ASSIGNMENT ON:- ROLE OF NGO’s & INGO’S

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S.No. TABLE OF CONTENTS Pg.No.

1. INTRODUCTION 03

2. ORIGIN OF NGO 03-04

3. ROLE OF NGO 04-05

4. ROLE OF INGO 05-07

6. DISTINCTION BETWEEN NGO & INGO 08

7. CONCLUSION 09

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I.INTRODUCTION
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a legally constituted organization
created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any
government and a term usually used by governments to refer to entities that
have no government status. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or
partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by
excluding government representatives from membership in the organization.
The term is usually applied only to organizations that pursue some wider social
aim that has political aspects, but that are not overtly political organizations
such as political parties. Unlike the term "intergovernmental organization", the
term "non-governmental organization" has no generally agreed legal definition.
In many jurisdictions, these types of organization are called "civil society
organizations" or referred to by other names.
The number of internationally operating NGOs is estimated at 40,000. National
numbers are even higher: Russia has 277,000 NGOs; India is estimated to have
around 3.3 million NGOs.

II.ORIGIN OF NGO
International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at
least 1839.It has been estimated that by 1914 there were 1083 NGOs.
International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the
movement for women's suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World
Disarmament Conference.However, the phrase "non-governmental
organization" only came into popular use with the establishment of the United
Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the
United Nations Charter for a consultative role for organizations which are
neither governments nor member states—see Consultative Status. The
definition of "international NGO" (INGO) is first given in resolution 288 (X) of
ECOSOC on February 27, 1950: it is defined as "any international organization
that is not founded by an international treaty". The vital role of NGOs and
other "major groups" in sustainable development was recognized in Chapter 27
of Agenda 21, leading to intense arrangements for a consultative relationship
between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations.

Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western

countries as a result of the processes of restructuring of the welfare state.
Further globalization of that process occurred after the fall of the communist
system and was an important part of the Washington consensus.
Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs.
Many problems could not be solved within a nation. International treaties and

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international organizations such as the World Trade Organization were
perceived as being too centred on the interests of capitalist enterprises. Some
argued that in an attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed
to emphasize humanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable
development. A prominent example of this is the World Social Forum, which is
a rival convention to the World Economic Forum held annually in January in
Davos, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in
January 2005 was attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs.
Some have argued that in forums like these, NGOs take the place of what
should belong to popular movements of the poor. Others argue that NGOs are
often imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate in a racialized manner
in third world countries, and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the
clergy during the high colonial era. The philosopher Peter Hallward argues that
they are an aristocratic form of politics.Whatever the case, NGO transnational
networking is now extensive.

III.ROLE OF NGO
Among the wide variety of roles that NGOs play, the following six can be
identified as important, at the risk of generalization:
• Development and Operation of Infrastructure:
Community-based organizations and cooperatives can acquire, subdivide
and develop land, construct housing, provide infrastructure and operate
and maintain infrastructure such as wells or public toilets and solid
waste collection services. They can also develop building material supply
centres and other community-based economic enterprises. In many
cases, they will need technical assistance or advice from governmental
agencies or higher-level NGOs.
• Supporting Innovation, Demonstration and Pilot Projects:
NGO have the advantage of selecting particular places for innovative
projects and specify in advance the length of time which they will be
supporting the project - overcoming some of the shortcomings that
governments face in this respect. NGOs can also be pilots for larger
government projects by virtue of their ability to act more quickly than
the government bureaucracy.
• Facilitating Communication:
NGOs use interpersonal methods of communication, and study the right
entry points whereby they gain the trust of the community they seek to
benefit. They would also have a good idea of the feasibility of the

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 projects they take up. The significance of this role to the government is
that NGOs can communicate to the policy-making levels of government,
information bout the lives, capabilities, attitudes and cultural
characteristics of people at the local level.

NGOs can facilitate communication upward from people tot he

government and downward from the government tot he people.
Communication upward involves informing government about what
local people are thinking, doing and feeling while communication
downward involves informing local people about what the government
is planning and doing. NGOs are also in a unique position to share
information horizontally, networking between other organizations doing
similar work.

• Technical Assistance and Training:Training institutions and NGOs can

develop a technical assistance and training capacity and use this to assist
both CBOs and governments.
• Research, Monitoring and Evaluation:Innovative activities need to be
carefully documented and shared - effective participatory monitoring
would permit the sharing of results with the people themselves as well
as with the project staff.
• Advocacy for and with the Poor:In some cases, NGOs become
spokespersons or ombudsmen for the poor and attempt to influence
government policies and programmes on their behalf. This may be done
through a variety of means ranging from demonstration and pilot
projects to participation in public forums and the formulation of
government policy and plans, to publicizing research results and case
studies of the poor. Thus NGOs play roles from advocates for the poor
to implementers of government programmes; from agitators and critics
to partners and advisors; from sponsors of pilot projects to mediators.

IV.ROLE OF INGO

1. INGO mission and mandate: INGOs have varied roles in development

cooperation, and have varied approaches based on different models of
development practice. However, there are strong similarities in the
objectives they aim to achieve, and in their overall mandates. Key
objectives for INGOs typically include the reduction of poverty and
inequality, the realization of rights, the promotion of gender equality and
social justice, protection of the environment and strengthening of civil

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 society and democratic governance. For example, three of the largest
INGOs have primary objectives based on poverty reduction:
• CARE International “shares a common vision to fight against worldwide
poverty and to protect and enhance human dignity.”
• Oxfam International is a “global movement for change, to build a future free
from the injustice of poverty.”
• World Vision is “dedicated to working with children, families and
communities to overcome poverty and injustice.

2. INGO target groups and sectors: INGOs work with a wide range of target
groups and sectors to achieve their development objectives. While some
have a special focus, many work in similar areas. Save The Children and
Plan International, as their names suggest, have a specific focus on
children and undertake programmes in health, nutrition, education,
protection and child rights.ActionAid works on food rights, women’s
rights, democratic governance, education, climate change and HIV/AIDS.
Many INGOs, such as World Vision International or Oxfam International,
are involved in humanitarian assistance as well as long-term
development programmes. One of the world’s largest INGOs, Médecins
sans Frontières works only on humanitarian assistance, delivering
emergency aid “to people affected by armed conflict,
epidemics,healthcare exclusion and natural or man-madedisasters”.

3. Programme approaches: Most INGOs are directly involved in planning,

implementing and managing development programmes and
humanitarian assistance in developing countries. Their approaches can
range from the operational implementation of programmes, to working
wholly through partners, where they have no direct role in programme
implementation. Most INGOs undertake a mix of approaches, often
informed by practice models and theoretical frameworks, and by
performance and quality standards. In these respects, INGOs do not
necessarily differ from national CSOs: the difference, as stated above,
relates to the scale and geographic reach of INGOs’ programmatic
approaches.

4. Policy dialogue and campaigning: Some INGOs are also involved in

policy dialogue, advocacy, lobbying and campaigning work at the
domestic andinternational level. This work may be undertaken as part of
global campaigns or coalitions, and is usually designed to bring about
structural or policy changein relation to development problems. These

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 roles are connected to a view that, in addition to undertaking
programmes in developing countries to address the symptoms of
poverty, CSOs should also be involved in addressing the underlying
causes of poverty —and that this means undertaking policy dialogue and
influencing roles. As a result, INGOs such as World Vision and CARE have
increased their policy, advocacy and campaigning roles in recent years.
For instance,CARE states that:
“Advocacy is a key aspect of CARE’s humanitarian and development efforts,
addressing not only the immediate needs of the poor, but also the root
causes of poverty and obstacles to its elimination.”

5.Increasing role in research: INGOs draw on the global reach and the
cumulative experience of their confederation members for both their
programme delivery and for their policy influence work. They undertake
research and learning processes to ensure
that both their development programmes and their policy influence work are
informed by their own programme experience and knowledge, and in
particular by their relationships with developing- country partners and
communities. Increasingly,some INGOs are commissioning research to establish
a stronger evidence base for both programming and policy influence. Many
national INGO affiliates now have dedicated research units, along with teams in
the international secretariat of INGOs (their consortium’scoordinating body).
For instance, in the first half of 2012, the Oxfam International research unit
produced reports on climate change, food security, the arms trade and the
African Union.

6.Changing roles for a changing world: Similar to official donors and other
international development institutions, INGO roles are not static: they change
and respond to the changing global context for development. Some
commentators suggest that changing geopolitical dynamics at the global level
have particular implications for the roles of INGOs. In this context, INGOs are
assuming greater and more important roles at the supranational level, ensuring
that global public goods are handled and distributed in ways that benefit rather
than disadvantage poor people. INGOs are also increasingly drawing on
their capacity to work with States and international organisations to address
transnational problems,such as climate change, global poverty, urbanization,
complex humanitarian crises and security threats in a globalized world.

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V..DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NGO & INGO

• NGO is a group of volunteers that work for the betterment of human life
and backward societies. INGO also serves the same purpose but on a
larger scale.

• NGO and INGO both can adopt various techniques for fundraising.
Goodwill and credibility of the Non-profit organization play a vital in
procuring funds from outside sources.

• NGOs run on the cash inflow coming from a variety of sources such as
individual donors, corporations, foundations, and government.

• Unfortunately, most of the NGOs fail to streamline the fundraising

process, which eventually puts a question mark on their credibility and
effectiveness.

• In today’s scenario, most of the reputable NGO and INGO uses the
digital platform to encourage crowdfunding.

• To maintain the trustworthiness, the majority of the non-government

and non-profitable organizations refuse to accept funds from the
political parties as it may hinder their integrity to a great extend.

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VI.CONCLUSION
There is a lot of thing in common between INGOs and NGOs but their nature of
operations is distinctive in nature. Also, they don’t have any legitimate financial
privilege source from where they can continuously fuel their operation. These
organizations need to make an extra effort in the direction of the procurement
of funds.