Ln 2 - Acid Bases and Salts

Acids: Acids are the chemical substances which are sour in taste, corrosive in nature, turn blue litmus red. For e.g.HCl, H2SO4 , citric acid, etc.
Base: Bases are the chemical substances which are bitter in taste, feel soapy on touch and turn red litmus paper blue.
For e.g. Sodium hydroxide(NaOH) , calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 , etc.
Indicators: Substances which show a change of colour or odour in acids and bases are known as indicators.
Types of Indicator:
1.Natural Indicator: Indicators which are obtained from natural sources are called natural indicators. For e.g.Litmus, turmeric, red cabbage, China rose, etc.
2. Olfactory Indicators: Substances which change their odour in acid or base are known as olfactory indicators. For example onion strips, vanilla, clove, etc.
3.Synthetic Indicator: Indicators that are prepared in laboratory are known as synthetic indicators. For example; phenolphthalein, methyl orange, etc.
Tables of indicators to be drawn

Types of Acids: Acids are divided into two types

(I)on the basis of their occurrence – Natural acids and Mineral acids.
1.Natural Acid/organic acids: Acids which are obtained from natural sources are
called natural acids or organic acids.
Tables of organic acids to be drawn PG NO.28, TABLE 2.3
2.Mineral Acids: Acids that are prepared from minerals are known as mineral
acids, inorganic acids, man-made acids or synthetic acid, such as hydrochloric
acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, carbonic acid etc.

(II) on the basis of action

STRONG ACIDS : Acids in which complete dissociation of hydrogen ion takes place are
called strong acid. For e.g. HCl , H2SO4 , etc.
WEAK ACIDS : Acids in which incomplete dissociation of hydrogen ion takes place are called
weak acids. For e.g. H2CO3 (carbonic acid) , CH3COOH(acetic acid) , citric acid , tartaric acid ,
etc.
Q. Carbonic acid being a mineral acid is a weak acid. Comment.
Ans.it do not dissociates completely into its ions.

IMPORTANT POINT TO REMEMBER

Note: 1. Acids ionise in their aqueous solution to furnish hydrogen ions which are
represented as H+ (aq) / H3O+ (hydronium ions)
HCl (aq) ⇨ H+ (aq) + Cl− (aq)
H2SO4 (aq) ⇨ 2 H+ (aq) + SO42−
2. Acids conduct electricity in their aqueous solution because of dissociation of hydrogen
ions.
3.A dry acid, such as dry hydrochloric acid does not change the colour of blue litmus
paper to red because a dry acid does not dissociate hydrogen ion. This is the cause that a
moist litmus paper is used to check the acidic or basic character of a gas.
4. All compounds which contain hydrogen are not acidic. For example; glucose (C 6H12O6),
methyl alcohol (CH3OH), etc. are not acid in spite of the fact that they contain hydrogen.
This is because these compounds do not ionise to furnish hydrogen ions in their aqueous
solution.
Properties of Acids:
1.Reaction of acids with metal: Acids give hydrogen gas along with respective salt when they react with a metal.
Metal + Acid ⇨ Salt + Hydrogen
Zn + 2HCl ⇨ ZnCl2 + H2 2Na + 2HCl ⇨ 2NaCl + H2
Test for hydrogen gas: If we bring a lighted candle/ matchstick near the gas and it burns with pop sound, then it confirms the evolution of
hydrogen gas.
2.Reaction of acids with metal carbonate:Acids give carbon dioxide gas and salts along with water when they react with metal carbonates.
Metal carbonate/ Metal hydrogen carbonate + Acid ⇨ Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water
Examples: Na2CO3 + 2HCl ⇨ 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O MgCO3 + 2HCl ⇨ MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O
CaCO3 + 2HCl ⇨ CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O CaCO3 + H2SO4 ⇨ CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 ⇨ Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + HCl ⇨ NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Test for evolution of carbon dioxide gas: Carbon dioxide turns lime water milky when passed through it. This is the characteristic test for
carbon dioxide gas. This happens because of formation of white precipitate of calcium carbonate.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⇨ CaCO3 + H2O
But when excess of carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, the milky colour of lime water disappear. This happens because of formation
of calcium bicarbonate. As calcium bicarbonate is soluble in water, thus the milky colour of solution mixture disappears.
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ⇨ Ca(HCO3 )2
Reaction of acids with marble and egg shell: Since, marble and egg shell are made of calcium carbonate, hence when acid is poured over
marble or egg shell, bubbles of carbon dioxide are formed.
Historical Monuments and Acid Rain: Acid rain causes damage to the historical monuments and other buildings. For example Taj Mahal, which
is made of marble, is getting damaged because of reaction with acid rain. Marble is calcium carbonate which reacts with the acid and thus gets
corroded.
3. Neutralisation Reaction: Reaction of an acid with a base to form salt and water is known as neutralization reaction.
Acid + Base ⇨ Salt + Water
Example: HCl + NaOH ⇨ NaCl + H2O
2HCl + Ca(OH)2 ⇨ CaCl2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2NaOH ⇨ Na2SO4 + 2H2O
4.Reaction of Acid with Metal Oxides: Metal oxides are basic in nature. Thus, when an acid reacts with a metal oxide both neutralize each
other, salt and water are formed.
Acid + Metal Oxide ⇨ Salt + Water
Example: 2HCl + CaO ⇨ CaCl2 + H2O H2SO4 + ZnO ⇨ ZnSO4 + H2O
Al2O3 + 6HCl ⇨ 2AlCl3 + 3H2O 2HCl + CuO ⇨ CuCl2 + H2O

BASES: A base ionizes in aqueous solution to furnish hydroxide ions, which is responsible for the basic behaviour of a compound. Example:
When sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water, it dissociates hydroxide ion and sodium ion.
NaOH (aq) ⇨ Na+ + OH−
Alkali is a base which is soluble in water. For example – sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc. Alkali is a strong base.

PROPERTIES OFBASES:
1. Reaction of Base with Metals: When alkali (base) reacts with metal, it produces salt and hydrogen gas.
Alkali + Metal ⇨ Salt + Hydrogen
Example: . 2NaOH + Zn ⇨ Na2ZnO2 + H2
(Sodium zincate)
2NaOH + 2Al + 2H2O ⇨ 2NaAlO2 + 3H2
(Sodium aluminate)
2. Reaction of base with oxides of non-metals: Non-metal oxides are acidic in nature. For example; carbon dioxide is a non-metal oxide. When
carbon dioxide is dissolved in water it produces carbonic acid.
Base + Non-metal oxide ⇨ Salt + Water
2NaOH + CO2 ⇨ Na2CO3 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⇨ CaCO3 + H2O

Dilution of Acid and Base: The process of addition of acid or base to water is called dilution and the acid or base is called dilution.

The dilution of acid or base is exothermic. Thus, acid or base is always added to water and water is never added to acid or base. If water is
added to a concentrated acid or base a lot of heat is generated, which may cause splashing out of acid or base and may cause severe damage
as concentrated acid and base are highly corrosive.

pH Scale: 1. pH scale is a scale used to measure the strength of acids and bases on the basis of hydrogen ion concentration.
2. In pH scale ‘p’ stands for ‘potenz’ Here; ‘H’ stands for hydrogen ion. Thus, pH means the power of hydrogen.
4. The range of pH scale is between 0 to 14.
3. If the concentration of hydrogen ion is greater than hydroxide ion, the solution is called acidic
For acidic solution , [H+] > [OH-] pH =0 to 7 If the value of pH is 0, then it is a very strong acid (conc HCl , conc H2SO4)
4. If the concentration of hydrogen ion is smaller than the hydroxide ion, the solution is called basic.
For basic solution , [H+] < [OH-] pH = 7 to 14 If the value of pH is 14, then it is a very strong base (conc NaOH , conc KOH )
5. If the concentration of hydrogen ion is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ion, the solution is called neutral solution.
For neutral solution , [H+] = [OH-] pH = 7 ( distilled water , NaCl solution)

Universal Indicator: Universal indicator indicates the strength as well as acidic and basic nature of a given solution. Universal indicator shows different colour at
different pH value from 1 to 14 for a given solution.
USES OF pH SCALE ON BOOK PG NO 26-28
Salt :Salts are the ionic compounds which are produced after the neutralization reaction between acid and base. Salts are electrically neutral.
Family of Salt: Salts having common acidic or basic ions are said to belong to same family.
Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl) and Calcium chloride (CaCl2) belong to chloride family.Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and calcium sulphate (CaSO4)
belong to calcium family.Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) belong to zinc family.
Acidic, Basic and Neutral Salts
Neutral Salt: Salts produced because of reaction between strong acid and strong base are neutral in nature. The pH of value of such salts is
equal to 7, i.e. neutral. Example; Sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, potassium chloride, etc.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is formed after the reaction between hydrochloric acid (a strong acid) and sodium hydroxide (a strong base).
Acidic salt:Salts which are formed after the reaction between a strong acid and weak base are called acidic salt. The pH value of acidic salt is
lower than 7. Example: ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride, etc.
Basic Salt: Salts which are formed after the reaction between weak acid and strong base are called basic salt. The pH value of basic salt is
greater than 7.For example; sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, etc.
Common Salt (Sodium Chloride)
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is also known as common or table salt. It is formed after the reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.
It is a neutral salt. The pH value of sodium chloride is about 7.
Important chemicals from sodium chloride:
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. It is obtained by the Chlor-Alkali process which is the electrolytic
decomposition of aqueous solution of sodium chloride (brine).
1.Brine decomposes to form sodium hydroxide.
2.Chlorine is obtained at anode and hydrogen gas is obtained at cathode.
2NaCl + 2H2O ⇨ 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2
Use of products of the Chlor Alkali Process:
a. Hydrogen gas is used as a fuel, for hydrogenation reaction, in manufacture of HCl , ammonia for fertilizer, etc.
b. Chlorine gas is used to disinfect and sterilize water , manufacturing of PVC (Poly vinyl chloride) , CFC(chloro fluoro carbons) ,
pesticides. It is also used in manufacturing of bleaching powder and hydrochloric acid.
c. Sodium hydroxide is used for de-greasing of metals, manufacturing of paper, soap, detergents, artificial fibres, bleach, etc.

Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2 ) Chemical name : calcium oxychloride : Bleaching powder is also known as chloride of lime. It is a solid and
yellowish white in colour. Bleaching powder can be easily identified by the strong smell of chlorine.
Preparation :When dry calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) reacts with chlorine, it gives bleaching powder and water is formed.
Ca(OH)2(s) + Cl2 ⇨ CaOCl2 + H2O
Use of bleaching powder:
• Bleaching powder is used as disinfectant to clean water.
• Bleaching powder is used for bleaching of cotton in textile industry, bleaching of wood pulp in paper industry. Chlorine in the
bleaching powder is responsible for bleaching effect
• Bleaching powder is used as oxidizing agent in many industries, such as textiles industry, paper industry, etc.
Baking Soda (NaHCO3 ) : The chemical name of baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3 ) or sodium bicarbonate.
Preparation :Baking soda is obtained by the reaction of brine (aqueous solution of sodium chloride) with carbon dioxide and ammonia. This is
known as Solvay process.
NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2O ⇨ NH4Cl + NaHCO3
Properties of sodium bicarbonate:
• Sodium bicarbonate is white crystalline solid, but it appears as fine powder.
• Sodium hydrogen carbonate is sparingly soluble in water.
• When baking soda is heated, it decomposes into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water.
2NaHCO3 + heat ⇨ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Use of Baking Soda:
1.Baking soda is used in making of baking powder.
2.Baking soda is used as antacid . It is used to relieve the ant’s sting or honey bee sting.
3.Baking soda is basic and is used in making toothpaste.
4.Baking soda reacts with sulphuric acid to release CO2 which acts as fire extinguisher.
2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2O
Acid and baking soda are kept in separate chambers in a fire extinguisher. In emergency, they react with one another. The carbon dioxide gas
so produced is poured over fire. As carbon dioxide does not support burning, it puts off the fire.
Baking powder: Baking powder is the mixture of baking soda and a mild edible acid like tartaric acid or citric acid .Baking powder produces
carbon dioxide on heating, so it is used in cooking to make the batter spongy. Although baking soda also produces carbon dioxide on heating,
but it is used less in cooking because on heating; baking soda produces sodium carbonate along with carbon dioxide. The sodium carbonate;
thus produced; makes the taste bitter.2NaHCO3 + heat ⇨ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
When baking powder is heated, the sodium carbonate formed neutralizes after reacting with tartaric acid and sodium tartarate salt is formed.
The smell of sodium tartarate is pleasant and taste is good .
Washing Soda (Sodium carbonate decahydrate Na2CO3.10H2O )
Sodium carbonate is manufactured by the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate obtained by Solvay process.
NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2O ⇨ NH4Cl + NaHCO3
2NaHCO3 + heat ⇨ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
The sodium carbonate obtained in this process is dry. It is called soda ash or anhydrous sodium carbonate. Washing soda is obtained by
rehydration of anhydrous sodium carbonate.
Na2CO3 + 10H2O ⇨ Na2CO3.10H2O
Use of sodium carbonate:
• It is used in cleaning of clothes, in making of detergent cake and powder.
• In removing permanent hardness of water.
• It is used in glass and paper industries.
Water of crystallization: Salts containing water molecules in their crystal structure are known as hydrated salts. The water molecule present in
the crystal structure of a salt is known as water of crystallization.
Copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O):Blue colour of copper sulphate is due to presence of 5 molecules of water. When copper
sulphate is heated, it loses water molecules and turns into grey-white colour, which is known as anhydrous copper sulphate. After adding
water; anhydrous copper sulphate becomes blue again.
CuSO4.5H2O + heat ⇨ CuSO4 +5 H2O
Ferrous Sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O): The green colour of Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate; commonly known as ferrous sulphate; is
due to the presence of 7 molecules of water in it.

Plaster of Paris (POP) (Chemical Formula: CaSO4.(1/2)H2O) Chemical name: Calcium sulphate hemi hydrate
Two molecules of calcium sulphate share one molecule of water in the crystal structure.
Plaster of Paris is obtained by heating of gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), calcium sulphate dihydrate , a hydrated salt of calcium at 373k.
CaSO4.2H2O + Heat ⇨ CaSO4.1/2H2O + 3/2 H2O
Temperature must not exceed 373K because at high temperature gypsum will lose all its water of crystallization and will turn into
anhydrous calcium sulphate or dead burnt plaster.
After addition of water, Plaster of Paris is again converted into gypsum and it sets into a hard mass.
CaSO4.(1/2)H2O + (3/2)H2O ⇨ CaSO4.2H2O
Note : Plaster of Paris (POP) is stored in moisture proof containers because it sets into a hard mass that is gypsum in the presence of
moisture which makes it useless after some time.
Uses of Plaster of Paris :
1. Doctors use Plaster of Paris to set the fractured bone.
2.Plaster of Paris is used in making of casts for statues, toys, designer false ceiling, etc.

Acids
classical concept of Acids/
Arrhenius concept of acids

According to Arrhenius concept of acids, an acid is a substance that

produces H+ ion when dissolve in water.
Examples-

HCl(aq) ---→ H+ + Cl-

H2SO4 (aq) ---→ H+ + SO42-
HNO3(aq) --→ H+ + NO3 –

Bases
classical concept of bases/
Arrhenius concept of bases
According to Arrhenius concept of bases, a base is a substance that
produces OH- ion when dissolve in water.
Examples-
NaOH(aq)---→ Na+ + OH-
KOH (aq) -→ K+ + OH-
Mg(OH)2 (aq) --→ Mg2+ + OH-