BLUEBELLS SCHOOL INTERNATIONAL

SAMPLE PAPER 2023

CLASS- X Duration - 3Hr
SUBJECT- SCIENCE Max. Marks- 80
SET -

SYLLABUS – FULL SYLLABUS

INSTRUCTIONS-
I. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 5 sections. All questions are
compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some questions. A student
is expected to attempt only one of these questions.
II. Section A consists of 20 objective type questions carrying 1 mark each.
III. Section B consists of 6 Very Short questions carrying 02 marks each. Answers to
these questions should in the range of 30 to 50 words.
IV. Section C consists of 7 Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each.
Answers to these questions should in the range of 50 to 80 words
V. Section D consists of 3 Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each.
Answer to these questions should be in the range of 80 to 120 words.
VI. Section E consists of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment of 04 marks
each with sub-part
SECTION – A

Select and write one most appropriate option out of the four options given for 20
each of the questions 1 – 20

Which one of the following metals do not react with cold as well as hot water?
Q1 1
(a) Na (b) Ca (c) Mg (d) Fe
Complete the following chemical reaction with correct option: 1
Q2
Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI→ --------+ 2KNO3

a) PbI2 b) PbNO3 c) Pb (NO3)2 d) PbIO3

Q3 1
The given diagram represents a --------------- reaction.

a) Thermal decomposition b) Displacement

b) Double displacement d) Combination

Q4 1
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O

Which of the following pair is correct regarding Substance oxidised and

reduced?

Sub reduced Sub oxidised

a) CuO H2O
b) CuO H2
c) Cu H2O
d) Cu H2

Q5 1
Which of the following substances will not give carbon dioxide on treatment
with dilute acid?

a) Marble b) Limestone c) Baking soda d) Lime

Q6 1
Ionic compounds have high melting point due to

a) Strong force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

b) Less force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
c) Strong force of attraction between similar charged ions.
d) None of these

Q7
When pH strip is dipped in each bottle, the colour shown by bottle A and B
will be respectively:

Q8 The number of chromosomes in parents and off-springs of a particular species 1

remains constant due to:

a) Halving of chromosomes after gamete formation

b) Doubling of chromosomes after gamete formation
c) Halving of chromosomes during gamete formation
d) Doubling of chromosomes after zygote formation

Q9 1
Select the correctly matched pair from the following:

1. Insulin a. regulates menstrual cycle

2. Growth hormone b. gigantism
3. Thyroxine c. fight or flight hormone
4. Adrenaline d. goitre

Q10 Which two chambers of the human heart have arteries connected to them? 1
 a) Left atrium and left ventricle b) Right atrium and right ventricle

c) Left and right atrium d) Left and right ventricle

Q11 In a cross between two heterozygous purple pea plants (Pp), the percentage of 1
purple plants obtained in the F1 generation will be:

a) 25% b) 50% c) 75% d) 100%

Q12 Which of the following statements about ozone depletion are true? 1
i) Ozone is formed from breakdown of UV rays.
ii) Ozone depletion causes higher amounts of UV rays to enter the Earth’s
atmosphere.
iii) Three oxygen atoms combine to form a molecule of ozone.
iv) Ozone depletion has increased due to reduced use of CFCs.
a) i and iii b) ii and iii c) ii and iv d) i and iv

Q13 At the time of short circuit, the electric current in the circuit : 1

(a) vary continuously (b) does not change

(c) reduces substantially (d) increases heavily

Q14 A student carries out an experiment and plots the V-I graph of three samples
of nichrome wire with resistances R1, R2 and R3 respectively (figure). Which
of the following is true.
 a) R1=R2=R2 b) R1> R2 >R3
c) R3> R2>R1 d) R3>R1> R2

Q15 A uniform magnetic field exist in the plane of paper pointing from left to right
as shown in the figure. In the field an electron and a proton move as shown.
The electron and the proton experience

(a) forces both pointing into the plane of paper

(b) forces both pointing out of the plane of paper
(c) forces pointing into the plane of paper and out of the plane of paper,
respectively.
(d) force pointing opposite and along the direction of the uniform magnetic
field respectively.
Q16 If f is the focal length of a lens, then its power of a lens is given by: 1

a) 100/f (cm) b)1/f (cm) c)100/f (m) d)1/100 f (cm)

Q. no 17 to 20 are Assertion - Reasoning based questions. These consist of

two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions
selecting the appropriate option given below:

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A

(c) A is true but R is false

(d) A is False but R is true

Q17 Assertion(A):When iron nail is dipped in copper sulphate solution, the iron 1
 nail becomes brownish in colour and the blue colour of copper solution fade.
Reason(R): Equation representing this change is
Cu + FeSO4 -----> CuSO4 + Fe

Q18 Assertion: Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease. 1

Reason: It is caused by a virus during unprotected sex.
Q19 Assertion: Glycogen is a stored form of food. 1

Reason: Glycogen helps animals in case of long periods of starvation.

Q20 Assertion : A current carrying conductor experiences a force in a magnetic

field.
Reason : The force acting on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field 1
is due to interaction between magnetic field produced by the current carrying
conductor and external magnetic field in which the conductor is placed.
SECTION – B Q. no. 21 to 26 are very short answer questions. 12

Q21 A metal compound A reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to produce a gas which
extinguishes a burning candle. Identify compound A and the gas produced.
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of the compounds
formed in the reaction is sodium sulphate.
2
Or

How does the enamel of the teeth undergo damage due to the eating of
chocolates and sweets? What should be done to prevent it.

Q22 a) Why is the volume of urine produced per day only 1-2 L when the volume 2
of blood that the kidneys filter per day is approx. 180L ?

b) Why is the glomerulus made from a network of capillaries?

Q23 With the help of two reasons explain how our respiratory system is optimized 2
for maximum gaseous exchange.
Q24 2

The above experiment was set up to understand the conditions necessary for a
plant to perform photosynthesis. For the same a de-starched plant was taken
and iodine test was conducted to understand the result. What will be the
observation at the end of the experiment and why?

Q25 2

Above is an image depicting the different kinds of blood vessels in the human
body.

a) Identify A and B.

b) Which of the parts 1- 4 is blocked by valves to prevent backward flow of

blood.

c) What is the function of C?

Q26 Mention the factor on which scattering of light depends. Why does the sky 2
appear dark in space?
OR
 No rainbow could be observed from the surface of the moon by the astronauts.
Give reason.
SECTION - C Q.no. 27 to 33 are short answer questions. 21

Q27 What is meant by refining of metals? Describe the electrolytic refining of

3
copper with a neat, labelled diagram.

Q28 An organic compound with molecular formula C2H4O2, produces brisk

effervescence on addition of sodium carbonate or bicarbonate.
a) Identify the organic compound
b) Name the gas evolved. 3
c) How will you test the gas evolved ?
d) Write a chemical equation for the above reaction.
e) List two important uses of the above compound.

Q29 a) Highlight any two differences between binary and multiple fission.
3
b) What happens when:
i) a planaria is cut
ii) a mature spirogyra fragment attains considerable length

Q30 Name the type of mirror used in the following situations and support your
answer with a reason :
(i) Mirror used for shaving.
3
(ii) Mirror used by ENT doctors.
(iii) Mirror used in the vehicles for viewing the traffic approaching from
behind.

Q31 (a) Define optical centre of a spherical lens. 3

(b) You are given a convex lens of focal length 30 cm. Where would you place
an object to get a real, inverted and highly enlarged image of the object ?
Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation.
(c) A concave lens has a focal length of 20 cm. At what distance should an
object be placed so that it forms an image at 15 cm away from the lens ? .
OR
 It is desired to obtain an erect image of an object, using concave mirror of
focal length of 12 cm.
(i) What should be the range of the object distance in the above case?
(ii) Will the image be smaller or lar
ger than the object? Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in
this case.
(iii) Where will the image of this object be, if it is placed 24 cm in front of the
mirror?

Q32
Answer the following questions :
(i) What is the direction of magnetic field lines outside a bar-magnet ?
(ii) The magnetic field lines in a given region are getting crowded. What does
it indicate ?
(iii) State one advantage of AC over DC. 3
OR
(a) Give the significance of the following in a domestic circuit:
(i) electric meter, (ii) earthing.
(b) List two precautions that should be taken to avoid overloading

When a cross is made between tall plants with yellow seeds (TTYY) and
Q33 3
dwarf plants with green seeds (ttyy), 440 off-springs were obtained. Use a
Punnett square and calculate the number of off-springs with the following
phenotypes:

a) Tall and green b) dwarf and green

SECTION- D Q.no. 34 to 36 are Long answer questions 15

Q34 a) State ohm’s Law. Draw a labelled circuit diagram to explain the law. 5

b) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the following network :

 c) The current flowing through a resistor connected in a circuit and the
potential difference developed across its ends are as shown in the diagram by
milliammeter and voltmeter readings respectively :

(i) What are the least counts of these meters?

(ii) What is the resistance of the resistor?

Q35 What is plaster of Paris? How is the plaster of Paris prepared? Write equation 5
of the reaction involved. What happens when water is added to the plaster of
Paris? Write an equation to show the reaction between plaster of Paris and
water.

Or

Give suitable reasons for the following statements:

(a) Rainwater conducts electricity but distilled water does not.

(b) We feel burning sensation in the stomach when we overeat.

(c) A tarnished copper vessel regains its shine when rubbed with lemon.
 (d) The crystals of washing soda change to white powder on exposure to air.

(e) An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is neutral but and aqueous solution
of sodium is basic.

Q36 5
a) Trace the sequence of events which occur when a bright light is suddenly
focussed on your eyes.

b) With the help of a diagram, show how messages are conveyed from one
neuron to the next.

OR

How do plants co-ordinate their movement in the absence of a proper nervous

system? Explain with a suitable example.

c) State any two functions of the medulla oblongata.

Section E Q no. 37 – 39 Case Based Question 12

Q37 Corrosion is the phenomenon of deterioration of surface of metal in presence 4

of air and moisture. It is a natural process and in the presence of a moist
atmosphere, chemically active metals get corroded. This is oxidation reaction.
Rusting is the process where iron corrodes due to exposure to the atmosphere.
The main circumstance of corrosion occurs with iron because it is a structural
material in construction, bridges, buildings, rail transport, ships, etc.
Aluminium is also an important structural metal, but even aluminium
undergoes oxidation reactions. However, aluminium doesn’t corrode or
oxidize as rapidly as its reactivity suggests. An alloy of aluminium or any
other metal like magnesium can make aluminium stronger and harder. Copper
(Cu) corrodes and forms a basic green carbonate and lead corrodes to form a
white lead oxide or carbonate.
 Answer the following questions:

(i) What is rusting?

(ii) Which two metals do not corrode easily?

(iii) List two properties of alloys.

(iv) What is the effect of corrosion on electrical conductivity?

Q38 4

A generalized aquatic food web shows the network of feeding relationships

that exists among species in a marine community. Phytoplankton, the primary
producers of marine environments, carry out photosynthesis in the top 325 feet
(100 meters) of the ocean. Zooplankton, such as protozoans, copepods, krill,
jellyfish, and larvae, which are the primary consumers of marine ecosystems,
 graze on phytoplankton. Some zooplankton, such as euphausids (krill),
consume both phytoplankton and zooplankton, depending on the availability
of prey. Higher level consumers include fish and marine mammals.

a) Why does a food chain only have 4-5 trophic levels?

b) Do microorganisms have a role to play in a food chain? Explain.

OR

Identify 1 organism from the above web who will have the maximum
bioaccumulation and explain why.

c) Create a food chain with the following members – shark, shrimp, tuna and
diatoms. 40,000 J of energy is available with the producer in this aquatic food
chain. Calculate the amount of energy that will be obtained by the tertiary
consumer.

Q39 “Change in path of a light ray as it passes from one medium to another 4
medium is called refraction of light.” When light travels from a rarer medium
to a denser one, it bends towards the normal, i > r and when travels from a
denser medium to a rarer one, it bends away from the normal angle i < r.
Where, i = Angle of incidence and r = Angle of refraction. We can see
refraction in our daily life, some of the examples are given below : The bottom
of a tank or pond containing water appears to be raised due to refraction of
light which takes place when light rays pass from the pool of water into the
air. The letters appear to be raised when viewed through a glass slab placed
over the document because of refraction of light. When a light ray enters in a
glass slab, then the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but it is shifted
sideward slightly. In this case, refraction takes place twice, first when ray
 enters glass slab from air and second when exits from glass slab to air.

(i) What do you mean by optically rarer and denser medium ?

(ii) What is the cause of refraction ?
(iii) Draw a ray diagram showing refraction through a glass slab.
(iv) Give one example of refraction from our daily life experience other than
the two examples given above.

______________________________________________________________________________
_________

BLUEBELLS SCHOOL INTERNATIONAL

 PREBOARD EXAMNATION
CLASS- X JANUARY 2023 Duration - 3Hr
SUBJECT- SCIENCE Max. Marks- 80
SET - B

SYLLABUS – FULL SYLLABUS

INSTRUCTIONS
i. This question paper consists of 39 questions in 5 sections.
All questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice is provided in some
questions. A student is expected to attempt only one of these questions.
ii. Section A consists of 20 objective type questions carrying 1 mark each.
iii. Section B consists of 6 Very Short questions carrying 02 marks each. Answers to
these questions should in the range of 30 to 50 words.
iv. Section C consists of 7 Short Answer type questions carrying 03 marks each.
Answers to these questions should in the range of 50 to 80 words
v. Section D consists of 3 Long Answer type questions carrying 05 marks each.
Answer to these questions should be in the range of 80 to 120 words.
vi. . Section E consists of 3 source-based/case-based units of assessment of 04 marks
each with sub-part
SECTION – A
2
Select and write one most appropriate option out of the four options given for 0
each of the questions 1 – 20

An element X has electronic configuration 2, 8, 1 and another element Y has

Q1 electronic configuration 2, 8, 7. They form a compound Z. The property that
is not exhibited by Z is
(a) It has high melting point. 1
(b) It is a good conductor of electricity in its pure solid state.
(c) It breaks into pieces when beaten with hammer.
(d) It is soluble in water
 Complete the following chemical reaction with correct option:

Q2 Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI→ --------+ 2KNO3 1

a)PbI2 b) PbNO3 c) Pb (NO3)2 d) PbIO3

Q3 1

The given diagram represents a --------------- reaction.

a) Thermal decomposition c)Displacement

b) Double displacement d) Combination

Q4
Which of the following substances will not give carbon dioxide on treatment 1
with dilute acid?
a) Marble c) Limestone
b) Baking soda d) Lime

Which one do not belong to the same homologous series: 1

Q5 a) C2H5OH c) CH2O
b) CH3OH d) CH3CH2CH2OH
Ionic compounds have high melting point due to
Q6 a) Strong force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.
b) Less force of attraction between oppositely charged ions. 1
c) Strong force of attraction between similar charged ions.
d) None of these
Q7 When pH strip is dipped in each bottle, the colour shown by bottle A and B 1
will be respectively:
 a) orange, blue c) blue, orange
b) green, blue d) blue, green

Q8
Which two chambers of the human heart have veins connected to them? 1

a) Left atrium and left ventricle b) Right atrium and right ventricle
c) Left and right atrium d) Left and right ventricle

Q9 1
Which of the following statements about ozone depletion are true?
i) Ozone is formed from breakdown of UV rays.
ii) Ozone depletion causes higher amounts of UV rays to enter the Earth’s
atmosphere.
iii) Three oxygen atoms combine to form a molecule of ozone.
iv) Ozone depletion has increased due to reduced use of CFCs.
a) i and iii b) ii and iii c) ii and iv d) i and iv

In a cross between two heterozygous purple pea plants (Pp), the percentage 1
Q10 of purple plants obtained in the F1 generation will be:
a) 25% b) 50% c) 75% d) 100%

Q11
1
Select the correctly matched pair from the following:

1. Insulin a. regulates menstrual cycle

2. Growth hormone b. gigantism
3. Thyroxine c. fight or flight hormone
4. Adrenaline d. goitre
Q12 The number of chromosomes in parents and off-springs of a particular
1
species remains constant due to:

a) Halving of chromosomes after gamete formation

b) Doubling of chromosomes after gamete formation
c) Halving of chromosomes during gamete formation
d) Doubling of chromosomes after zygote formation

Q13 A student carries out an experiment and plots the V-I graph of three samples
of nichrome wire with resistances R1, R2 and R3 respectively (figure).
Which of the following is true

A) R1=R2=R2
B) R1> R2 >R3
C) R3> R2>R1
D) R3>R1> R2

If f is the focal length of a lens, then its power of a lens is given by:
Q14 1
b) 100/f (cm) b)1/f (cm) c)100/f (m) d)1/100 f (cm)

At the time of short circuit, the electric current in the circuit :

Q15 (a) vary continuously (b) does not change 1

(c) reduces substantially (d) increases heavily

Q16 Choose the incorrect statement from the following regarding magnetic lines 1
of field
 (a) The direction of magnetic field at a point is taken to be the direction in
which the north pole of a magnetic compass needle points.

(b) Magnetic field lines are closed curves.

(c) If magnetic field lines are parallel and equidistant, they represent zero
field strength.
(d) Relative strength of magnetic field is shown by the degree of closeness of
the field lines.

Q. no 17 to 20 are Assertion - Reasoning based questions. These consist of

two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions
selecting the appropriate option given below:

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A

(c) A is true but R is false

(d) A is False but R is true

Assertion (A): When water is added to calcium oxide, a large amount of heat
Q17
is produced. 1
Reason (R) : It is an endothermic reaction.
Q18 Assertion: Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease. 1
Reason: It is caused by a bacteria during unprotected sex.
Q19 Assertion: Glycogen is a stored form of food. 1
 Reason: Glycogen helps animals in case of long periods of starvation.
Assertion: A fuse wire is always connected in parallel with the mainline.
Q20
Reason: If a current larger than the specified value flows through the circuit, 1
fuse wire melts

SECTION – B Q. no. 21 to 26 are very short answer questions. 1

2

Q21
a) Why is the volume of urine produced per day only 1-2 L when the volume
of blood that the kidneys filter per day is approx. 180L ? 2
b) Why is the glomerulus made from a network of capillaries?

Q22
A metal compound A reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to produce a gas
which extinguishes a burning candle. Identify compound A and the gas
produced. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of the
compounds formed in the reaction is sodium sulphate.
2
Or

How does the enamel of the teeth undergo damage due to the eating of
chocolates and sweets? What should be done to prevent it.

Q23 2
 The above experiment was set up to understand the conditions necessary for
a plant to perform photosynthesis. For the same a de-starched plant was taken
and iodine test was conducted to understand the result. What will be the
observation at the end of the experiment and why?

Q24
2

Above is an image depicting the different kinds of blood vessels in the

human body.

a) Identify A and B.

b) Which of the parts 1- 4 is blocked by valves to prevent backward flow of

blood.

c) What is the function of C?

Q25 Compare the processes of anaerobic respiration in yeast and humans. 2

(i)Name and state the rule to determine the direction of force experienced by
Q26
a current carrying straight conductor placed in a uniform magnetic field
which is perpendicular to it.
2
(ii) An alpha particle while passing through a magnetic field gets projected
towards north. In which direction will an electron project when it passes
through the same magnetic field ?

SECTION - C Q.no. 27 to 33 are short answer questions. 2

1

Q27 An organic compound with molecular formula C2H4O2, produces brisk 3

 effervescence on addition of sodium carbonate or bicarbonate.

a) Identify the organic compound

b) Name the gas evolved.
c) How will you test the gas evolved ?
d) Write a chemical equation for the above reaction.
e) List two important uses of the above compound.

Q28 When a cross is made between tall plants with yellow seeds (TTYY) and
dwarf plants with green seeds (ttyy), 520 off-springs were obtained. Use a 3
Punnett square and calculate the number of off-springs with the following
phenotypes:

a) Tall and yellow b) dwarf and green

Q29 What is meant by refining of metals? Describe the electrolytic refining of

3
copper with a neat, labelled diagram.

Q30
Name the type of mirror used in the following situations and support your
answer with a reason :
(i) Mirror used for shaving.
3
(ii) Mirror used by ENT doctors.
(iii) Mirror used in the vehicles for viewing the traffic approaching from
behind.

Q31 (a) Define optical centre of a spherical lens. 3

(b) You are given a convex lens of focal length 30 cm. Where would you
place an object to get a real, inverted and highly enlarged image of the
object ? Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation.
(c) A concave lens has a focal length of 20 cm. At what distance should an
object be placed so that it forms an image at 15 cm away from the lens ? .
OR
It is desired to obtain an erect image of an object, using concave mirror of
 focal length of 12 cm.
(i) What should be the range of the object distance in the above case?
(ii) Will the image be smaller or lar
ger than the object? Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in
this case.
(iii) Where will the image of this object be, if it is placed 24 cm in front of
the mirror?

Q32 A student was asked to perform an experiment to study the force on a current 3
carrying conductor in a magnetic field. He took a small aluminum rod AB, a
strong horse shoe magnet, some connecting wires, a battery and a switch and
connected them as shown. He observed that on passing current, the rod gets
displaced. On reversing the direction of current, the direction of displacement
also gets reversed.

a) Why does the rod get displaced on passing current through it.
b) State the rule that determines the direction of the force on the
conductor AB.
c) If the U shaped magnet is held vertically and the aluminum rod is
suspended horizontally with its end B towards due north, then on
passing current through the rod from B to A as shown, in which
direction will the rod be displaced?
OR

Answer the following questions :

 a) What is the direction of magnetic field lines outside a bar-magnet ?
b) The magnetic field lines in a given region are getting crowded. What
does it indicate ?
c) State one advantage of AC over DC.

Q33 3
a) Highlight any two differences between binary and multiple fission.
b) What happens when:
i) a planaria is cut
ii) a mature spirogyra fragment attains considerable length

1
SECTION- D Q.no. 34 to 36 are Long answer questions
5

Q34 a) State ohm’s Law. Draw a labelled circuit diagram to explain the law. 5

b) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the following network :

c) The current flowing through a resistor connected in a circuit and the

potential difference developed across its ends are as shown in the diagram by
milliammeter and voltmeter readings respectively :

(i) What are the least counts of these meters?

(ii) What is the resistance of the resistor?

Q35
What is plaster of Paris? How is the plaster of Paris prepared? Write equation
of the reaction involved. What happens when water is added to the plaster of
Paris? Write an equation to show the reaction between plaster of Paris and
water.

Or

Give suitable reasons for the following statements:

(a) Rainwater conducts electricity, but distilled water does not. 5

(b) We feel burning sensation in the stomach when we overeat.

(c) A tarnished copper vessel regains its shine when rubbed with lemon.

(d) The crystals of washing soda change to white powder on exposure to air.

(e) An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is neutral but and aqueous

solution of sodium is basic.

Q36 a) Trace the sequence of events which occur when a bright light is suddenly 5
focussed on your eyes.
b) With the help of a diagram, show how messages are conveyed from one
neuron to the next.
OR

How do plants co-ordinate their movement in the absence of a proper

 nervous system? Explain with a suitable example.

c) State any two functions of the medulla oblongata.

Section E
1
Q no. 37 – 39 Case Based Question 2

Q37 Corrosion is the phenomenon of deterioration of surface of metal in presence

of air and moisture. It is a natural process and in the presence of a moist
atmosphere, chemically active metals get corroded. This is oxidation
reaction. Rusting is the process where iron corrodes due to exposure to the
atmosphere. The main circumstance of corrosion occurs with iron because it
is a structural material in construction, bridges, buildings, rail transport,
ships, etc. Aluminium is also an important structural metal, but even
aluminium undergoes oxidation reactions. However, aluminium doesn’t
corrode or oxidize as rapidly as its reactivity suggests. An alloy of aluminium
or any other metal like magnesium can make aluminium stronger and harder. 4
Copper (Cu) corrodes and forms a basic green carbonate and lead corrodes to
form a white lead oxide or carbonate.

Answer the following questions:

(i) What is rusting?

(ii) Which two metals do not corrode easily?

(iii) List two properties of alloys.

(iv) What is the effect of corrosion on electrical conductivity?

Q38 4

A generalized aquatic food web shows the network of feeding relationships

that exists among species in a marine community. Phytoplankton, the
primary producers of marine environments, carry out photosynthesis in the
top 325 feet (100 meters) of the ocean. Zooplankton, such as protozoans,
copepods, krill, jellyfish, and larvae, which are the primary consumers of
marine ecosystems, graze on phytoplankton. Some zooplankton, such as
euphausids (krill), consume both phytoplankton and zooplankton, depending
on the availability of prey. Higher level consumers include fish and marine
mammals.

a) Why does a food chain only have 4-5 trophic levels?

b) Do microorganisms have a role to play in a food chain? Explain.

 OR

Identify 1 organism from the above web who will have the maximum
bioaccumulation and explain why.

c) Create a food chain with the following members – shark, shrimp, tuna and
diatoms. 40,000 J of energy is available with the producer in this aquatic
food chain. Calculate the amount of energy that will be obtained by the
tertiary consumer.

39 “Change in path of a light ray as it passes from one medium to another 4

medium is called refraction of light.” When light travels from a rarer medium
to a denser one, it bends towards the normal, i > r and when travels from a
denser medium to a rarer one, it bends away from the normal angle i < r.
Where, i = Angle of incidence and r = Angle of refraction. We can see
refraction in our daily life, some of the examples are given below : The
bottom of a tank or pond containing water appears to be raised due to
refraction of light which takes place when light rays pass from the pool of
water into the air. The letters appear to be raised when viewed through a
glass slab placed over the document because of refraction of light. When a
light ray enters in a glass slab, then the emergent ray is parallel to the
incident ray but it is shifted sideward slightly. In this case, refraction takes
place twice, first when ray enters glass slab from air and second when exits
from glass slab to air.
 (i) What do you mean by optically rarer and denser medium ?
(ii) What is the cause of refraction ?
(iii) Draw a ray diagram showing refraction through a glass slab.
(iv) Give one example of refraction from our daily life experience other than
the two examples given above.

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