INTRODUCTION

A mobile battery charger circuit is a device that can automatically recharge a

mobile phone’s battery when the power in it gets low. Nowadays mobile phones
have become an integral part of everyone’s life and hence require frequent
charging of battery owing to longer duration usage.

Battery chargers come as simple, trickle, timer-based, intelligent, universal battery

charger-analyzers, fast, pulse, inductive, USB based, solar chargers, and motion
powered chargers. These battery chargers also vary depending on the applications
like a mobile phone charger, battery charger for vehicles, electric vehicle batteries
chargers and charge stations.

Charging methods are classified into two categories: fast charge method and slow
charge method. Fast charge is a system used to recharge a battery in about two
hours or less than this, and the slow charge is a system used to recharge a battery
throughout the night. Slow charging is advantageous as it does not require any
charge detection circuit. Moreover, it is cheap as well. The only drawback of this
charging system is that it takes maximum time to recharge a battery.
 Auto-Turn off Battery Charger

This project aims to automatically disconnect a battery from the mains when the
battery gets fully charged. This system can be used to charge partially discharged
cells as well. The circuit is simple and consists of AC-DC converter, relay drivers,
and charge stations.
 Circuit Description

In an AC-DC converter section, the transformer step-downs the available AC

supply to 9v AC at 75o mA which is rectified by using a full-wave rectifier and
then filtered by the capacitor. The 12v DC charging voltage is provided by the
regulator and when the switch S1 is pressed, the charger starts working and the
power-on LED glows to indicate the charger is ‘on’.
The relay driver section consists of PNP transistors to energize the electromagnetic
relay. This relay is connected to the collector of the first transistor and it is driven
by a second PNP transistor which in turn is driven by the PNP transistor.

In the charging section, the regulator IC is biased to give about 7.35V. To adjust
the bias voltage, preset VR1 is used. A D6 diode is connected between the output
of the IC and a limiting output voltage of the battery up to 6.7V is used for
charging the battery.

When the switch is pushed, it latches relay and starts charging the battery. As the
voltage per cell increases beyond 1.3V, the voltage drop starts decreasing at R4.
When the voltage falls below 650 mV, then the T3 transistor cuts off and drives to
T2 transistor and in turn, cuts off transistor T3. As a result, relay RL1 gets de-
energized to cut off the charger and red LED1 is turned off.

The charging voltage, depending on the NiCd cell, can be determined with the
specifications provided by the manufacturer. The charging voltage is set at 7.35V
for four 1.5V cells. Currently, 700mAH cells, which can be charged at 70 mA for
ten hours, are available in the market. The voltage of the open circuit is about
1.3V.
C-rate

Charge and discharge rates are often given as C or C-rate, which is a measure of
the rate at which a battery is charged or discharged relative to its capacity. The C-
rate is defined as the charge or discharge current divided by the battery's capacity
to store an electrical charge. While rarely stated explicitly, the unit of the C-rate
is h−1, equivalent to stating the battery's capacity to store an electrical charge in unit
hour times current in the same unit as the charge or discharge current. The C-rate is
never negative, so whether it describes a charging or discharging process depends
on the context.

For example, for a battery with a capacity of 500 mAh, a discharge rate of
5000 mA (i.e., 5 A) corresponds to a C-rate of 10C, meaning that such a current
can discharge 10 such batteries in one hour. Likewise, for the same battery a
charge current of 250 mA corresponds to a C-rate of C/2, meaning that this current
will increase the state of charge of this battery by 50% in one hour.

All charging and discharging of batteries generates internal heat, and the amount of
heat generated is roughly proportional to the current involved (a battery's current
state of charge, condition / history, etc. are also factors). As some batteries reach
their full charge, cooling may also be observed. [7] Battery cells which have been
built to allow higher C-rates than usual must make provision for increased heating.
But high C-ratings are attractive to end users because such batteries can be charged
more quickly, and produce higher current output in use. High C-rates typically
require the charger to carefully monitor battery parameters such as terminal voltage
and temperature to prevent overcharging and so damage to the cells. Such high
charging rates are possible only with some battery types. Others will be damaged
or possibly overheat or catch fire. Some batteries may even explode. [8] For
example, an automobile SLI (starting, lighting, ignition) lead-acid battery
carries several risks of explosion. A newer type of charger is known as a solid state
charger. This overcomes the limitations of liquid batteries.
CIRCUIT OF BATTERY CHARGER
WORKING OF MOBILE BATTERY
CHARGER

A mobile charger works by converting AC (alternating current) from a power

outlet into DC (direct current) that can be used to charge a mobile device. The
main components of a mobile charger include a transformer, rectifier, capacitor,
voltage regulator, and USB port.

1. Transformer: The transformer steps down the voltage from the power
outlet to a lower level that is safe for charging a mobile device.
2. Rectifier: The rectifier converts the AC voltage into DC voltage, which is
required for charging the mobile device.
3. Capacitor: The capacitor helps to smooth out any fluctuations in the DC
voltage, providing a more stable and consistent power supply to the
mobile device.
4. Voltage Regulator: The voltage regulator ensures that the output voltage
remains constant, regardless of any fluctuations in the input voltage or
changes in the load.
5. USB Port: The USB port is where the charging cable is connected,
allowing the DC power to be transferred from the charger to the mobile
device.

These components work together to provide a safe and efficient charging process
for mobile devices.
Types

Simple charger

A simple charger for NiCd batteries that outputs 300 mA of 12V DC

A simple charger works by supplying a constant DC or pulsed DC power source to

a battery being charged. A simple charger typically does not alter its output based
on charging time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple
charger is inexpensive, but there are tradeoffs. Typically, a carefully designed
simple charger takes longer to charge a battery because it is set to use a lower (i.e.,
safer) charging rate. Even so, many batteries left on a simple charger for too long
will be weakened or destroyed due to over-charging. These chargers also vary in
that they can supply either a constant voltage or a constant current, to the battery.
Simple AC-powered battery chargers usually have much higher ripple current and
ripple voltage than other kinds of battery chargers because they are inexpensively
designed and built. Generally, when the ripple current is within a battery's
manufacturer recommended level, the ripple voltage will also be well within the
recommended level. The maximum ripple current for a typical 12 V 100 Ah VRLA
battery is 5 amps. As long as the ripple current is not excessive (more than 3 to 4
times the battery manufacturer recommended level), the expected life of a ripple-
charged VRLA battery will be within 3% of the life of a constant DC-charged
battery.
Fast charger
Fast chargers make use of control circuitry to rapidly charge the batteries without
damaging any of the cells in the battery. The control circuitry can be built into the
battery (generally for each cell) or in the external charging unit, or split between
both. Most such chargers have a cooling fan to help keep the temperature of the
cells at safe levels. Most fast chargers are also capable of acting as standard
overnight chargers if used with standard NiMH cells that do not have the special
control circuitry.

Three stage charger

To accelerate the charging time and provide continuous charging, an intelligent
charger attempts to detect the state of charge and condition of the battery and
applies a 3-stage charging scheme. The following description assumes a sealed
lead acid traction battery at 25 °C. The first stage is referred to as "bulk
absorption"; the charging current will be held high and constant and is limited by
the capacity of the charger. When the voltage on the battery reaches its outgassing
voltage (2.22 volts per cell) the charger switches to the second stage and the
voltage is held constant (2.40 volts per cell). The delivered current will decline at
the maintained voltage, and when the current reaches less than 0.005C the charger
enters its third stage and the charger output will be held constant at 2.25 volts per
cell. In the third stage, the charging current is very small 0.005C and at this voltage
the battery can be maintained at full charge and compensate for self-discharge.

Induction-powered charger
Inductive battery chargers use electromagnetic induction to charge batteries. A
charging station sends electromagnetic energy through inductive coupling to an
electrical device, which stores the energy in the batteries. This is achieved without
the need for metal contacts between the charger and the battery. Inductive battery
chargers are commonly used in electric toothbrushes and other devices used in
bathrooms. Because there are no open electrical contacts, there is no risk of
electrocution. Nowadays it is being used to charge wireless phones.
Smart charger

Example of a smart charger for AA and AAA batteries with integrated display for
status monitoring

A smart charger can respond to the condition of a battery and modify its charging
parameters accordingly, whereas "dumb" chargers apply a steady voltage, possibly
through a fixed resistance. It should not be confused with a smart battery that
contains a computer chip and communicates digitally with a smart charger about
battery condition. A smart battery requires a smart charger. Some smart chargers
can also charge "dumb" batteries, which lack any internal electronics.

The output current of a smart charger depends upon the battery's state. An
intelligent charger may monitor the battery's voltage, temperature or charge time to
determine the optimum charge current or terminate charging. For Ni-
Cd and NiMH batteries, the voltage of the battery increases slowly during the
charging process, until the battery is fully charged. After that, the
voltage decreases, which indicates to an intelligent charger that the battery is fully
charged. Such chargers are often labeled as a ΔV, "delta-V", or sometimes "delta
peak" charger, indicating that they monitor voltage change. This can cause even an
intelligent charger not to sense that the batteries are already fully charged, and
continue charging, the result of which may be overcharging. Many intelligent
chargers employ a variety of cut-off systems to prevent overcharging. A typical
smart charger fast-charges a battery up to about 85% of its maximum capacity in
less than an hour, then switches to trickle charging, which takes several hours to
top off the battery to its full capacity.
Motion-powered charger
A linear induction or "shake" flashlight, charged by shaking along its long axis,
causing magnet (visible at right) to slide through a coil of wire (center) to generate
electricity

Several companies have begun making devices that charge batteries using energy
from human motion, such as walking. An example, made by Tremont Electric,
consists of a magnet held between two springs that can charge a battery as the
device is moved up and down. Such products have not yet achieved significant
commercial success.
A pedal-powered charger for mobile phones fitted into desks has been created for
installation in public spaces, such as airports, railway stations and universities.
They have been installed in a number of countries on several continents.

Pulse charger
Some chargers use pulse technology, in which a series of electrical pulses is fed to
the battery. The DC pulses have a strictly controlled rise time, pulse width, pulse
repetition rate (frequency) and amplitude. This technology works with any size and
type of battery, including automotive and valve-regulated ones. With pulse
charging, high instantaneous voltages are applied without overheating the battery.
In a lead–acid battery, this breaks down lead-sulfate crystals, thus greatly
extending the battery service life.
Several kinds of pulse chargers are patented, [15][16][17] while others are open source
hardware. Some chargers use pulses to check the current battery state when the
charger is first connected, then use constant current charging during fast charge,
then use pulse mode to trickle charge it. [18] Some chargers use "negative pulse
charging", also called "reflex charging" or "burp charging". These chargers use
both positive and brief.
Solar charger

Varta Solar Charger Model 57082 with two 2100 mAh Ni-MH rechargeable
batteries

Solar chargers convert light energy into low voltage DC current. They are
generally portable, but can also be fixed mounted. Fixed mount solar chargers are
also known as solar panels. These are often connected to the electrical grid via
control and interface circuits, whereas portable solar chargers are used off-grid
(i.e. cars, boats, or RVs).
Although portable solar chargers obtain energy only from the sun, they can charge
in low light like at sunset. Portable solar chargers are often used for trickle
charging, though some can completely recharge batteries.

Several kinds of pulse chargers are patented, while others are open source
hardware. Some chargers use pulses to check the current battery state when the
charger is first connected, then use constant current charging during fast charge,
then use pulse mode to trickle charge it. Some chargers use "negative pulse
charging", also called "reflex charging" or "burp charging". These chargers use
both positive and brief.
USB-based charger
Since the Universal Serial Bus specification provides five-volt power, it is possible
to use a USB cable to connect a device to a power supply. Products based on this
approach include chargers for cellular phones, portable digital audio players,
and tablet computers. They may be fully compliant USB peripheral devices or
uncontrolled, simple chargers. Another type of USB charger called "USB
(rechargeable) battery" is fitted into the case of standard batteries (1.5 V AA, C, D,
and 9 V block) together with a Li-ion rechargeable battery, voltage converter, and
USB connector.

Battery cases
Battery cases are small power banks attached to the rear side of a mobile phone
like a case. Power may be delivered through the USB charging
ports,or wirelessly. Battery cases also exist in the form of a camera grip accessory,
as was for the Nokia Lumia 1020. For mobile phones with removable rear
cover, extended batteries exist. These are larger internal batteries attached with a
dedicated, more spacious rear cover replacing the default one. A disadvantage is
incompatibility with other phone cases while attached.

Rental/exchange
In some parts of the world, there are kiosk based power bank rental or subscription
services. Customers pay for the use of power bank for a specified period of time
and return the depleted power bank to the kiosk. In one case with a brand called
FuelRod, it was sold at an elevated price at various amusement parks with the
understanding that they get a perk of free exchange at participating
locations. FuelRod moved to discontinue the free exchange in 2019 and resulted in
a class-action lawsuit reaching a settlement that early adopters would be
grandfathered to free exchange privileges.
Power bank

USB power bankPower bank with digital charging state display

A power or battery bank is a portable device that stores energy in its built-in
battery. Power banks are made in various sizes and typically based on lithium ion
batteries. A power bank contains battery cells and a voltage converter circuitry.
The internal DC-DC converter manages battery charging and converts the battery
stack's voltage to the desired output voltage. The advertised capacity on the
product in many instances is based on the capacity of the internal cells, however
the theoretical mAh available to output depends on the output voltage. The
conversion circuit has some energy losses, so the actual output is less than
theoretical. The theoretical mAh of a 3.7v battery power bank with 5v output is
74% of the battery mAh rating. The RavPower RP-PB41 with advertised capacity
of 26,800mAh that was evaluated in the journal has a theoretical capacity is
19,832mAh, although the delivered capacity was 15,682mAh, 78% of theoretical
value. Authors attributed the difference to internal resistance in battery and
converter losses The circuit board can contain additional features such as over
discharge protection, automatic shut off and charge level indication LEDs. Power
banks may be able to detect a connection and power on automatically. If the
current load is under a model-specific threshold for a specific duration, a power
bank may power down automatically.
Some power banks are able to deliver power wirelessly, some are equipped with an
LED flashlight for casual near-distance illumination when necessary, and some
have a pass-through charging feature which allows providing power through their
USB ports while being charged themselves
 Conclusion
In this project we designed and implemented an MPPT charge controller circuit
from scratch. The main goal was to deliver power from an array of solar panels to a
Li-ion battery in order to charge it. To obtain charging efficiency, we set up a
maximum power-point tracking circuit that would ensure that the greatest amount
of power is delivered to the battery. The Buck-converter was used to regulate the
voltage delivered to the battery. Since the solar panels generate a much higher
voltage than what the battery requires to reach full charge, the Buck-converter

We optimize our Buck-converter by choosing inductance and capacitance values

so that the power is maximized at near 4 V, which is the perfect voltage for
charging the 3.7 V Li-ion battery. Combined with our charge controller, which
decreases the amount of voltage flowing into the battery as the battery voltage
approaches 3.7 V, our battery will never be overcharged. The USB Port and
adapter prevent the battery from overdischarging, as it shuts down when the battery

The Arduino Uno microcontroller is the heart of this circuit, providing the PWM
and the sensing capabilities that allow for MPPT and charge control. It is powered
by the solar panels, thus taking away the need for more power sources. Our project
successfully demonstrates how harnessing solar energy can be used to charge
devices with a USB connect capability at a low cost. This project provides a
potential solution to the very real problem of needing to charge personal devices,.

In order to make the battery charger design presented here more realistic, it is
necessary to add various protection methods. In the future, we hope to equip out
current design with thermal sensors that will allow the detection.
REFERENCE
1. https://www.integrasources.com/blog/dc-motor-controller-design-
principles/#:~:text=A%20traditional%20BDC%20motor
%20controller,motor%20rotates%20in%20one%20direction .
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_controller
3. TECHMAX TEXTBOOK
4. https://wiki.st.com/stm32mcu/wiki/
STM32MotorControl:Introduction_to_Motor_Control_with_STM32