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Mathematics Measurements

Brief summary of the measurements topic grade 11

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19 views

Mathematics Measurements

Brief summary of the measurements topic grade 11

Uploaded by

msibisiyabonga691
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEASUREMENTS

Key Concepts
1. Measurement:
• The process of determining the size, length, area, volume, or other physical quantity
of an object or space.
• Involves using appropriate units of measurement such as meters, liters, kilograms,
etc.
• Measurement units can be in different systems like the metric system (SI) or imperial
system.
2. Unit Conversion:
• Converting between different units of the same dimension (length, mass, volume,
etc.).
• Examples of conversions: 1m=100cm, 1km=1000m, 1L=1000mL.

1. Length and Perimeter


• Length is the distance from one point to another.
• Units: Meters (m), centimeters (cm), millimeters (mm), kilometers (km), etc.
• Perimeter is the total distance around the boundary of a two-dimensional shape.
• Perimeter Formulas:
• For a Rectangle: P=2(l+w)
• For a Square: P=4s
• For a Circle (Circumference): C=2πr
• For a Triangle: P=a+b+c (sum of the sides)
Example:
• For a rectangle with length 5 m and width 3 m: P=2(5+3)=16m

2. Area
• Area measures the amount of space inside a two-dimensional figure.
• Units: Square meters (m²), square centimeters (cm²), square kilometers (km²), etc.
• Area Formulas:
• For a Rectangle: A=l×w
• For a Square: A=s2
• For a Triangle: A=21×b×h
• For a Circle: A=πr2
• For a Parallelogram: A=b×h
• For a Trapezium: A=21×(a+b)×h
Example:
• For a rectangle with length 5 m and width 3 m: A=5×3=15m2

3. Volume
• Volume measures the amount of three-dimensional space an object occupies.
• Units: Cubic meters (m³), liters (L), cubic centimeters (cm³), etc.
• Volume Formulas:
• For a Cube: V=s3
• For a Rectangular Prism (Cuboid): V=l×w×h
• For a Cylinder: V=πr2h
• For a Sphere: V=34πr3
• For a Cone: V=31πr2h
• For a Pyramid: V=31×Abase×h
Example:
• For a rectangular prism with length 4 m, width 3 m, and height 2 m: V=4×3×2=24m3

4. Surface Area
• Surface area is the total area of the outer surface of a three-dimensional object.
• Surface Area Formulas:
• For a Cube: A=6s2
• For a Rectangular Prism: A=2lw+2lh+2wh
• For a Sphere: A=4πr2
• For a Cylinder: A=2πr2+2πrh
• For a Cone: A=πr2+πrl (where l is the slant height)
Example:
• For a sphere with radius 3 m: A=4π(3)2=4π(9)=36π≈113.1m2

5. Angles and Their Measurement


• Angle: Formed by two rays originating from the same point (vertex).
• Types of angles: Acute (< 90°), Right (90°), Obtuse (> 90° but < 180°), Reflex (>
180°), and Straight (180°).
• Units: Degrees (°), Radians (rad).
• Angle Sum Properties:
• The sum of the angles in a triangle is always 180∘.
• The sum of the angles in a quadrilateral is always 360∘.
• Complementary Angles: Two angles whose sum is 90∘.
• Supplementary Angles: Two angles whose sum is 180∘.
Example:
• In a triangle with angles 60∘ and 50∘, the third angle is:
angleThird angle=180∘−60∘−50∘=70∘

6. Trigonometry
• Sine, Cosine, and Tangent:
• Sine: sin(θ)=hypotenuseopposite
• Cosine: cos(θ)=hypotenuseadjacent
• Tangent: tan(θ)=adjacentopposite
• Pythagoras Theorem:
• For a right-angled triangle:
a2+b2=c2
Where a and b are the legs, and c is the hypotenuse.
• Trigonometric Ratios in Right-Angled Triangles:
• These ratios allow you to calculate unknown sides or angles in right-angled triangles.

7. Mensuration in 3D Geometry
• Frustum of a Cone: The volume and surface area of the frustum can be calculated using
specific formulas involving the radii of the two circular ends and the height.
• Volume of Frustum: V=31πh(r12+r1r2+r22)
Where r1 and r2 are the radii of the top and bottom bases, and h is the height.
• Surface Area of a Frustum:
A=π(r1+r2)l+πr12+πr22
Where l is the slant height of the frustum.

8. Real-World Applications of Measurement


• Conversions: Converting between different units (e.g., from km to m, cm to mm).
• Scale: Using scale drawings and models to represent actual measurements.
• Estimation: Approximating lengths, areas, or volumes in real-world contexts.

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