Notes
Notes
Notes
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
• When 2 parallel, current carrying wires are placed at some distance r from
each other, they will experience a force on each other, due to magnetic
field produced by each other
• Let the wires A and B, carrying current iA and iB respectively are placed r
distance apart and parallel to each other
1. Magnetic field(BB) at any point on wire A due to current iB on wire B will
be perpendicular to the plane having both wires and in the upwards
direction (direction given by right hand thumb rule)
BB = μoiB/(2πr)
Force per unit length (FA/B)on wire A due to magnetic field (BB) produced
by wire B will be given by:
FA/B =iABB sin90° = iABB
∴ FA/B =μoiAiB/(2πr)
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
Note: Both the forces FA/B and FB/Aare equal and towards each other, meaning
the both the current carrying wires will be attracted towards each other
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
• On proceeding in the similar manner as the first case, we will find that the
values of forces will be the same, only their directions get reversed (refer
the diagram above)
• The forces will be equal but this time away from each other, i.e., the wires
will move away from each other (repel each other)
Question:
Two parallel straight wires A and B, of length 10cm are carrying currents of 8A
and 5A respectively in the same direction. The distance between the wires is
4cm. Find the force acting on wire A due to wire B. Will the force acting on
wire B due to wire A be the same as the above answer?
Answer:
Given, L = 0.1m, iA = 8A, iB = 5A, r = 0.04m
Force between two straight, parallel current carrying wires is given by:
F = μoiAiBL/(2πr) = 4π×10-7×8×5×0.1/(2π×0.04) = 2×10-5N
∴F = 2×10-5N, directed towards wire B (ans)
Yes, the force acting on wire A due to wire B will be equal to the force on wire
B due to A.
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
• The above equation shows that torque depends on the angle θ between
magnetic moment and magnetic field.
• Torque will be maximum when θ = 90°(magnetic moment is normal to the
magnetic field)
• Torque will be minimum (ԏ = 0) when θ = 0° or 180° (magnetic moment is
parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field). In this case, the system is said
to be in equilibrium.
• In the case of θ = 0°, the system will be in stable equilibrium, i.e. if the loop
is given a small angular displacement, the loop will come back to the initial
position and angle will be 0 again
• In the case of θ = 180°, the system is said to be in the unstable equilibrium,
i.e. if the loop is given a small angular displacement, the angular
displacement will increase further
• Note: For N number of turns, the magnetic moment will be given by:
• m = NiA
The above equation of torque on a loop in a magnetic field is comparable to
the torque on a dipole in an electric field:
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
• Hence, we can see that current loop behaves as a magnetic dipole with
when viewed as anticlockwise current loop representing north pole, and
when viewed as clockwise current loop representing south pole
Question:
A square coil of side 10cm, having 20turns and carrying a current of 12A, is
suspended vertically, and normal to the plane of coil makes an angle of 30°
with the uniform magnetic field of 0.8T. Calculate the magnitude of torque
experienced by the coil.
Will the answer change if square coil is replaced by any other coil of same area,
other values being fixed?
Answer:
Given, L = 0.1m, N = 20, i = 12A, θ = 30°, B = 0.8T
The torque experienced by the coil is given by:
ԏ = NiABsinθ = 20×12×(0.1×0.1)×0.8×sin30° = 0.96Nm
∴ԏ = 0.96Nm (ans)
The answer will still be the same if shape of coil is changed, because torque
depends on the net area of loop (which is fixed).
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
• After the above discussion, now we know that current loop behaves as a
magnetic dipole. In this topic we will discuss about the circular current
loop
• Magnetic field at a distance x on the axis passing through the center of
the of the circular current(i) carrying loop and normal to the plane of
loop is given by:
B = μoiR2/2(x2 + R2)3/2
• If the point is very far from the current loop (x ˃˃ R), then the magnetic
field will be:
B = μoiR2/(2x3)
Multiplying numerators and denominators by π:
B = μoiπR2/(2πx3)
B = μoiA/(2πx3) =μom/(2πx3)
∴ B = μo2m/(4πx3)
• Comparing the above equation to the electric field E due to electric dipole
of moment p at an axial point: E = 2p/(4πƐox3)
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
• Using the above comparison, we can also use the value of electric field E
due to electric dipole of moment p at an equatorial point to evaluate the
magnetic field at the equatorial point
• E = p/(4πƐox3)
• ∴ B = μom/(4πx3)
• We all know that a moving charge constitutes current. Same can be said
about an electron revolving around a nucleus
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
The pivoted spring of spring constant k would oppose the above torque with
restoring torque C given by: C = kΦ
Here, Φ is the angular deflection of spring
Both, the torque, and the restoring torque would be equal:
kΦ = NiAB
Φ = NiAB/k
In the above equation, except for current, every other quantity on the right
hand side is constant for a galvanometer, hence: Φ ∝ i
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
• So, the equivalent resistance of ammeter is very less, which is a must for
sensitivity of ammeter to be higher. Also, most of the current will pass
through the shunt, thus protecting the galvanometer from any damage.
• Ammeter is connected in series with the circuit where current is to be
measured
• Current sensitivity(deflection per unit current) of galvanometer is given by:
Φ/i = NAB/k
• To use galvanometer as a voltmeter, we need to connect a wire, with very
high resistance(Rw˃˃Rg), in series with the galvanometer to ensure that our
voltmeter equivalent resistance is high and so that it will draw a very small
current. Equivalent resistance will be given by:
R = R g + Rw = R w
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Class 12 Physics | Moving Charges And Magnetism | Part-2
Question:
2 moving coil galvanometers M1 and M2(having the same spring constants),
have the following specifications: R1 = 10Ω, N1 = 30, A1 = 3.6×10-3m2, B1 = 0.25T
R2 = 14Ω, N2 = 42, A2 = 1.8×10-3m2, B2 = 0.5T
Find the ratios of current and voltage sensitivities between the 2
galvanometers.
Answer:
current sensitivity is given by:
Φ/i = NAB/k
(Φ/i)1 = (30×3.6×10-3×0.25)/k
(Φ/i)2 = (42×1.8×10-3×0.5)/k
∴(Φ/i)1/(Φ/i)2 = (30×3.6×10-3×0.25)/(42×1.8×10-3×0.5) = 5/7 (ans)
Voltage sensitivity is given by:
Φ/V = NAB/(KR)
(Φ/V)1 = (30×3.6×10-3×0.25)/(k×10)
(Φ/V)2 = (42×1.8×10-3×0.5)/(k×14)
∴ (Φ/V)1/(Φ/V)2 = (30×3.6×10-3×0.25×14)/(42×1.8×10-3×0.5×10) = 1 (ans)
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