBK dk wsbp pdb ;ed/ jB fit/_ V ~
uofub B/ d{ih ;z;ko izr t/b/ fiZs (victory) ti'_ tofsnk go 90ftnK ftu izr fto'Xh
ekoe[BK B/ fJ; ~ FKsh (Peace) d/ ;ze/s ti'_ tofsnk. b'eK ~ fJjBK ;ze/sK dk frnkB
fe;/ feskp ftu pj[s Bjh_ fwbdk ;r'_ T[j ghVQh-do-ghVQh siop/ ftu'_ f;yd/ iKd/ jB. fit/_
jo pZuk nkgD/ nkg f;Zy iKdk j? fe T[;B/ gqj[fDnK dk ;BwkB fet/_ eoBk j? ;fs ;qh nekb
efjDh j?, Bw;s/ eoBh j? iK ;bkw-J/-b/ew eoBh j?. jZE fwbkT[Dk, uz[wDk, wZE/ fsT[Vh gk
b?Dh nkfd fJj ;ZG s[jkv/ nzdo dk ;ze/s eodk j?.
11H5H4 ehwsK L ehwsK ~ eJh tko ;{uh nB[;ko eoBk pj[s w[Ffeb jz[dk j?. FkfJd
ftFb/FDksfwe Yzr s'_ f;tkJ/ fJjBK ~ fttjko iK wB'fposhnK s'_ nbZr Bjh_ ehsk ik
;edk. fJj fJe d{i/ Bkb eJh tko obrZv th j' iKdhnK jB. nwohek d/ ftu rT{-wk; d/
;/tB dh pj[s ;ko/ b'eK tk;s/ pj[s ehws j?. j' ;edk j?, fJ; bJh fe fJ; dh ;zouBk
ftu G'iB d/ e[M yk; gq'NhB Gog{o sZs j'D. go Gkos ftu b'eK bJh fJ; dh e'Jh wjZssk
Bjh_. ;wki-ftfrnkB ftu ;kvk ;pzX T[jBK ehwsK Bkb f}nkdk j[zdk i' fe f;ZX/ iK nf;ZX/
sohe/ Bkb ;wkfie foFfsnK Bkb i[VhnK jz[dhnK jB.
y/vK th n;b ftu f}zdrh dk nfGnk; j[zdhnK jB, T[j T[; ;z;feqsh pko/ ukBDk gkT[_dhnK
jB fiE/ T[j y/vhnK iKdhnK jB. b'eK dh o'}kBk f}zdrh d/ ezwK, T[jBK dhnK y[FhnK s/
rwhnK, b'eK dhnK gfjb edwhnK ~ wkgD iK ikBD dk Yzr ehwsK jh jB. ehwsK eJh
gqeko dhnK j[zdhnK jB fit/_ ;wkfie ehwsK, okiBhfse ehwsK, Xkofwe ehwsK, nkofEe ehwsK
nkfd. fe;/ th ;EkB s/ fe;/ t/b/ e'Jh th ehwsK Gko{ j' ;edhnK jB. fit/_ p/bk (Bellah)
B/ nkgDh ;NZvh (1957) ftu df;nk fe igkB ftu Toku?_w?_ d/ ;w/_ (nzdk}k 1600 s'_ 1868)
okiBhse ehwsK Gko{ ;B. T[; ;w/_ ;oeko gqsh tckdkoh ns/ gqpzX iK ;zrmB nkF/ dh gqkgsh
s/ }'o fdZsk iKdk ;h. ;wki ftu o[Zsp/ d/ fj;kp Bkb pkdFkj ;ZG s'_ T[Zgo ;h. o[Zspk f;oc
skes (Power) s/ fBoGo eodk ;h. pkdFkj s'_ EZb/ F'r[B (Shogun) ;B i' pkdFkj d/
BK s/ oki eod/ ;B. T[; s'_ pknd (Daimyo) v?fwT[ Gkt oitkV/. fco bVke{ pjkdo
fizBQK B{z ;kw[okJ/ (Samurai) fejk iKdk, nkT[_d/ ;B. pkeh Fq/DhnK dk o[Zspk pj[s BhtK
;h. fJe ;wki Fk;soh ftbhnw (1951) B/ Gko{ ehwsK ikBD dk Yzr th dZf;nk. T[;
nB[;ko Gko{ ehwsK T[j j[zdhnK jB fiBQK ~ iB;zfynk dk ;G s'_ tZX fjZ;k ngDkT[_dk j?,
i' ekch ;w/_ sZe ngDkJhnK iKdhnK jB, i' pj[s rzGhosk ns/ shposk Bkb ngDkJhnK
iKdhnK jB ns/ ekfJw oyhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ nkyoh i' b'e ehwsK ngDkT[_d/ jB T[BQK dk
;wki ftu o[Zspk ft;/a;a T[Zuk j[zdk j?.
11H5H5 GkFk L GkFk jh ;z;feqsh ~ ghVQh do ghVQh gj[zukT[_dh j?. ;z;feqsh dh T[ZBsh,
;zuko ns/ c?bkt, GkFk s'_ fpBK edkfus th ;zGt Bjh_. GkFk d/ okjh_ b'e nkgD/ nkoEe
siofpnK ~ ;N'o eod/ jB ns/ nrbh ghVQh sZe gjz[ukT[_d/ jB. n;h_ b'eK d/ siofpnK ns/
T[j xNBktK fiBQK ftu n;h_ jkiao Bjh_ ;h, s'_ pj[s e[M f;Zyd/ jK. GkFktK ;k~ fJ; :'r
pDkT[_dhnK jB fe n;h_ nkgD/ G{s ~ ;zGkb ;ehJ/, GftZy pko/ nB[Gt eo ;ehJ/ d{finK Bkb
;zuko eo ;ehJ/ s/ r[zMbdko :'iBktK pDk ;ehJ/, nbZr nbZr fe;w d/ siop/ ;zGkb e/
fJeZm/ oy ;ehJ/ ns/ nw{os ftuko pDk ;ehJ/.
w" e ns/ :' r nB[;ko, *GkFk nkgD/ nkg ftu fBo;zd/j ;z;feqsh dk fJe fjZ;k j?.* GkFk
fe;/ th ;z;feqsh dh fJzBh wjZstg{oB ftF/Fsk j? fe ;w{zj ftu GkFkJh coe jh T[BQK dhnK
;z;feqshnK ~ fBy/V fdzdk j?.
nkgDk frnkB goy'
(T) ;fGnkuko s'_ eh Gkt j?<
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(n) gdkoEe ;fGnkuko fe;~ nkyd/ jB<
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(J) ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko eh j?<
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(;) ;fGnkuko d/ w{b sZs fejV/ jB<
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1 1 H6 ;fGnkuko d/ ezw L
;kv/ ihtB ftu ;fGnkuko dh pj[Zs wjZssk j?. fJ; s'I fpBK wB[Zyh ;wkfie ihtB ;zGt
BjhI. ;fGnkuko ;kB{z pj[s ;ko/ YzrK Bkb gqGkfts eodk j?, fit/I L
(1) ;fGnkuko nkdwh dhnK ihtksfwe ns/ ;wkfie fJSktK dh g{osh eodk j?. jkbsK
nB[;ko nkdwh d/ ;[Gkn ~ pdbD ns/ nB[e{b pDkT[D ftu wdd eodk j?.
(2) ;fGnkuko b'eK ~ fJeZm/ oZyD ns/ ;w{fje f}zdrh r[}koB bJh gq/odk j?.
(3) wB[Zy ;fGnkuko s'I fpBK Bk ;wki ftu ofj ;edk j? ns/ Bk jh soZeh eo ;edk j?.
(4) ;fGnkuko nkdwh s/ fB:zso th brkT[Idk j? feT[Ife jo wB[Zy ~ eJh ekB{zBK iK
fB:wK dh gkbDk eoBh g?Idh j? ns/ ;wki ftu ofjD bJh eJh soQK dhnK fJSktK ~
dpkT[Dk g?Idk j?.
(5) ;fGnkuko wB[Zyh ;wkiheoB dk tZvk ;o's j?.
fJBQK rZbK s'I fJbktk ;fGnkuko wB[Zyh ;wkfie ;zpzXK ~ ;fEo eodk j? ns/ ;w{j ftu
;zs[bB g?dk eodh j?. fJj b'eK d/ B}ohJ/ ~ ftFkb eodk j? ns/ ftnesh ~ wfj;{;
eoT[Idk j? fe T[j fJe ;wZ[uh ;wkfie ftt;Ek dk nzr j? ns/ T[; d/ ;fj:'r Bkb jh T[;
B/ nkgD/ T[d/FK ~ gqkgs eoBk j?. ;fGnkuko jkbsK nB[;ko BthnK b'VK g?dk eodk j?.
;fGnkuko ;kvhnK gozgokrs gfo;fEshnK dh ftnkfynk g/F eodk j?.
1 1 H7 ;fGnkuko Bkb ;pz X s j' o ;z e bg

11H7H1 ;fGnkukoe bZS D (Cultural Traits) :- frfbB ns/ frfbB nB[;ko
;z;feqfse bZSD, T[j fJekJh j? i' ekoikswe gZy s'_ th j'o yzvK ftu Bjh_ tzvh ik ;edh.
fJ; dk Gkt j'fJnk fe ;z;feqfse bZSD ;z;feqfse ftt;Ek dh ;G s'_ S'Nh fJekJh j? ns/
fJ; ~ j'o S'N/ GkrK ftu tzfvnk Bjh_ ik ;edk. :{p/e ;z;feqse bZSD dh gqhGkFk fdzdk
j'fJnk efjzdk j? fe fJj T[j nofis ;obsw gdkoE iK feqnkswe gqfswkB j? fi; ~ n;h_
ikDd/ jK ns/ fJj T[j fJZNK jB fiBQK T[Zs/ ;wki dh ;zg{oD ;z;feqsh dk fBowkD j[zdk j?.
Gkt fe fe;/ fJe ;z;feqse bZSD dk nkgD/ nkg ftu e'Jh th wjZst Bjh_ fit/_ fJe fJZN
Bkb fpbfvzr fsnko Bjh_ jz[dh ;r'_ ;kohnK fJZNK fJeZmhnK eoe/ s/ j'o }o{oh ;wkB t;sK
Bkb wekB fsnko ehsk iKdk j?. ;z;feqfse bZSD ~ f;oc ;z;feqse ;z;b/F d/ ;zdoG ftu
oy e/ jh ikfDnk ik ;edk j? fi; dk T[j nzr j?.
n? wHi/ H joFe' ftN; nB[;ko, ;z;feqfse bZSD fJe fdsh j'Jh ;z;feqsh ftu fJe ;G s'_
S'Nh gSkDB:'r fJekJh j?.
;z;feqfse bZSD gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe d'jK ftu'_ fe;/ fe;w dk j' ;edk j?. fJj
;z;feqfse bZSD fwbe/ ;z;feqfse ;w{j pDkT[_d/ jB ns/ ;z;feqs ;w{j fwb e/ ;zg{oD
;z;feqsh dk fBowkD eod/ jB.
11H7H2 ;fGnkukoe ;z; b/ F (Cultural Complex) : ;z;feqfse ;z;b/F ftu eJh
;z;feqfse bZSD j[zd/ jB ns/ fJj ;z;feqfse bZSD, ;z;feqfse ;z;b/F ftu nkg; ftu tXd/
c[bd/ ofjzd/ jB ns/ fJj bZSD fJeZm/ j' e/ ;z;feqsh pDd/ jB ns/ wB[Zysk bJh T[g:'rh
pDd/ jB. fJ; soQK n;h_ efj ;ed/ jK fe ;ko/ ;z;feqfse bZSDK ~ n;h_ fJeZm/ o{g ftu
b?_d/ jK sK jh fJ; ~ ;z;feqfse ;z;b/F efjzd/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ n;h_ fJ; ;z;b/F
ftu, ykD ghD dhnK nkdsK ns/ nbZr nbZr ezw-Xzd/ nkfd b? ;ed/ jK. JhHJ/ H j' fJpb
nB[;ko, ;z;feqse ;z;b/F j'o e[M th Bjh_ e/tb sZsK d/ tZv/ ;w{j jB i' fe;/ e/_doh ;zdoG
fpzd{ d/ uko/ gk;/ ;zrfms j' iKd/ jB. Gkt/_ e/_doh fpzd{ fJe jh jz[dk j?. T[; Bkb ;zpzfXs
j'o sZs T[; d/ uko/ gk;/ ;zrfms j' iKd/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ i/ ;Bns ~ n;h_ w[Zy
e/_doh fpzd{ wzB bJhJ/ sK fJ; Bkb ;pzfXs ;G gdkoEe sZs fit/_ w}d{o, wFhBoh, T{oik,
eZuk wkb, ;owkfJdko nkfd ns/ nG"fse t;sK fit/_ T[sgkdB eoB dhnK ftXhnK T[sgkdB
pko/ frnkB nkfd fwbe/ ;z;feqse ;z;b/F pDkT[_d/ jB. fJj ;z;b/F f}zdrh dhnK fGzB fGzB
b'VK nB[;ko pDd/ jB. fJj iksh gqpzX ftu th j' ;ed/ jB, ;z:[es gqhtko gqDkbh ftu th
j' ;ed/ jB. fJjBK d/ ftef;s j'D dh iK T[ZBsh dh ukb fJe' fijh Bjh_ jz[dh. eJh tko
fJjBK dk fJfsjk; pj[s bzwk j[zdk j?.
11H7H3 ;fGnkukoe gq s hwkB (Cultural Patterns) : ;fGnkukoe gqfswkB dk
;zebg ;gho (Sapir), o{ E p'BhfveN eo' po ns/ eb' ejB d[nkok tfXnk-c[fbnk.
;z;feqfse gqfswkB dh gqhGkFk fdzd/ j'J/ o{E p/ BhfveN fbydk j? fe ;z;feqsh d/ ftfGzB
GkrK d/ ftueko nzso-;pzX fi; ftt;Ek ~ iBw fdzd/ jB, T[; ~ jh ;z;feqfse gqfswkB efj
;ed/ jK. fJ; soQK p' rkov; nB[;ko, ;z;feqfse gqfswkB nfijh rZb s/ ft;atk; eoB iK
ekoi eoB dh ftXh dk pkjo-w[Zyh gqrNk j? fi; ~ b'e ;kXkoD s"o s/ ;theko eod/ jB.
i/ n;h_ S'N/ o{g ftu efjDk j't/ fJT[_ ejKr/ fe id'_ ;z;feqfse bZSD ns/ ;z;b/F fwbe/
ekoikswe ekoi-GkrK ftu gq;go ;pzfXs j' iKd/ jB sK T[jBK s'_ ;z;feqfse gqfswkBK dk
iBw j[zdk j?.
;z;feqfse-gqfswkB nbZr nbZr GkrK s'_ fwbe/ pDdk j?, fJjBK nbZr nbZr nzrK dh fJe
yk; ftt;Ek iK nzso-;zpzXK dk fJj f;ZNk jz[dk j? fi; d/ Bshi/ ti'_ fJe Bth_ uh} j'_d ftu
nkT[_dh j? fi; ~ ;z;feqfse gqfswkB fejk iKdk j? fit/_ fJe ;{s d/ Y/o Bkb fJe ukdo iK
y/; Bjh_ pDdk ;r'_ w"i{d ;{so dh fJe ftF/F ftt;Ek ns/ nzso-;zpzXK s'_ Bth_ uh} pDdh
j? fi; ~ ;{so Bjh_ fejk ik ;edk ;r'_ y/; iK ukdo fejk iKdk j?. fJj rZb th eoB
dh b'V j? fe ;z;feqfse-gqfswkB dk ;o{g jo ;wki ftu nbZr nbZr jz[dk j? feT[_fe
;z;feqfse sZsK d/ fJe' fijk j'D d/ pkti{d T[jBK d/ ;zrfms j'D dk sohek nbZr-nbZr
j[zdk j? fit/_ wekBK dk fviakfJB i' Gkos ftu jz[dk j? T[j e[t?s ftu iK fe;/ j'o d/F ftu
Bjh_. fJE'_ sZe fe d' fw;sohnK d/ pD/ wekB th fJe' fij/ Bjh_ j'Dr/.
;z;feqfse gqfswkB nkdwh ~ yk; gqeko dh ekoi-gqDkbh fdzd/ jB fi; d/ f;ZN/ ti'_ T[BQK d/
fttjko ftu ;wo{gsk T[sgzB j[zdh j? ns/ fJj ;wo{gsk ;wkfie ftt;Ek ns/ ;zrmB ~
fdqVQsk gqdkB eodh j?.
11H7H4 ;fGnkukoe g;okU (Cultural Diffusion) :- ;wkfie soZeh dk ;z;feqse
g;okU fJe pj[s jh wjZstg{oB ekoB jz[dk j?. nbZr-nbZr ;z;feqshnK dh soZeh jh T[BQK
dh nkg; ftu ;zgoe ftu nkT[D Bkb Gkt ndkB-gqDkbh Bkb j'Jh. gZSwh ;z;feqsh nZi
Gkosh ;z;feqsh ~ fet/_ gqGkfts eo ojh j?. fw;oh ;fGnsk B/ rohe dh ;z;feqsh ~ pj[s
gqGkts ehsk ns/ o'w, rohe dh ;z;feqsh s'_ gqGkts j'fJnk. n" rpoB ns/ fBwekc nB[;ko
;z;feqse nzrK dh fJe y/so s'_ d{i/ y/so iK ;z;feqsh d/ fJe fjZ;/ s'_ d{i/ fjZ;/ sZe i' pdbh
jz[dh j? T[; ~ ;z;feqse g;okU fejk iKdk j? fit/_ p[ZX-ftuko Gkos s'_ uhB, igkB ns/ powk
nkfd gj[zu rJ/, fJj ebuob g;okU j?. ;z;feqfse g;okU bJh e[M sZs f}zw/tko jB fit/_
fe foFs/ Bks/, ;pzX, ;zuko ;kXB Bt/_ ;z;feqfse bZSDK dh b'V ns/ fJZSk, g[okD/ ;z;feqfse
bZSDK Bkb ;zxoF nkfd.
1 1 H8 ;ko L
T[go'es uouk s'I n;hA fJ; Bshi/ s/ gj[zud/ jK fe ;kv/ fiT[D d/ Yzr ~ ;fGnkuko fejk
iKdk j? fi; ftu ;kv/ ftFtk;, ohsh fotk}, edoK-ehwsK, B?fse fB:w, frnkB, GkFk, Xow,
ekB{zB nkfd Fkfwb j[zd/ jB. ;fGnkuko jh fJe nfijh uh} j? i' wB[Zy ~ ikBtoK Bkb'I
nbZr eodh j?. i/eo ;kv/ e'b ;fGnkuko Bk j't/ sK n;hA th ikBto jh jK. ;fGnkuko dk
iBw nkfd wB[Zy d/ Bkb jh j'fJnk ns/ ghVQh do ghVQh ubdk nk fojk j?. ;w/I-;w/I f;o fJ;
ftu pdbkU j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. fJ; ~ fe;/ fJe ftnesh B/ BjhI pDkfJnk pbfe fJj ;w{fje
T[gi j?, ;wki d[nkok ngBkT[D Bkb j'Id ftu nkT[Idk j?. fJj f;Zfynk ikD tkbk fttjko
j? fi; ~ ftnesh iBw s'I pknd nkb/-d[nkb/ s'I ns/ ;wki ftu ftuod/ j'J/ f;Zydk j?. fJj
ftneshnK ~ ;zrfms eodk j?. ihtB bJh ;/X fdzdk j?. fJj ftnesh dhnK ihtksfwe
;hwktK dh g{osh eodk j?. ;fGnkuko ftneshnK s/ fB:zsoD brkT[Idk j? sK fe T[BQK ~
fwZE/ ;wkfie fttjko bJh gq/fonk ik ;e/. fJj ftneshnK d/ ;wkiheoB ftu pj[s tZvk o'b
ndk eodk j?. ;wkfie ftt;Ek ~ pDkJ/ oZyD bJh ;fGnkuko ftneshnK ~ T[; ;wkfie
ftt;Ek d/ nB[e{b fttjko eoB bJh gq/odk j?.
11H9 w[ Z y Fpd
( T ) seBhe L wB[Zy dhnK w[ZYbhnK }o{osK ~ g{ok eoB bJh tos/ iKd/ ;zd, n"}ko ns/
uh}K, t;sK.
(n) nkofEe ;zrmB L uh}K t;sK ns/ ;/tktK dh g?dktko ns/ tzv ~ ;zrfms eoB
bJh i' seBhe b'eK d[nkok ngDkJh iKdh j?.
(J) ;wkfie ;zrmB L fJ; ftu ;wkfie foFs/ ns/ b'eK d/ nzso ;zpzXK fizBKQ d[nkok
fJe ikb fijk pDdk j?, nkT[Id/ jB.
(;) okifBfse ;zrmB L fJj T[BQK sohfenK ns/ ftfXnK ~ do;kT[Idk j? fi; ftu
;wki ftu g?dk j[zd/ ;zxoF (Conflict) ~ ekp{ ehsk ik ;e/ ns/ ;wki ftu
ftt;Ek pDkJh oZyh ikt/.
(j) frnkB iK p' X L fJ; ftu ;koh fe;w d/ ft;tkF edoK-ehwsK, ftukoXkoktK,
nkdoF, ;ze/s iK fuzBQ nkfd Fkfwb j[zd/ jB.
(e) ebk L fJ; okjhA wB[Zyh GktBkswe nkt/r iK pbpfbnK ~ gqrNkfJnk iKdk j?.
(y) GkFk L fJj T[Zgo fdZshnK ;kohnK uh}k s/ tkgoB bJh wkfXnw dk ezw eodh j?.
(C) ;fGnkuko L ;kv/ fiT[D dk Yzr fi; ftu ;kvk ofjD ;fjD, p'bukb, ykD-ghD,
;kv/ ftFtk;, edoK-ehwsK, frnkB, ebk nkfd Fkfwb jB.
(u) gdkoE ;fGnkuko L ;kohnK ;E{b t;sK fi; ftu xo, n"}ko, posB, eZgV/,
feskpK nkfd.
(S) gdkoE ;fGnkuko L ftFtk;, edoK-ehwsK, B?fsesk, nkdoF, ftuko, GktBktK s/
;kvk frnkB nkfd Fkfwb j[zd/ jB.
(i) ;fGnkuko gq s hwkB L ;fGnkuko d/ tZy-tZy GkrK s'I fwbe/ fJBQK ftubh yk;
ftt;Ek ns/ nzso ;zpzX K s'I i' BthA uh} pDdh j?, T[; ~ ;fGnkukoe gqqshwkB efjzd/
jB.
(M) ;fGnkukoe g;okU L ;z;feqse nzrK dh fJe y/so s'I d{i/ y/so iK fJe fjZ;/
s'I d{i/ fjZ;/ i' pdbh j[zdh j?, T[; ~ ;fGnkukoe g;okU iK c?b kn fejk iKdk j?.
11H10 nfGnk; bJh gq F B

(T) ;fGnkuko s'I eh Gkt j?< fJj fezBh fe;w dk j[zdk j?<
(n) ;fGnkuko fe; ~ nkyd/ jB< fJ; dhnK eh ftF/FskJhnK jB<
(J) ;fGnkuko ~ fpnkB eod/ j'J/ fJ;d/ ezwK s/ o'FBh gkU.
(;) ;fGnkuko ns/ fJ; d/ sZsK ~ y'bQe/ fpnkB eo'.
;zy/g ;tkb
(T) ;fGnkuko dhnK fe;wK fpnkB eo'.
(n) ;fGnkuko d/ e'Jh uko ekoi fby'.
(J) gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftu eh G/d j?<
(;) ;fGnkuko dhnK uko ftF/FskJhnK fby'.
11H11 T[ g :' r h g[ ; seK L

- Harry M.Johnson: Sociology : A Systematic Introduction,
Allied Publishers, New Delhi.
- Donalelight, : Sociology, Alfred A. KNopf, New York
J.R. Suzanne
- Sawinderjett Kaur: Samaj Vigyan De Mool Sankalp (Punjabi),
Publication Bureau, Punjabi University,
Patiala.
gkm Bz L 2H4 b/ fyek L vkH jfozdo e"o
;fGnkuko gSV/ t K
(Cultural Lag)
pDso
12H1 T[ d /;a
12H2 ikD-gSkD
12H3 gfoGk;ak
12H4 ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ dk noE
12H5 ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ d/ ekoB
12H6 nkb'uBk
12H7 ;ko
12H8 w[Zy Fpd
12H9 nfGnk; bJh gq;aB
12H9 T[g:'rh g[;seK
1 2 H1 T [d /F
fJ; gkm ~ gVQB s'_ pknd s[;h_ L
• ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ d/ ;zebg ~ y'bQ e/ fpnkB eo ;ed/ j'.
• ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ d/ ekoBK dh ikDekoh d/ ;ed/ j'.
• n"opoB d[nkok dZ;/ ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ d/ ;zebg dh nkb'uBk eo ;ed/ j'.
1 2 H2 ikD-gSkD
ftfdnkoEhU, fit/_ fe n;h_ fgSb/ gkm ftZu gVQ nkJ/ jK fe ;fGnkuko dhnK pj[s ;kohnK
fJekJhnK jB fiBQK ftu ;G soQK dhnK ;ohoe ns/ wkBf;e gqfeqn ktK fit/_ ;kv/ ohsh fotki,
ft;atk;a, XkoBktK, ;kvk ofjD-;fjD dk Yzr, p'b-ukb s/ ihT[D dk Yzr Fkfwb jz[d/ jB.
go nwohek d/ T[x/ ftfrnkBh vpfbT{ Hn? cH n" rpoB (W.F. Ogburn) B/ fJ; ;fEsh
~ d' fjZf;nK ftu tzv SZfvnk. Gkt gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko. gdkoEe ;fGnkuko
s'_ Gkt ;E{b t;sK fit/_ xo, posB, n"Fko, wFhBK, egV/ ns/ j'o nB/eK gqeko dk ;ki'
40
;wkB ns/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko s'_ Gkt ;kvh ebk, ;kfjs, ftuko ns/ Gktkswe gqfeqn ktK
nkfd. fJj d't/_ soQK dh ;fGnkuko nkg; ftu r{VQ/ foFs/ Bkb i[Vh jz[dh j?. i/eo fJBQK
ftu'_ fe;/ fJe ftu th gfotosB iK spdhbh nkT[_dh j? sK d{;oh ftu spdhbh nkT[Dh bk}wh
j?. gozs{ fJ; spdhbh dh do ty' tyoh j?. gdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftu pdbkU pj[s s/}h Bkb
nkT[_dk j? id'_ fe ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko n?Bh s/}h Bkb Bjh_ pdbdh. Bshi/ ti'_ fJBQK d'tK
soQK dhnK ;fGnkukoK ftueko fJe yZgk g?dk j' iKdk j? fi;~ n"rpoB B/ ebuob b?r
(Cultural Lag) dk BK fdZ sk j?.
1 2 H3 gfoG kFk
n" rpoB nB[;ko, ;fGnkukoe gSV/tK fJe nfijk sDkT[ jz[dk j? i' fJe' ;fGnkuko d/ d'
;fj-;zpzfXs GkrK ftu T[d'_ g?dk j[zdk j? id'_ d'BK ftu'_ fJe Gkr ftu ;wkfie gfotosB
dh ocsko d{;o/ Bkb'_ xZN j't/ ns/ T[j T[; s'_ gSKj ofj ikt/. (The strain that
exists between two correlated parts of culture that change at unequal
rate of speed may be interpreted as a lag in the part that is changing at
the slower rate for the one lags behind the other.)
1 2 H4 ;fGnkukoe gSV/ t / _ dk noE
T[go'es gfoGkFk dk noE j? fe nkX[fBe ;fGnkuko d/ tZy tZy GkrK ftu spdhbhnK fJe'
;ko Bjh_ nkT[_dhnK pbfe e[M fjZ;/ pkehnK Bkb'_ s/ih Bkb pdbd/ jB feT[_fe fJBQK ;kfonK
d/ fJe' ;fGnkuko d/ fjZ;/ j'D d/ ekoB fJBQK ftu ;fj-;zpzXsk ns/ nzso fBoGosk jz[dh j?.
id'_ th fJe fj;/ ftu fe;/ th ekoB ti'_ spdhbh nkT[_dh j? sK d{;o/ fjZf;nK bJh fJj
}o{oh pD iKdk j? fe T[j nkgD/ nkg ~ T[; spdhbh d/ w[skfpe YkbD. go nkw s"o s/
id th fJe fjZ;/ ftu fe;/ th ekY ekoB gfotosB nkT[_dk j? sK T[j fjZ;/ i' T[;d/ Bkb
;pzX s jz[d/ jB n?Bh s/ih Bkb Bjh_ pdb ;ed/ fi;d/ ekoB fJe yZgk g?dk j' iKdk j?. id
fe gdkoEe jkbsK pdbdhnK jB sK ;fGnkuko ftu th E'Vk pj[s nB[e{fbs pdbkU nkT[_dk
j? go fJj spdhbh fJe pokpo Bjh_ jz[dh iK efj bt' fe gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko
ftu ;wekbhB gfotosB Bjh_ jz[dk fi; d/ Bshi/ ti'_ ;fGnkukoe gSV/tK T[gidk j?.
nZi d/ nkX[fBe seBheh :[Zr ftu fiE/ nB/eK gqeko dhnK BthnK ekYK ns/ ohsK g[okD/ ofjD
;fjD d/ YzrK ~ brksko T[bN g[bN eo ojhnK jB T[E/ ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ dk ;zebg
pj[s wjZssk oZydk j? ns/ pj[s ;ko/ ;wki ftfrnkBhnK B/ fJ;~ nkgDhnK fbysK ftu
fpnkB ehsk j?. go ;G s'_ gfjbK n" rpoB B/ fJ; ~ nkgDh feskp Social Change
ftu fpnkB ehsk. i/eo fe;/ ;wki B/ gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftu fJe;kosk pDk
e/ oyDh j? sK d'tK ftu ;jh skbw/b j'Dk }o{oh j?. fJ; bJh feqnkFhb j'D dh iao{os j?
fi; tk;s/ fJe T[u doi/ dh :'iBk j'Dh bk}wh j?. nkX[fBe ;wki ftu ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko
dk gdkoEe ;fGnkuko d/ Bkb s/}h Bkb n;odkfJe skbw/b Bk j'D dh tiQk seBheh
n;woEk Bjh_ pbfe ;kv/ ;wkfie YKu/ d/ ndkoFe f;XKsK dh fdqVQsk j?. ;kv/ ;wki ftu
i' yZgk fgSb/ eJh ;' ;kbK ftu T[Gfonk j? T[j fJ;/ eoe/ j? fe ftfrnkBe seBhe B/ s/}h
Bkb T[ZBsh ehsh j? go ;kvhnK ;z;EktK ns/ ftukoXkoktK g[okDhnK jh jB. fJ; bJh wB[Zy
bJh }o{oh j? fe T[j nkgDh ftukoXkok ns/ fttjko ~ w"i{dk seBhe d/ Bkb Bkb pdbdk
oj/ ns/ d'tK ftu skbw/b pDk e/ oy/ feT[_fe ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko B/ jh gdkoEe ;fGnkuko
Bkb wB[Zy dh ftt;Ek ~ ;zukfbs eoBk jz[dk j?. d'jK ;fGnkukonK ftubk fJj yZgk eJh
tkoh bzw/ ;fwnK se ubdk ofjzdk j?. w"i{dk ;wki dk fJj o[MkB j? fe T[; dhnK gfotkfoe,
Xkofwe, okiBhfse ns/ ftfdne ;z;EktK ftu spdhbh j"bh j"bh nkT[_dh j? fiBQK ~ n;h_
ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftu Fkfwb eod/ jK.
p/;ae nZi d/ :[Zr ~ ;kfJz; ns/ soe;ahbsk dk :[Zr fejk iKdk j?. fJ; gZy'_ gZSw B/ ;G
s'_ tZX T[ZBsh ehsh j? go ftFtkFK, ftukoXkoktK ns/ ohsh fotkiK gZy'_ fJ;kJh b'eK ftu th
pj[s soeFhbsk iK ftfrnkBe ftukoXkok Bjh_. T[BQK ftu th Bt/_ Bt/_ nzX ftFtkF T[gid/
ofjzd/ jB. fJ; s'_ iakfjo j? fe d[BhnK d/ jo/e ;wki iK ;fGnkuko ftu ;fGnkukoe
gSV/tK j? Gkt/_ T[j ;fGnkuko Gkosh j't/, nwoheB iK o{;h. go fJ; dh fe;w, wksok ns/
;wK tZy' tZy ;wkiK ftu tZy' tZyok j' ;edk j?.
;kv/ ;wkfie YKu/ ftu T[; ;w/_ eh tkgodk j? fe id'_ ;kv/ ;fGnkukoe ftuko fijV/ fe
;kvh ;wkfie fiazdrh ~ ;zukfbs eod/ jB, i' d{;ohnK ;wkfie spdhbhnK d/ pokpo Bjh_ ub
;ed/. fit/_ fe gowkD{ jfEnkoK dk fBowkD sK pj[s ;ko/ d/;aK B/ eo fbnk j? go fJBQK dh
tos'_ bJh iK fJBQK d/ fJ;s/wkb s/ ekp{ oyD bJh e'Jh th nzso ok;aNoh edoK ehwsK Bjh_
pDkJhnK rJhnK. fJ;/ soQK Bth_ w?vheb seBhe Bkb fJj ;zGt j' frnk j? fe fJe wB[Zy
dk ;oho fi;~ fe fwqse eoko eo fdZsk frnk j't/ e[M j'o ;w/_ bJh seBheh s"o s/
(technically) ekoi;ahb j' ;edk j?. fJ; Bkb eJh ;fGnkukoe ;tkb g?dk j[zd/ jB fe
ihtB dk nzs ed'_ jz[dk j? < fe; B/ ;oho ~ ed'_ s/ fet/_ fwqse eoko eoBk j? < fe; ~
ihtB-nXko jNk b?D dk nfXeko j? < nfijhnK BthnK g?dk j'JhnK jkbsK iK ;tkb BthnK
edoK-ehwsK ns/ jkbks g?dk eodhnK jB. fJ; yZg/ ~ jh ;fGnkukoe gSV/tK (Cultural
Lag) fejk iKdk j?. T[dkjoD ti'_ n;h_ nkgD/ ;wki ftu fJ; fe;w dk yZgk nkw t/y ;ed/
jK. ;kv/ e'b wkvoB seBhe s/ nkXkfos wko{sh s'_ wo;ahvhi sZe ekoK sK nk rJhnK jB
go T[BQK ~ tosD iK ubkT[D dk fj;kp feskp ;k~ ni/ sZe Bjh_ nkfJnk. eko ftu p?m/
j'J/ th n;h_ fdwkrh s"o s/ g?db jh ub oj/ j[zd/ jK ns/ fe;/ th No?fce o{b dh gkbDk
Bjh_ eod/. fJj tiQk j? fe ;kvhnK ;VeK s/ fBs ikw bZr/ ofjzd/ jB. fJ; dk f;ZNk fJj
fBefbnk fe n;h_ wkvoB seBhe sK jkf;b eo bJh go T[; d/ nB[e{b ebuo ~ Bjh_ ngDk
;e/ .
1 2 H5 ;fGnkukoe gSV/ t /_ d/ ekoB
j[D ;tkb j? fe ;fGnkukoe gSV/tK feT[_ g?dk j[zdk j?. fJ; dk ;G s'_ wjZstg{oD ekoB
fJj j? fe ;fGnkuko d/ tZy tZy sZsK d/ pdbkU dk doik tZy' tZy fe;wK dk j?. ;G GkrK
ftu fJe' fijh s/ fJe' ;w/_ spdhbh Bjh_ nkT[_dh fit/_ fe gfjbK th f}eo ehsk ik u[Zek j?
fe Xkofwe ;z;EktK ftu spdhbh pj[s xZN s/ pj[s j'b h nkT[_dh j?. i/eo ;z;eko d/ w[Zy
XowK fit/_ Jh;kJh, fJ;bkw, p'Xh iK fjzd{ Xow s/ Biao wkohJ/ sK gsk ubdk j? fe fJBQK
ftu fgSb/ eJh ;kbK ftu Bk wkso jh pdbkU nkfJnk j?. fJ;/ soQK dh wkw{bh spdhbh
g[oksB epkfJbh Xow ftu jh t/yD ~ fwbdh j?. fJ;/ soQK ek~B ftu wZXw ocsko
gfotosB t/fynk ik ;edk j? i' Xow d/ w[ekpb/ sK e[M s/}h Bkb nkT[_dk j?. go pj[s s/}h
Bkb ek~B Bjh_ pdbd/. ek~B ftu wZXw ocsko gfotosB d/ j'D dh tiQk T[;d/ nkgD/
fto;/ (tradition) B{z f}nkdk ;fseko d/Dk jh j?. Bt/_ ek~B f;oc T[; ;w/_ jh pDkJ/ iKd/
jB id'_ T[BQK dh nDj'_d s'_ e'Jh yk; w[Ffeb g/F nk ojh j't/.
T[dkjoD ti'_ T[d:'fre eqKsh Bkb ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ B/ }'o cfVnk. nB/eK c?eNohnK d/
fBowkD Bkb pZu/ ns/ n"osK dh b/po B/ }'o cfVnk. feoshnK bJh ezw dk ;wK, g?;/ iK
d{;ohnK ezw eki bJh b'Vh_dhnK jkbsK fBoXkfos Bjh_ ;B fi; Bkb fJBQK c?eNohnK ftu
ezw eoB tkb/ w}d{oK dh jkbs pdso j' rJh. T[; ;w/_ d/ ek~B w}d{oK dh pikJ/ wkbeK
dh jwkfJs jh eod/ ;B fi;d/ ;dek w}d{oK dk F'FB j'Dk bkFwh pfDnk fojk. fJ;
nt;Ek ~ pdbD tk;s/ jh wikjo/ j'D br/ ns/ XoB/ brD bZr/ feT[_fe Bth_ T[sgkde
;z;Ek ~ ubkT[D tk;s/ Bt/_ ek~B pDkJ/ ikD dh b'V ;h sK i' w~d{o GkJh F'FD s'_ pu
ikD. fJj p/F[wko feoshnK dh e'fFF dk ;dek jh i' ezw eoB dk ;wK, g?;/ ns/ j'o
b'Vh_dhnK jkbsK nkfd fBoXkos ehshnK rJhnK. w}d{oK dh n;zs'FiBe jkbs ~ wZd/B}o
oyd/ j'J/ b/po ek~B j'_d ftu nkfJnk. fJ; ek~B d/ pBD ns/ bkr{ j'D bJh ek\h ;wK
bZfrnk ;' fJ; rZb s'_ nzdk}k brkfJnk ik ;edk j? fe fi; ocasko Bkb wFhBK ns/
c?eNohnK dk fBowkD j'fJnk, gdkoEe t;sK tXhnk T[; ocasko Bkb ;kvh ;'u, Xow iK
ek~B Bjh_ pdb/.
sh;oh rZb fJj j? fe seBhe dh T[ZBsh th jo y/so ns/ jo ;wki ftu fJe' fijh Bjh_
j'Jh. fe;/ ;w/_ o;kfJDe ftfrnkB dh gqrsh j'Jh, fe;/ ;w/_ G"fse ftfrnkB ftu y'iK
j'JhnK s/ Bth_nK Bth_nK ekYK fBebhnK sK ed/ iht ftfrnkB d/ okj s/ T[ZBsh j'Jh. gZSw
jo t/b / jh fJBQK ekYK dk w'joh fojk ns/ pkeh ;wkiK ftu fJj wro'_ g/F j'JhnK.
;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ bJh f}zw/tko fJBQK ;G ekoBK d/ Bkb Bkb fJe j'o wjZstg{oB ekoB
j? wB[Zy dk wB'ftfrnkBe o{VQhtkdh j'Dk feT[_fe T[;~ nkgD/ g[oyK tb'_ fdykJ/ o;s/ s/
ubDk n;kB brdk j? fJ; bJh T[j g[okD/ ;zebg, f;XKs ns/ edoK-ehwsK ~ ft;kodk
Bjh_. Xow ns/ e[bhBsk tor/ y/soK ftu fto'Xsk iK n;fjwsh ~ d[FNsk eoko fdZsk iKdk
j? fJ; bJh e'Jh th ftnesh fJ; ftu spdhbh iK pdbkU dk :sB Bjh_ eodk. o{VQhtkdh
ns/ f;XKse j'D d/ Bks/ wB[Zy eJh soQK dhnK ;z;EktK ftu spdhbh Bjh_ fbnkT[_dk.
nkgDk frnkB goy'
(T) ;fGnkuko ~ nkgD/ FpdK ftu fpnkB eo'.
(n) gdkoEe s/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftu eh nzso j? <
(J) ;fGnkukoe gSV/tK eh j[zdk j? <
(;) ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ d/ eh ekoB jB <
1 2 H6 n b 'u B k
n" rpoB d[nkok ehsh T[go'es uouk s'_ n;h_ fJ; f;ZN/ s/ gj[zud/ jK fe jo ;wki ftu
;fGnkukoe gSV/tK j? ns/ fJ;dk j'Dk bk}wh j?. fi;dh tiQk ;wki dh Bkpokpoh jh j?.
pj[s ;ko/ ;wki ftfrnkBh fJ; ftuko Bkb ;fjws jB go e[M b'eK B/ fJ; ;zebg dh
nkb'uBk ehsh j?. T[BQK nB[;ko L
(i) gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftu e'Jh ftfrnkBe tyo/tK Bjh_ ehsk ik ;edk.
v? ft; (Davis) dk wzBDk j? fe ;fGnkuko dh gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe fjZf;nK ftu tzv
w[wfeB Bjh_ ns/ Bk jh fJj tzv ;k~ seBhe dh sk;ho ;wMD bJh ;jkJh j' ;edh j?.
(The aspect of culture cannot be divided into material and non-material
and that this distinction in no way helps us to understand the nature of
technology – Davis)
(ii)H gdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftu spdhbh }o{oh Bjh_ fe jw/FK jh ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko s'_
gfjbK nkt/.
(iii) b?r Fpd Y[etK Bjh_ L w? e kJhto dk wzBDk j? fe seBheh ekoe ns/ ;fGnkukoe
YKu/ ftueko ;pzXK ~ do;kT[D bJh b?r iK yZg/ dk Fpd Y[etK Bjh_ pbfe w? e kJhto B/
seBheh gqfspzX (technological restraint), ;fGnkukoe fto'Xsk (cultural conflict)
ns/ ;fGnkukoe n;gFNsk (cultural ambivalence) tor/ FpdK dk ;fGnkuko d/ ty'-
tZy GkrK ftu j'D tkb/ pdbkU bJh fJ;s/wkb ehsk.
(iv) ;dob?_ v ns/ t[v tov (Sutherland and Woodward) dk efjDk j? fe
n"rpoB B/ ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ ~ pj[s jh ;XkoD eoe/ do;kfJnk j?. ;wkfie gfotosB
fJe pj[s jh r[zMbdko gogzu j? fJ; ~ f;oc fJj efj e/ fpnkB Bjh_ ehsk ik ;edk fe
fJj gdkoEe ns/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftu nkT[D tkbh spdhbh j?.
(v) fJj e'Jh ;otftnkgh f;XKs Bjh_ ns/ Bk jh jo/e ;w/_ ftu tkgoB tkbh xNBk j?
feT[_fe g[okD/ ;fwnK ftu fe;/ th gogzu ftu n?Bh s/}h Bkb ns/ n?Bh wksok ftu pdbkU
iK gfotosB Bjh_ ;h nkT[_dk fJj sK f;o\ ni'e/ ;w/_ dh d/D j?.
(iv) n" rpoB B/ e'Jh th fJ; soQK dk ;e/b Bjh_ fdZsk i' fJ; ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ dk
wkg dzv eo ;e/ ns/ gsk brk ;e/ fe eh ;uw[Zu gdkoEe ;fGnkuko ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko
s'_ tZX s/}h Bkb pdbdh j?.
T[gobh nkb'uBk d/ pkti{d th fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe n"rpoB d/ ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ dk
;zebg nkX[fBe ;wki bJh pj[s wjZssk tkbk j? feT[_fe ;fGnkuko e'Jh ;EkJh uh} Bjh_
fJj sK jw/FK jh tjkU ftu ofjzdh j?. fJ; bJh Bjh_ fe ;fGnksktK ftu gfotosB nkT[_dk
j? pbfe fJ; bJh fe pdbkU dk sZs fJ; d/ nzdo (inherent) jh j?.
1 2 H7 ; k o
T[go'es uouk s'_ n;h_ fJ; f;ZN/ s/ gjz[ud/ jK fe gfotosB e[dos dk fB:w j? ns/ fJ; fB:w
d/ nB[;ko ;z;ko dh jo/e t;s{ nzdo pdbkU nkT[Dk bkiawh j?. fJ;/ sohe/ nB[;ko ;kvh gdkoEe
ns/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko th pdbdh j?. gozs{ gdkoEE ;fGnkuko ftu pj[s s/}h Bkb gfotosB
nkT[_dk j? id'_ fe ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko d/ pdbkU dh ocsko ek\h wZXw j[zdh j?. ;kvh ;'u ns/
ftukoK ftu pj[s s/}h Bkb gfotosB Bjh_ nkT[_dk. fi; ;dek fJBQK d'tK ;fGnkukonK ftu fJe
yZgk fijk g?dk j' iKdk j? fi;~ n;h_ ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ d/ Bk Bkb ikDd/ jK. w"i{dk ;wki ftu
fJj ;zebg pj[s jh wjZst oZydk j? feT[_fe ;kvh gdkoEe ;fGnkuko pj[s jh s/} o\sko Bkb
pdb ojh j? ns/ ;kvh ftukoXkok g[oksB jh j? fi; ftu gfotosB dh rsh n?Bh s/} Bjh_. fJj
;fGnkukoe gSV/tK nwohek tor/ ;ot ;q/FN ;wki ftu jh gkfJnk iKdk j? Gkt fJj ;ot-ftnkge
(universal) j?. fJj gSV/ d/FK sZe jh ;hfws Bjh_. jK eJh ;wkiK ftu fJj yZgk f}nkdk j?
ns/ eJhnK ftu xZN.
1 2 H8 w[ Zy Fpd
;fGnkukoe gSV/t K L ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko d/ w[ekpb/ gdkoEe ;fGnkuko
pj[s s/}h Bkb pdbdh j? fi;d/ cb;o{g d't K ftu
fyu's kD iK sDkT g?d k j' iKdk j? fi;~ ;z;feqse
gSV/tK efjzd/ jB.
;fG nkuko L ;kvk ofjD ;fjD, ykDghD, p'b ukb Gkt ;kvk fiT{D dk
Yzr
gdkoEe ;fGnkukoL ;kohnK ;E{b t;sK fiBK dh n;h_ fizdrh ftu tos'_ eod/
jK.
ngkdoEe ;fGnkukoL i' gqsZy Bjh_ fi;~ f;o\ wfj;{; ehsk ik ;edk j? go
h S'fVnk Bjh_ ik ;edk.
edoK L wB[Zyh ;wki d[n koK nkgD/ w?_poK s'_ T[whd ehsk tshok.
ehwsK L ;wki dh wB}{oh gqkgs fJSktK s/ T[d/F jB fijBk ~
h wzBDk Bk wzBDK ftnesh d/ jZE j?.
1 2 H9 nfGnk; bJh gqFB
1H ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ s'_ eh Gkt j? < ftnkfynk eo'.
2H eh ;fGnkukoe gSV/tK jo ;wki ftu jz[dk j? < i/eo jK sK fpnkB eo'.
3H ;fGnkukoe gSV/tK eh j? < fJ; d/ eh-eh ekoB j' ;ed/ jB ftnkfynk eo' <
;zy/g ;tkb
(T) ;fGnkuko
(n) ;fGnkukoe gSV/tK
(J) gdkoEe ;fGnkuko
(;) ngdkoEe ;z;feqs
(j) edoK-ehwsK
1 2H 1 0 T[g:'rh g[;seK
Ogburn and Nimkoff : Hand book of Sociology
Samuel Koening : Sociology : An Introduction
Maciver and Page : Society
gkm BzL 2 H5 b/ ye L vkH jfozdo e" o
;fGnkuko ns/ ;fGnsk

(Culture and Civilisation)
o{ g o/ y k
13H0 T[ d /;a
13H1 ikD-gSkD
13H2 ;fGnsk dhnK gfoGkFktK
13H3 ;fGnsk dhnK ftF/FskJhnK
13H3H1 ;fGnkuko dk G"fse gZy
13H3H2 ;fGnsk b'VK g{ok eoB dk ;kXB j?
13H3H3 ;fGnsk dk nkXko T[g:'rsk j?
13H3H4 ;fGnsk pdbdh ofjzdh j?
13H4 ;fGnsk ns/ ;fGnkuko ftu nzso
13H4H1 fBFfus wkgdzv
13H4H2 T[BZshFhb
13H4H3 ;zuko
13H4H4 fpBK gfotosB iK jkBh rqfjD eoBk
13H4H5 w{os ns/ nw{os
13H5 ;ko
13H6 w[Zy Fpd
13H8 T[g:'rh g[;seK
1 3 H0 T [d /F
* fJ; gkm ~ gVQB T[gozs s[jk~ ;fGnsk d/ ;zebg dh ikDekoh jkf;b
j' t /r h.
* s[;h_ tZy-tZy ftfrnkBhnK d[nkok fdZshnK ;fGnsk dhnK gfoGkFktK ns/ fJ;
dhnK ftF/FskJhnK dk frnkB jkf;b eo ;e'r/.
* s[;h_ ;fGnkuko ns/ ;fGnsk ftueko G/d eoB d/ :'r j't/r/.
1 3 H1 ikD gSkD
fgSb/ gkm ftu n;h_ ;fGnkuko d/ ;zebg ~ pj[s ft;Eko Bkb fpnkB eo u[Ze/ jK fco th
;fGnsk ~ toBD eoB s'_ gfjbK ;fGnkuko ~ ;gFN o{g ftu ikD bJhJ/ sK uzrk j?
;fGnkuko wB[Zy dh ;wkfie ftok;s j? fi;~ T[j ;wki dk w?_po j'D d/ Bks/ s'jc/ ti'_
47
gqkgs eodk j?. fJj ;kv/ fiT[D dk Yzr j? fi; ftu ;kvhnK edoK ehwsK, B?fse fB:w,
ek~B, gqEk, ftFtk;, ebk ns/ ;kvk frnkB nkfd Fkfwb j[zd/ jB. ;fGnkuko ns/ ;fGnsk
d' nfijhnK XkoBktK jB fiBQK ~ ne;o fJe' jh noE fdZsk iKdk j?. p/Fe fJBQK ftu G/
d eoBk E'VQk w[Ffeb j? gqzs{ fJBQK d'tK ~ fJe ;wMDk ;jh_ Bjh_. pj[s ;ko/ ;wkfie wkBt
ftfrnkBhnK B/ ;fGnsk Fpd dk fJ;s/wkb eoBk pzd eo fdZsk j? T[j f;oc ;fGnkuko Fpd
~ jh gq:'r eod/ jB. T[BQK ;kohnK G"fse, T[g:'rh t;sK, T[geoD ns/ ;zrmB fiBQK dk
gqkfeqse tksktoD T[go fB:zsoD j? ns/ fi;~ n;h_ ;fGnsk efjzd/ jK fJj ;kvh ;fGnkuko
dk jh fJe Gkr jB.
pj[s ;ko/ ;wki ftfrnkBh ;fGnsk ~ ;fGnkuko dk fte;s o{g wzBd/ jB. T[BQK dk wzBDk
j? fe id'_ ;fGnkuko pj[s fte;s j' iKdh j? s/ ifNb o{g XkoB eo b?_dh j? sK fJ; ~
;fGnsk nkfynk iKdk j?. e[M ftfrnkBh ;fGnsk dk nozG Xks{ dh y'i Bkb j'fJnk ;wMd/
jB. ;fGnsk d/ gZXo dh tzv gZEo :[r, sKpk :[Zr, b'j :[Zr ns/ w"i{dk nD[-:[Zr ejh ik
;edh j?. fJj th wzfBnk iKdk j? fe fbyD dh ebk dh y'i Bkb ;fGnsk dh F[o{nks j'Jh.
;wki ftfrnkBhnK ftu ;ZfGnsk dh gfoGkFk d/ ;zpzX ftu wsG/d jB e[M ftukoe fJ; ~
;fGnkuko dk fte;s o{g wzBd/ jB ns/ e[M G"fse ;fGnkuko iK t;sK ~ ;ZfGnsk nkyd/
jB. nkU fJBQK ftfrnkBhnK dhnK ;ZfGnsk pko/ fdZfsnK gfoGkFktK s/ B}o wkohJ/.
1 3 H2 gfo GkFkt K
J/H vpfbT{ rohB B/ nkgDh g[;se ‘;'fFnkb'ih’ ftu fbfynk j? fe, “;fGnkuko T[;
;w/_ ;fGnsk pDdh j? id'_ T[; e'b fbysh GkFk, ftfrnkB, doFB, fBg[zBsk tkbh
feos tzv, ifNb seBhe ns/ okiB?fse gZXsh j't/.”
N' fJBph nB[;ko, “;fGnsk b"Vh_d/ o{g ftu fJe Xkofwe ns/ B?fse gqDkbh j? i' oki
iK okFNo Bkb'_ ftFkb y/so ftu gqufbs j?.”
n" rpoB ns/ fBwe' \ B/ nkgDh g[;se j?_vp[Ze nk\ ;'fFnkb'ih ftu ;fGnZsk dh
gfoGkFk goki?fte (Super-organic) ;fGnkuko d/ pknd dh ntZ;Ek d/ o{g ftu
fdZsh j?.
t/ po dk ftuko j? fe ;ZfGnsk ftu T[g:'rh G"fse gdkoE ns/ T[;~ fBowkD eoB
dhnK ftXhnK Fkfwb j[zdhnK jB.
frfbB ns/ frfbB dk wzBDk j? fe “;fGnkuko d/ nfXe ifNb ns/ fte;s o{g
~ jh ;fGnsk efjzd/ jB.”
nr;s e" s nB[;ko, “;fGnsk dk ;zpzX w{os s/ t/yD :'r t;sK s'_ j?.”
w? e kJhto ns/ g/ } B/ ;fGnsk dh gfoGkFk fJ; soQK fdZsh j? fe, “;fGnsk dk
noE T[; ;w[Zuh :zso-gZX sh ns/ ;zrmB s'_ j? fi; dk wB[Zy B/ nkgD/ ihtB dhnK
go;fEshnK T[&Zs/ fB:zsoD eoB d/ ftu nftFeko ehsk.”
T[BQK dk wzBDk j? fe ;ZfGnsk b'VK g{ok eoB dk ;kXkB j?. ;ZfGnsk ftu T[j uh}K
nkT[_dhnK jB fiBQK Bkb e'Jh j'o T[d/F g{ok ehsk iKdk j?. w?ekJhto ns/ g/} B/ wkBt-
fBofws G"fse t;sK fit/_ seBhe ~ ;fGnsk ns/ wkBt-fBofws nG"fse t;sK ftu Xow,
ebk, frnkB nkfd ~ ;fGnkuko fejk j?.
T[go'es gfoGkFktK d/ ftFb/FD s'_ pknd fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe eJh ;wki ftfrnkBh
;ZfGnsk ~ ;fGnkuko dk fte;s o{g iK T[&Zuk ;Zso wzBd/ jB ns/ e[M fJ; ~ G"fse t;sK
Bkb i'Vd/ jB fiBQK dk fBowkD ftnesh B/ nkgD/ ihtB dhnK go;fEshnK T[&Zs/ ekp{ gkT[D
bJh ehsk. fJBQK gfoGkFktK d/ fBu'V s'_ ;fGnsk dhnK j/m fbyhnK ftF/FskJhnK T[&ZGo e/
;kjwD/ nkT[_dhnK jB L
1 3 H3 ft F/Fs kJ hnK
1 3H 3H 1 fJj ;fGnkuko dk G" fse gZ y j? L ;wki ftfrnkBhnK B/ ;w[Zuh
;fGnkuko ~ d' GkrK ftu tzfvnk j?. gdkoEe iK G"fse ns/ ngdkoEe iK nG"fse.
;fGnkuko d/ G"fse gZy ~ ;fGnsk fejk iKdk j?. ;fGnsk ~ ne;o ;fGnkuko dk tkjB
wzfBnk iKdk j? feT[_fe seBheh ;kXBK Bkb jh ;fGnkuko dk gq;ko j[zdk j? (fit/_ o/vhU)
1 3H 3H 2 ;fGnsk b' VK g{ ok eoB dk ;kXB j? L T[j ;kohnK t;sK fiBQK dk
fBowkD ftnesh nkgDhnK b'VK ~ g{ok eoB bJh eodk j? T[BQK ~ ;fGnsk ftu Fkfwb ehsk
iKdk j?. fJBQK T[goeDK d/ nftFeko Bkb T[j nkgD/ u"frod/ s/ ekp{ eoB dk :sB eodk
j? .
1 3H 3H 3 ;fGnsk dk nkXko T[g:'rsk j? L fiBQK T[geoBK, :zsoK iK seBhe
dk fBowkD ftnesh B/ nkgDhnK gof;EshnK s/ fB:zsoD gkT[D bJh ehsk ns/ T[BQK dh
T[g:'rsk ~ gofynk T[j ;kv/ bJh T[g:'rh f;ZX j'JhnK. fJ; bJh fejk ik ;edk j? fe
G"fse t;sK d/ fBowkD dk nkXko T[gG'rsk j?.
1 3H 3H 4 ;fGnsk pdbdh ofjzdh j? L Bth_ seBhe ns/ BthnK ekYK Bkb ihtB
d/ nB/e gfjb{n K ftu spdhbh nkT[_dh j? fi; Bkb ;kvh ;fGnsk dk o{g th pdbdk ofjzdk
j?. iK d{;o/ FpdK ftu n;h_ efj ;ed/ jK fe ;fGnsk dk ftek; j[zdk ofjzdk j? fit/_ gZEo
:[Zr s'_ b? e/ w"i{dk nD{-:[Zr sZe ;fGnsk dk fte;k j'fJnk ns/ fJ; ftu spdhbh nkJh.
T[go fdZshnK gfoGkFktK s/ ftF/FskJhnK s'_ ;gFN j? fe ;kvhnK b'VK ~ g{ok eob tkb/
;kXBK ~ ;fGnsk ns/ ;k~ nkBzd s/ ;zs'F d/D tkbhnK t;sK fit/_ Xow ebk nkfd ~
;fGnkuko ftu Fkfwb ehsk iKdk j?. nkT[ fJBQK d'tK d/ w[Zy nzso ikDhJ/.
1 3 H4 ;fGnkuko ns/ ;Zf Gnsk ftu w[Z y G/ d L
1 3H 4H 1 fBFfus wkgdzv L ;ZfGnsk ~ wkgD dk fJe fBFfus wkgdzv j[zdk j? gqzs{
;fGnkuko dk Bjh_. ;fGnsk dh soQK ;fGnkuko dk e'Jh r[Dkswe iK ;zfynkswe wkgdzv
Bjh_ feT[_fe ;fGnkuko fJe bZyF iK Nhuk j? ns/ ;fGnsk fJe ;kXB j?. ;fGnsk ~ ftF/
Fsk d/ nkXko s/ soeFhb fdqFNhe'D Bkb wkfgnk ik ;edk j? fit/_ ;kJheb s/ eko-e'D ;q/
FN j?< gqzs{ ;fGnkuko dh ;q/Fmsk ns/ jhBsk ~ fe;/ wkgdzv iK :zso Bkb Bjh_ wkfgnk ik
;edk feT[_fe fJj Bjh_ fejk ik ;edk fe nZi dh ebk, ;kfjs, nkdoF-ftuko gfjbk s'_
T[&Zu/ jB.
1 3H 4H 2 T[& ZBshFhb L ;ZfGnsk jw/Fk T[&ZBsh eodh j? id fe ;fGnkuko pko/ nfijk
Bjh_ fejk ik ;edk. w?ekJhto B/ nkgDh g[;se ‘;[;kfJNh’ ftu fbfynk j? fe, “;fGnsk Bk
f;o\ T[&ZBsh eodh j? ;r'_ jw/FK T[&ZBshFhb ofjzdh j?, pFos/ fe ;wkfie fB:zsoD ftu,
T[;/ fdFk ftu e'Jh w[;hps tkbh o[ektN Bk j't/.” ;fGnsk dk ftek; fJe o/yh fdFk ftu
j[zdk ofjzdk j?. fJ; d/ T[bN ;fGnkuko ftu j'D tkb/ gfotosB s/ T[&ZBsh ~ Bjh_ fejk
ik ;edk fe fJj gfotosB T[&ZBsFhb j? iK Bjh_<
1 3H 4H 3 ;zuko L ;ZfGnsk dk ;zuko fpBK fe;/ :sB d/ j[zdk j? gqzs{ ;fGnkuko ik
Bjh_. fiBQK uh}K ~ ;fGnsk ftu Fkfwb ehsk iKdk j? i' ftnesh d/ pkjoh ihtB Bkb
;zpzXs j[zdhnK jB ns/ T[g:'rh j[zdhnK jB T[B QK dk gq;ko d{;o/ d/FK ftu iK fJe ghVQh s'_
d{ih ghVQh nk;kBh Bkb ehsk ik ;edk j?. b'e pj[s ibdh T[BQK t;sK ~ rqfjD eod/ jB
gozs{ ;fGnkuko fpBK :sB Bjh_ ngDkJh ik ;edh. ;fGnkuko rqfjD eoBk ftnefsst ns/
gqfeqsh s/ fBoGo eodk j?. w?ekJhto ns/ g/} nB[;ko “;fGnkuko d' ;wkB gqftqsh tkfbnK
ftu jh ;zukfos j[zdh j?. e'Jh th ebkeko d/ r[DK s'_ ;yDk ebk dh ;okjBk Bjh_ eo ;edk
ns/ ;zrhseko d/ ezB s'_ fpBK e'Jh ;zrhs dk nkBzd Bjh_ wkD ;edk.” nkw s"o s/ ;ZfGnsk
dh nfijh e'Jh wzr Bjh_.
1 3H 4H 4 fpBK gfotosB iK jkBh rq fjD eoBk L ;Z fGnsk ~ fpBK fe;/
gfotosB iK jkBh d/ rqfjD ehsk ik ;edk j? go ;fGnkuko ~ Bjh_. id'_ e'Jh th d/F iK
Bth_ ghVQh ;fGnsk ~ ngDkT[_dh j? sK T[j fpBK fe;/ jkBh iK gfotosB d/ fiT[_ dk fsT[_
fJ; ~ rqfjD eodh j? gqzs{ jkBh d/ Bjh_ ngDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. fJBQK ~ fiT[_ dk fsT[_
rqfjD eoBk w[;feB Bjh_.
1 3H 4H 5 w{ os ns/ nw{ os L ;ZfGnsk w{os j? feT{_fe fJ; ftu pkjoh t;sK Fkfwb
j[zdhnK jB. fJj T[j ;kXB j? fi; okjh_ ;fGnkuko dk gqrNktk j[zdk j?. gqzs{ fJ;d/ T[bN
;fGnkuko nw{os j? feT[_fe fJ;dk ;zpzX ;kv/ nzdo{Bh ftukoK, nkdoFK, edoK- ehwsK nkfd
Bkb j?. ;fGnkuko T[d/F iK byF Bkb ;zpzfXs j? fJj nzdo{Bh ns/ i?fte j?. n;h_ fJBQK
d'tK dh s[b Bk ;oho ns/ nkswk d/ s"o s/ eo ;ed/ jK. ;ZfGnsk ;oho j? ns/ ;fGnkuko
nkswk j?. w?ekJhto s/ g/} B/ fJ; G/d ~ ;gFN eod/ j'J/ fejk j? fe, “i' e[M ;kv/ e'b
j? T[j ;ZfGnsk j? ns/ i' e[M n;h_ jK ;fGnkuko j?.”
;ZfGnsk ns/ ;fGnkuko d/ T[go'es dZ;/ G/dK s'_ fJbktk fJBQK d'tK d/ nzso ~ ;ftzdoihs
e"o B/ nkgDh g[;se ;wki ftfrnkB d/ w{b ;zebg ftu gzBk BzL 195 s/ skfbek d[nkok j/
m fby/ sohe/ Bkb ;wMkT[D dk :sB ehsk j?. fJ; Bkb fJj tyo/tK ;wMD bJh nk;kB
j' iKdk j?.
;ZfGnsk ;fGnkuko
1H ;ZfGnsk pkjoh j?. 1H ;fGnkuko nzsfoe j?.
2H ;ZfGnsk ;kXB j?. 2H ;fGnkuko byF j?.
3H ;ZfGnsk d/ fBFfus wkgdzv j[zd/ jB. 3H ;fGnkuko d/ fBFfus wkgdzv Bjh_
j[zd/.
4H ;fGnsk jw/FK T[&ZBsh eodh j?. 4H ;fGnkuko T[&ZBsh Bjh_ eodh.
5H ;ZfGnsk w{os j?. 5H ;fGnkuko nw{os j?.
6H ;ZfGnsk fpBK :sB gq;kfos j[zdh j?. 6H ;fGnkuko fpBK :sB gq;kfos Bjh_ j[zdh.
7H ;ZfGnsk d/ rqfjD ftu gfotosB Bjh_ 7H ;fGnkuko d/ rqfjD eoB ftu gfotosB
j' j[zd/. iKdk j?.
8H ;ZfGnsk dk w{b-fBoXkfos ehsk ik ;edk 8H ;fGnkuko d/ rqfjD eob ftu gfotosB
j' j?. iKdk j?.
9H ;ZfGnsk ftu E'Vh gqfsGk tkb/ soZeh eo 9H ;fGnkuko ftu E'VQh gqfsGk tkb/ soZeh
Bjh_ ;ed/ jB. eo ;ed/.
10H ;ZfGnsk nk;kBh Bkb ;EkB gfotosB eo 10H ;fGnkuko nk;kBh Bkb ;EkB gfotosB
;edh j?. Bjh_ eo ;edh.
11H ;ZfGnsk ;ohoe ;[Zy gqdkB eodh j?. 11H ;fGnkuko wkBf;e ns/ nfXnkswe
;[Zy gqdkB eodh j?.
12H ;ZfGnsk dk ghVhQ do ghVQh ;zuko j'Dk 12H ;fGnsk dk ghVQh do ghVQh ;zuko j'Dk
}o{oh Bjh_. }o{oh j?.
nkgDk frnkB goy'
(T) ;fGnsk ~ nkgD/ Fpdk ftu fpnkB eo'.
(n) ;fGnsk s/ ;fGnkuko ftu G/d f;ZX eo'.
(J) ;fGnsk ns/ ;fGnkuko ftu'I fejVh w{os s/ fejVh n;{os j? <
1 3 H5 ; k o
T[go'es uouk s'_ n;h_ fJ; f;ZN/ s/ gj[zud/ jK fe ;fGnsk ns/ ;fGnkuko ftu r{VQk ;zpzX
j?. ;fGnsk ;fGnkuko dk jh ftef;s o{g j?. Gkt/_ ;fGnkuko ftu G'fse ns/ nG'fse d't/
_fe;w dhnK t;sK nk iKdhnK jB gzqs{ w?ekJhto ns/ g/} B/ wB[Zy d[nkok fBowkfDs G"fse
t;sK ~ ;ZfGnsk dk BK fdZsk j?. p/Fe fJBQK d't/_ ;zebgK ftu T[goh nzso xZN jh B}o
nkT[_dk j? gqzs{ fco th ;wki ftfrnkBhnK B/ fJBQK ftu eJh soQK d/ nzso do;kT[D dh e'fFF
ehsh j?. fJBQK nzsoK d/ pkti{d th ;fGnsk ns/ ;fGnkuko ftu nzso fBoGosk j?. nkfyo
ftu n;h_ efj ;ed/ jK fe ;fGnkuko ;ZG ftneshnK e'b j? fit/_ T[BQK dk Xow, ebk,
nktkikJh d/ ;kXB, frnkB ftFtkF nkfd gqzs{ ;fGnsk jo/e ftnesh e'b Bjh_ j?. gqzs{ fJj
d't/_ nzso fBoGo th jB ns/ nzso fefonkswe th fit/_ n;h_ t/yd/ jK fe fcbwK dk n;o
b'eK dh ;'u-;wM ns/ nkuoD s/ th g?_dk j?. jo/e :[Zr ftu jo/e ;wki dhnK nkgDhnK
edoK ehwsK, nkdoF, w[Zb s/ frnkB j[zdk j? i' ;fGnsk Bkb'_ nbZr iK T[go Bjh_ j[zdk.
w?ekJhto dk wzBDk j? fe ;fGnsk ;fGnkuko dk tkjB j?. ;kv/ frnkB, ebk, B?fsesk,
ftFtk; edoK ehwsK nkfd dk o{gKsoB ns/ gq;koB ;fGnsk d[nkok jh j' fojk j?. ;zy/g
ftu fejk ik ;edk j? fe ;fGnsk ;wki ~ ubkT[D tkbh Fesh j? id'_ fe ;fGnkuko ;/X
d/D dk ezw eodh j? Gkt fJj fdFktkje j?.
1 3 H6 w[ Zy Fpd
;f G n s k L ;fGnkuko dk gdkoEe o{g i' pj[s jh ifNb ns/ ftef;s
j[zdk j?. T[;~ ;fGnsk efjzd/ jB.
w{ os L m'; s/ gdkoEe t;sK fiBQk ~ S{fjnK ik ;e/.
nw{ o s L T[j t;sK i' gqsZy Bjh_ fiBQK ~ f;o\ wfj;{; ehsk ik ;edk
j? fit_/ ;kv/ ftuko edoK, ehwsK, B?fsesK, nkdoF nkfd.
1 3 H7 nfGnk; bJh gqFB
1H ;fGnkuko ns/ ;fGnsk ~ gfoGkfFs eod/ j'J/ d'jK d/ G/d ;gFN eo'.
2H ;fGnkuko T[j j? i' n;h_ jK ;fGnsk T[j j? i' ;kv/ e'b j?, “fJ; eEB dh
ftnkfynk eo'.”
3H ;fGnsk ~ fpnkB eod/ j'J/ fJ; dhnK ftF/FskJhnK s/ o'FBh gkU.
;zy/g ;tkb
(T) ;fGnkuko ~ gfoGkfFs eo'.
(n) ;fGnsk fe;~ nkyd/ jB.
(J) ;fGnsk dhnK e'Jh uko ftF/FskJhnK fby'.
(;) ;fGnsk ns/ ;fGnkuko d/ e'Jh uko nzso fby'.
1 3 H8 T[g:'rh g[;seK
;'F kfJNh L w?ekJhto n?_v g/}
fveFBoh nk\ ;"f;n"b "ih L n?uH n?cH c/noukJhbv
ebuob ;'f;n"b"ih L frbB n?_v frbB
;wki ftfrnkB d/ w{b ;zebg L ;ftzdoihs e"o

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phHJ/ H Gkr gfjbk ;wki ftfrnkB

2H1 L ;wki heoB

2H4 L ;z ; feq f se gSV/t K (Cultural Lag)

2H5 L ;z ; feq s h ns/ ;fGnsk (Cultural and Civilization)

B'N L ftfdnkoEh f;b/p; ftGkr dh t?Zp;kJhN

gkm BzL 2H1 b/fyek L vkH jfozdo e"o

(n) ;wkiheoB bJh ;jkfJe ekoeK d/ BK d;' .

(J) ;wkiheoB d/ gqfeqnk d/ fezB/ Fso jB s/ fejV/ <

9H7 ;wkiheoB d/ ;kXB (Agencies of Socialization)

gkm BzL 2H2 b/fyek L vkH jfozdo e"o

nkg/ dk ftek; L e{b,/ co'fJv ns/ whv

(J) whv B/ nkg/ d/ ftek; d/ fejV/ fszB gVkn d;/ jB <

1 0 H 5 f;z r wz v cokfJv dk ;wkiheoD dk f;XKs

(J) cokfJnK nB[;ko nkg/ dk ftek; fet/_ j[zdk j? <

gkm Bz po L 2 H3 b/ fyek LvkH jfoz d o e" o

gdkoEe ;fGnkuko ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko

1 1 H7 ;fGnkuko Bkb ;pz X s j' o ;z e bg

11H10 nfGnk; bJh gq F B

11H11 T[ g :' r h g[ ; seK L

gkm Bz L 2H4 b/ fyek L vkH jfozdo e"o

(n) gdkoEe s/ ngdkoEe ;fGnkuko ftu eh nzso j? <

(J) ;fGnkukoe gSV/tK eh j[zdk j? <

(;) ;fGnkukoe gSV/t/_ d/ eh ekoB jB <

gkm BzL 2 H5 b/ ye L vkH jfozdo e" o

;fGnkuko ns/ ;fGnsk

(n) ;fGnsk s/ ;fGnkuko ftu G/d f;ZX eo'.

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