7026 Appendices

Tabte 8.9.3 Utitity Summary for Unit 1000

Utitity cw cw tps nil tps cw tps cw tps cw

Equipment E-1001 E-1002 E-1003 E-1004 E-1005 E-1005 E-1007 E-1008 E-1009 E-1010
Flow 1995.0 1682.0 48.5 5182.0 t.07 54.5 10.19 378.0 3.85 't6.7

(tonne/h)

going to the organicphase (in this case DIPE). Distribution coefficients for the or-
for water/DJPE
lanii acias in ivater and DIPE as well as mutual solubility datau{nq a UNIFAC
ire desirable. The Process given in Figure 8.2 was simulated
thermodynamics packagu uia th" latent heat entha$y option on CHEMCAD and
should give reasonablf results for preliminary process design. Muq of_
F"
process Eackground material and proiess configuration was taken from the l'985
AtCtg student contest problem in Reference [5]. The kineticspresented above are
fictitious but should give reasonable preliminary estimates of reactor size'

8.9.4 References
1. Kurland, J. I.rand D: B. Bryan! "shipboard Polymerization of Acrylic Acid,"
Plant Operations Progress 6, no. 4 (L987):203-207 '
2. Krk-Othmer Encyctipedia of Chemical Technology,3rd ed., vol. L (New York:
'Encyctopraioand Sory 1978),330154.
|ohnWiley
3. o7 chemical Processing and Design, ed. I. J. McKetta and w' A.
Cunningham, vol. L (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1976),402428'
a. Sakuyaira, S., T. Ohara, N. Shimizu, and K. Kubota, "A New Oxidation
Process for Acrylic Acid from Propylene," Chemicnl Technology (June 1973):
3s0.
5. ',1986 Student Contest Problem," The AIChE Student Annual1,985, ed- B. Van
Wie, and R. A. Wills (AIChE,1986),52-82

B.1O PRODUCTION OF ACETONE VIA THE DEHYDROGENATION

0F ISOPROPYL ALCOH0L (IPA) 11,2,3, 41, UNIT 1100

The prevalent process for the production of acetone is as a by-product 9f- tne
manuJacture of phenol. Benzene is alkylated to cumene, which is further oxidized
to cumene hydr'operoxide and finally cleaved to yield phenol and acetone. How-
ever, the pto."tt thown in Figure n.tO.f and discussed here uses isopropyl alco-
hol (IPA) as the raw material. This is a viable commercial altemative, and a few
Appendix B Information for the pre[iminary Design of Eteven chemical processes
1027

v-1101 p-1101A/B E-1101 R-1101 E-1102 E-1103 P-1102A/B H-1101 V-.t.to2 T-1 101
IPA Feed
Feed IPA lpA Feed lpA Reactor Trim Reactor Reactor phase Acetone
Drum Pumps Vaporizer Reactor Effluent Cooler Cooler Heater Pumps Fumace Seoarator Stripper
Process Water

Figure 8.10.1 unit 1100: production of Acetone from Isopropyl Alcohol pFD

plants continue to operate using this process. The primary advantage of this
process is that the acetone produced is free from trace ato*"ti. .o-porlrds,
p"r-
ticularly benzene. For this reason, acetone produced from IpA may be favorei
by
the pharmaceutical industry due to the very tight restrictions ptaced on solvents
by the Food and Drug Administration 6oey. rre reaction to produce acetone
from IPA is as follows.

(cHs)zcHoH -> (CHr)rCO + H,

lsopropyl Alcohol Acetone

The reaction conditions are typically 2 bar and 350oc, giving single-pass
conver-
sions of 85%-92%.

8.10.1 Process Description

l:futtTs_Jo Figure 8.10.1, an azeotropic mixture of isopropyl alcohol and water

(88 wt% IPA) is fed into a surge ,resser (v-1101), wherelt is
mixea with the recy-
cled unreacted IPA/water mixture, stream j.4. This material is then pumped
and
1028
' APPendices

T-1 1 02 E-1104 v-l103 E-1105 P-1103A,/B P-1104A/B T-1103 E-1106 E-1107 V-1104 P'11051/8 E 1108
Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone Acetone IPA ' tPA IPA IPA tPA IPA Waste'

Column Overhead Beflux' Reboi|erRef|uxCo|umnColumnoVerheadReboi|erRe|luxRe|luxwater

Condenser Drum Pumps Pumps Condenser Drum Pumps Cooler

P-1 103 A/B

P-1 105 A/B

P-l 104 A/B Wastewaler

TBWS Desions - Ac€tone Proce

DEmby Oeia
Ch€.lGdby Oab
Apprcv€dby_ Dato

DNing No.-
- -
BeviElm

- -
-
Figure 8.10.1 (Continued)

vaporized pdor to entering the reactor. Heat is provided for the endothermic re-
action using a circulating stream of moltm salt, Stream 4. The reactor effluent,
hydiogen, water, and unreacted IPA, is cooled in two ex-
"u""tor,",
containing
-prior
changers to enteringlthe Phase seParator (V-1102). The vapor-leaving the
sep"r"utorl scrubbed with water to recover additional acetone, and then this liq-
uia is combined with the liquid from the separator and smt !9 d"" separations
(99.9 mole %) and
section. Two towers are usea to separate the acetone product
to
to remove the excess water from the r:nused IPA, which is then recycled back
the front end of the process as an azeotropic mixture. Stream sununaries, prelimi;
nary equipment an'd udlity summaries ale given in Tables B.l'0.1, 8.10'2 and
B.10.3, iespectively

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1034 Appendices

Tabte 8.10.3 Summary Tabte Unit 1100

Utitity hps cw tps lps

Equipment E-1101 E-1102 E-1103 E-1104 E-1105 E-1105 E-1107 E-1108

Flow 2.09 77.90 13.50 74.00 1.68 176.00 3.55 4.16

(tonne/h)

8.10.2 Reaction Kinetics

The reaction to form acetone from isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) is endothermic,
with a standard heat of reaction of 62.9 kj/mol. The reaction is kinetically con-
trolled and occurs in the vapor phase over a catalyst. The reaction kinetics for this
reaction are first order with respect to the concentration of alcohol and can be es-
timated from the following equation [3,4]:
kmol
-rrPA=h*P[- #]t* m3reactot s

where Eo: 72.38MJ/kmol, ko = 3.51 x rOu:#3L , CtpA =

m'reactor s "'- * m-gas

In practice, several side reactions can occur to a small extent. Thus, trace quanti-
tieJ of propylene, diisopropyl ether, acetaldehyde, and other hydrocarbons and
oxides of carbon can be formed [1]. The noncondensables are removed with the
hydrogen, and the aldehydes and ethers may be removed with acid washing or
adsorption. These side reactions are not accor:nted for in this preliminary design.
For the design presented in Figure 8.10.1, the reactor was simulated with
catalyst in 2-in (50.4 mm) diameter tubes, each 20 feet (6.095 m)long, and with a
cocurrent flow of a heat transfer medium on the shell side of the shell-and-tube
reactor. The resulting arrangement gives a90oh conversion of IPA Per Pass.

8.10.3 Simulation (CHEMCAD) Hints

Isopropyl alcohol and water form a minimum boiling point azeotroPe at 88 wt%
isopropyl alcohol and 12 wtTo water. Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data are
available from several sources and can be used to back-calculate binary interac-
tion parameters or liquid-phase activity coefficients. The process presented in
Figuri 8.3 and Table 8.6 was simulated using the UMQUAC VLE thermodynam-
ics package and the latent heat enthalpy option in the CHEMCAD simulator. This
package correctly predicts the formation of the azeotrope at 88 wt% alcohol.

8.10.4 References
1.. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,3d ed., vol. i. (New York:
John Wiley & Sons, 1976),179-191..