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Chapter 15.1 Notes - Earth Systems

notes on the Earths systems

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43 views

Chapter 15.1 Notes - Earth Systems

notes on the Earths systems

Uploaded by

chocolategangster13
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Earth Science

Chapter 15 – River Systems


Section 1 – The Water Cycle
STANDARDS:
SES1. Students will investigate the composition
and formation of Earth systems, including the
Earth’s relationship to the solar system.
e. Identify the transformations and major reservoirs that
make up the rock cycle, hydrologic cycle, carbon
cycle, and other important geochemical cycles.
SES3. Students will explore the actions of water,
wind, ice, and gravity that create landforms and
systems of landforms (landscapes).
a. Describe how surface water and groundwater act as
the major agents of physical and chemical
weathering.
SES6. Students will explain how life on Earth
responds to and shapes Earth systems.
a. Relate the nature and distribution of life on Earth,
including humans, to the chemistry and availability
of water.
b. Explain how geological and ecological processes
interact through time to cycle matter and energy,
and how human activity alters the rates of these
processes (e.g., fossil fuel formation and
combustion).
Objectives
• Outline the stages of the water cycle.
• Describe factors that affect a water budget.
• List two approaches to water conservation.
Movement of Water on Earth
water cycle - the continuous movement of water between
the atmosphere, the land, and the oceans
• More than two-thirds of Earth’s surface is covered with
water.
• In the atmosphere, water occurs as an invisible gas.
This gas is called water vapor. Liquid water also exists
in the atmosphere as small particles in clouds and fog.
• Earth’s water is constantly changing from one form to
another.
Evapotranspiration
• evapotranspiration the total loss of water from an
area, which equals the sum of the water lost by
evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and the
water lost by transpiration from organisms
• Each year, about 500,000 km3 of water evaporates into
the atmosphere. About 86% of this water evaporates
from the ocean.
• Water vapor also enters the air by transpiration, the
process by which plants and animals release water
vapor into the atmosphere.
Condensation
• condensation - the change of state from a gas to a
liquid
• When water vapor rises in the atmosphere, it expands
and cools.
• As the vapor becomes cooler; some of it condenses, or
changes into tiny liquid water droplets, and forms
clouds.
precipitation - any form of water that falls to Earth’s
surface from the clouds; includes rain, snow, sleet, and
hail
• About 75% of all precipitation falls on Earth’s oceans.
The rest falls on land and becomes runoff or
groundwater.
• Eventually, all of this water returns to the atmosphere
by evapotranspiration, condenses, and falls back to
Earth’s surface to begin the cycle again.

The image below shows the water cycle

READING CHECK
List the forms of precipitation.
Precipitation is any form of water that falls to Earth
from the clouds, including rain, snow, sleet, and
hail.
Water Budget
• In Earth’s water budget, precipitation is the
income. Evapotranspiration and runoff are the
expenses.
• The water budget of Earth as a whole is balanced
because the amount of precipitation is equal to
the amount of evapotranspiration and runoff.
• However, the water budget of a particular area,
called the local water budget, is usually not
balanced.
Factors That Affect the Water Budget
• Factors that affect the local water budget
include temperature, vegetation, wind, and the
amount and duration of rainfall.
• The factors that affect the local water budget
vary geographically.
• The local water budget also changes with the
seasons in most areas of Earth.
Water Use
• On average, each person in the United States
uses about 95,000 L (20,890.5 gal) of water each
year.
• As the population of the United States increases,
so does the demand for water.
• About 90% of the water used by cities and
industry is returned to rivers or to the oceans as
wastewater.
• Some of this wastewater contains harmful
materials, such as toxic chemicals and metals.
Conservation of Water
• Scientists have identified two ways to ensure
that enough fresh water is available today and in
the future.
• One way is through conservation or the wise use
of water resources.
• A second way to protect the water supply is to
find alternative methods of obtaining fresh
water.
desalination - a process of removing salt from ocean
water
• Desalination is expensive and is impractical for
supplying water to large populations.
• Currently, the best way of maintaining an
adequate supply of fresh water is the wise use
and conservation of the fresh water that is now
available.

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