LESSON 1(INTRODUCTION TO NURSING THEORY)

●Theory is a set of concepts and propositions that provides an orderly way to view
phenomena
●Theory defines:
-What Nursing is
-What it does
-Goals of Theoretical Foundation
●Structural elements of Theoretical Foundation
-Concept
-Propositions

Definition of Concept
-It is the building blocks of theory
-Vehicle of thoughts that involve images
-Words that describe objects, properties, or events
-Are basic components of theory Types of Concept
Definition of Propositions
-Statement that proposes relationship between concept
-Propositional Statement in a theory represent the theorist’s view of which
concept fit together

PHILOSOPHY- beliefs and values that define a way of thinking and generally known
and understood by a group
MODELS- representations of the interaction among and between the concepts
showing patterns
-Present an overview of the theory’s thinking and may demonstrate how theory
can be introduced into practice

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK- a group of

related ideas, statements, or concepts

DOMAIN- perspective of territory of a profession or disciplines

PROCESS- organized steps, changes, or functions intended to bring about the
desired result

CHARACTERISTICS OF THEORIES
1.Theories can interrelate concepts in such way as to create a different way of
looking at a particular phenomenon
2.Theories must be logical in nature
3.Theories should be relatively simple yet generalizable
4.Theories can be the base for hypothesis that can be tested
5.Theories can be used by practitioners to guide and improve their practice
6.Theories contribute to and assist in increasing the general body of knowledge
within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them
7.Theories must be consistent with other validated theories, laws, and principles but
will leave open and unanswered questions that need to be investigated

NURSING THEORIES
-Defined as belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of
action
-An organized concepts and framework of concepts and purposes designed to
guide the practice of nursing
NURSING THEORY
●Explains- “what do we do”
●Describes- describes procedure
= NURSING CARE
●Predicts- “what will happen”
●Prescribes- explains the rationale of doing nursing intervention

What is Nursing?
●Application of Nursing Theories

THEORISTS:
● FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
-Founder of Nursing
 -State that “ The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him
in his recovery” (NIGHTINGALE, 1860)
-She considered a clean, well-ventilated, and quiet
environment essential for recovery

● VIRGINIA HENDERSON
-“The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the
performance activities contributing to health or its recovery( or to peaceful
death)
-POSTMORTEM CARE( care after death)

DEFINITIONS OF NURSING
●Nursing is Caring
●Nursing is an Art
●Nursing is a Science
●Nursing is a Client Centered
●Nursing is Holistic
●Nursing is Adaptive-Flexible
●Nursing is concerned with health promotion, health maintenance, and health
restoration
●Nursing is a helping profession

RECIPIENT OF NURSING- sometimes called consumers, patients, and clients

●Consumer- an individual, a group of people, or a community

-People who use healthcare products or services are consumer of health care

●Patient- person who is waiting for or undergoing medical treatment or care

-Patient comes from latin word meaning “to suffer” or “to bear”
-Person receiving health care

●Client- person who engages the advice or services of another who is qualified to
provide this service
-Present the receivers of healthcare as collaborators in the care, that is, as people
who are responsible for their own health

SCOPE OF NURSING
Nurses provides care for these three types of clients:
-INDIVIDUALS
-FAMILIES
-COMMUNITIES

Nursing practice involves four areas:

-PROMOTING HEALTH AND WELLNESS
-PREVENTING ILLNESS
-RESTORING HEALTH
-CARE FOR THE DYING

● PARADIGM( Diagram Only)

-A conceptual diagram
-A pattern
-Serves as an example

● METAPARADIGM(Explains the Diagram)

-Originates from the greek word: Meta means “with” and Paradigm means
“pattern”
-Most global concept or philosophical framework of a discipline or profession
-Defines and describe relationships among major ideas and values
-Guides organization of theories and models for a profession

COMPONENTS OF METAPARADIGM
1.Person- recipient of nursing care, including physical, spiritual, psychological, and
sociocultural components, and can include and individual, family and community
2.Environment- refers to all internal and external conditions, circumstances and
influences affecting the person
3.Health- the degree of wellness or illness experienced by a person
4.Nursing- the actions, characteristics, and attributes of the individual providing
nursing care

KIND OF THEORIES
●Stress theories
●Developmental theories
●Role theory
●Goal attainment theory
●Science of unitary human being
●Family theory
●Interactive theory
●Adaptation theories
●General system theory

Range of THEORIES
A.Grand Theory
-This theory doesn’t have a definite/ broad topic
-Complex & broadest in scope
-Focus on general,
non-specific and abstract concepts
-Concepts lack on operational definitions that makes it not directly amenable to
testing
-Also, help to guide research in the field, with studies aiming to explore proposed
ideas further
B.Middle Range Theory
-Describe explain and predict
-Can easily understand
-Application
-Lie between grand theory and practice theory
-Fewer concept and encompass a more limited aspect of reality
-Concepts are relatively concrete and operationally defined
-Propositions are relatively concrete and can be empirically tested
-It is used by “emerging disciplines” because they are readily operationalized
-Easier to apply in practice
-Easier to apply as frameworks research studies
Trivia: nursing recognize middle range theory development as the latest step in
knowledge development
Characteristics:
1.Ideas are relatively simple and general
2.Consider a limited number of variables/concepts
3.Have a substantive focus
4.Consider a limited aspect of reality
5.Can be tested empirically
6.Focuses on clients/patient problems and outcomes( can easily identify the problem,
if you solve the problem you can have a good outcome)
C.Practice theory
-Actual exposure / can do it immediately
4 steps to determine practice theory
1.Factor Isolating/ Descriptive Theory
- Identify and describe major concepts of phenomena, but do not explain the
relationship of the concepts
(e.g. A descriptive research about the Filipino nursing practices like using of herbal
medicines and other alternative forms of treatments)
2.Factor relating/ Explaining Theory
-Present relationship among concept and proposition
-Aimed to provide information on was or why concepts are related.
-Cause and effect relationship are well explained
(e.g. A research study about the factors affecting newborns in failing to thrive)
3.Situation relating/ Predictive Theory
-To predict occurrence of a phenomena when the cause is present and able to
describe future outcomes
-Generated and tested using experimental research
(e.g. Theoretical model based on the observation of the effects of unsanitary
environmental condition on the recovery of the
post-operative patient
4.Situation Producing Control/ Prescriptive theory
-To prevent occurrence of the phenomenon by controlling or eliminating possible
causes
(e.g. Laurent’s (1996) theory validates and explains the different nursing
management in the emergency room in relieving anxiety among its clients)

● NEED- BASED THEORIES

-The need to identify what is the problem of patient through interaction
-Needs based theories were considered the first group of nurses who thought
of giving nursing care a conceptual order
-Theories under this group are based on helping individuals to fulfill their
physical and mental needs.
-Need theories are criticized for relying too much on the medical model of
health and placing the patient in an overtly dependent position.

FOUR WAYS OF KNOWING

-Proposed by BARBARA A. CARPER, she is a professor at the College of
Nursing at Texas Woman University in 1978
-Ways of knowing is a typology that attempts to classify the different sources
from which knowledge beliefs in professional practice can be or have been
derive
-Knowing yourself before knowing your patient gives a provision of quality care

Independence of theory and research

- Theory is integral to research and research is integral to theory

JOHARI WINDOWS
-Known to self, known to others
-Known to self, unknown to others
-Unknown to self, unknown to others
-Unknown to self, known to others

3. Empirical Knowing
-Relating a factual and descriptive knowing aimed at the expansion of abstract &
theoretical explanations
-Most theory and research development is concentrated and some conceptual
forms have better capacity to explain nursing phenomena to others
-(e.g knowledge obtained from books, lectures, journals, etc)

2.Ethical Knowing
-Judgment on what is right and wrong in relation to intentions, reasons, and attribute
of individual & situations
-Code morals or code ethics of ethics that leads conduct to nurses.( this is the main
basis of ethical knowing)
-(e.g. do not do unto others, when you don’t want others do unto you)

3.Personal Knowing
-Focused on realizing, meeting and defining the real, true self, one nursing team
defines this as self- awareness
-It takes time to fully know ourself in relation the world around

4. Aesthetic Knowing
-Process of giving appropriate nursing care through understanding the uniqueness
of every patient
-Focuses empathy( primary form of aesthetic knowing)

NURSING THEORIES RECAP( the first

nursing appeared in 1800’s)
● Florence Nightingale(1860)
-Environmental theory
-Act of utilizing the patient’s environment to assist him in his recovery

● Hildegard Peplay(1952)
-introduces Theory of Interpersonal Relations that emphasize nurse-client
relationship as the foundation of nursing practice
● Virginia Henderson(1955)
-Nursing need theory
-Conceptualized nurses role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain
independence meeting the 14 fundamental needs

● Fave Abdellah(1960)
-Typology of 21 nursing problems
-Nursing focus, a disease-centered approach to a patient-cared approach

● Ida Jean Orlando(1962)

-Emphasized reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse and viewed
nursing’s professional function as finding out and meeting the patient’s immediate
need for help

● Dorothy Johnson(1968)
-Behavioral System Model
-Fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent
illness

● Martha Rogers(1970)
-Viewed nursing as both science and an art as it provides a way to view the unitary
human being

● Dorothea Orem(1971)
-Stated that nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological,
psychological, development, or social needs

● Imogene King(1971)
-Theory of goal attainment
-Nurse considered part of the patient’s environment and the nurse-patient
relationship for meeting goals towards good health

● Betty Neuman(1972)
-States that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability
-Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing practice

● Sr. Callista Roy(1979)

-Viewed the individual as the set of interrelated systems that maintain the balance
between these various stimuli

● Jean Watson(1979)
-Developed the philosophy of caring, highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing as
they intertwined with scientific knowledge

EVOLUTION OF NURSING(PERIOD OF NURSING)

1.INTUITIVE NURSING
2.PRIMITIVE NURSING
3.INSTINCTIVE PRIMITIVE

PRIMITIVE TIMES(16TH CENTURY)

-Women practice nursing because of low status in society
-Took care of children and sick members of the family
-Personalistic cause of disease
-Superstitious and believes in magic
-Slave society “slave nurses”
-Sickness is due to active intervention of:
a.Human- caused by witchcraft
b.Non human- cause by ghost
c.Superhuman being- caused by deities
-Wet nursing(nagpapadede sa mga bata), take care of babies/ children of their
masters
-Women also practice midwifery( they do home delivery on delivering the babies)
-masters/ healers are the people who are responsible in decision making when it
comes to health

16th century
-Founding of religious orders
-Women practiced nursing
-daughters of charity/sisters of charity founded by St. vincent de paul and
agustinian sisters

3 attributes of Nurses
1.Self denial
2.Devotion to hard work and duty
3.Spiritual calling

Main Guiding principles

1.Love thy neighbor as thy self
2.Parable of good samaritan
-Beneficence(act or doing good to others)
-Types of beneficence
a. Ordinary- doing good to others
b. Ideal- entails sacrifice

CRUSADES
-Men practiced nursing in 12-15th century
-Men worked at night, women worked at day
-Knights of st. lazarus
a.Established a standard among hospitals in Europe
b.Took care of clients with skin problem like leprosy Leprosy- skin disease that
caused by bacteria that eats your skin slowly from nose, ears, lips, and arms)
-Knights of St. john of jerusalem
a.Also known as knight hospitalers
b.Founded hospital

18th century
-Theodore Fleidner reestablished order of deaconesses
-Found school of nursing in Kaiserwerth, Germany where florence nightingale was
the most known student
CRIMEAN WAR( 1854-1856)
-Nightingale was known as the lady of the lamp
-She compiled the “Notes on nursing: what it is and what is not”and became the
FIRST NURSE THEORIST
-She established a nursing school in St. Thomas Hospital in London which adopted
the NIGHTINGALE SYSTEM

PHILOSOPHY OF NIGHTINGALE SYSTEM

1.Government funds should be allotted to nursing education( this act earned her
a title of being the first nurse political activist)
2.Training school should be i close affiliation
3.Professional nurses should train newbie nurses
4.Nursing students should be provided with residence near their training
hospital
-written orders of doctors initiation
-nurses should go with doctors during rounds
-Made Nightingale as the MOTHER OF MODERN NURSING

Late 20th CENTURY

-Specialization in medicine
-Conceptualization of the role of chemical nurse specialist
-Increase clinical content of education(1900s)
-Modernize way of taking care of the patients

RED CROSS HISTORY

-Red Cross begins in Geneva, Switzerland
-First Red Cross President in the Philippines was Anastasia Tupas

NURSING THEORIST AND THEIR WORKS

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
●Born on May 12, 1820
●Nursing is a “calling to her”(1837)
●Began her Nursing training in Germany (1851)
●She is a statistician who uses bar and pie charts
●International Nurses Day, May 12, it was celebrated for her
●Foundation of her theory is the environment
●“External influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to
disease or death
●Goal: Help the patient retain his own vitality by meeting his basic needs through
control of the environment
●Attended Nursing Program in Kaiserwerth, Germany in 1850-1851
●Called to TURKEY during CRIMEAN WAR
●Books she published:
-Notes on Nursing: What it is and what is not(1860)
-Sick-Nursing and Health- Nursing(1893)
●Died: August 13, 1910 in London

EVOLUTION/ INTRODUCTION OF NIGHTINGALE’S THEORY

●She noted that majority of the soldier’s death was caused by transport to the
hospital and conditions in the hospital
●Open sewers and lack of cleanliness, pure water, fresh air and wholesome food
were often cause of soldier’s death
●She instituted a system of care that cut casualties from 48% to 2% within 2 years

13 CANONS
1.VENTILATION AND WARMTH
-Keep the patient on patient’s room warm
-Keep the room clear and well ventilated, free from odors by making use of
disinfectants
2.HEALTH AND HOUSES
-Include 5 essentials: pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, light
-The house or room of nurse’s must also be clean(e.g removing garbage or
standing water)
3.PETTY MANAGEMENT
-Manage the care that you are giving to the patients
-Continuity of the care, when the nurse is absent
-Teach the significant other, how are they going to properly take care of the
patient(also the watchers or relatives)
-Everything you do in hospital must be documented in nurses data
4.NOISE
-Avoid or stop making sudden/ startling noises
-Refrain from whispering outside the door
5.VARIETY
-There must be changes or alternative way how to divert nursing care
-Help the patient from boredom and depression
-Encourage the watcher to participate
-(e.g let them make cards, flowers, pictures, books or
puzzles) It must be educational
6.FOOD INTAKE
-Assess the diet of the client
-Documentation of amount of foods and liquids ingested at every meal
7. FOOD
-Give the patient some nutrients that are good
8.BED AND BEDDINGS
-Comfort measures related to keeping the bed dry,
wrinkle-free, and at the lowest height to ensure the client’s comfort
-Wrinkles can cause bed sore and skin irritation
9.LIGHT
-Must have adequate light
-Sunlight’s works best
10.CLEANLINESS OF ROOMS AND WALLS
-Rooms must have nor presence of dampness, dust or mildew, and darkness
11.PERSONAL CLEANLINESS
-Keeping the patient clean and dry at all times
-Frequent assessment of client’s skin is needed to maintain adequate moisture
-If possible douche(kawkaw) the patient
12.CHATTERING HOPES AND ADVICES
-Do not give advices or false reassurance if not sure its factual
-Avoid personal talks
13.OBSERVATION OF THE SICK
-Making and documenting observations
-Continue to observe the client’s surrounding environment
-Learning the skills of assessment

PERSON
-Recipient of nursing care
-People are multidimensional, composed of biological, psychological, social and
spiritual components
ENVIRONMENT
-Can be external as well as internal
-Poor or difficult environment led to poor health and disease
-Environment could be altered to improve conditions so that the natural laws would
allow healing to occur
HEALTH
-“ not only to be well, but to be able to use well every power we have”
-Disease is considered as dys-ease or the absence of comfort
6 D’S/Dys-ease: DIRT, DRINK( need clean drinking water), DIET, DAMP,
DROUGHTS, and DRAINS( need proper drainage and sewer system)
NURSING
-“Service to God in the relief of man”
-To alter or manage the environment to implement the national laws of health
-Nursing is different from, medicine and the goal of nursing is to place the patient in
the best possible condition for nature to act
-Nursing is the activities that promote health(as outlined in canons) which occur in
any caregiving situations

JEAN WATSON( THEORY OF HUMAN THEORY/ GRAND THEORY)

●Born in West Virginia
●Earned a b.Sc, in 1964, MS in Psychiatric Nursing in 1966 and PhD in Educational
Psychology and Counseling in 1973
●Founder of the Center for Human Caring in Colorado
●Caritas means to “Cherish”(Greek)

3 Part Foundation
According to Watson(2001), there are 3 main conceptual elements comprising her
Theory
1.The Carative Factors/ Caritas Process
2.The developmental and utilization of the transpersonal caring relationship
3.The caring occasion or caring event

CARATIVE FACTORS
-Goal: to guide the “Core” of nursing, in contrast to medicine’s “Curative
Factors”
-Use to honor the human dimensions to nursing’s world and the inner life’s
world and experiences of the people we serve(2007)
-First three factors are the three philosophical foundation in the science of
caring
-Transitioned to caritas processes
-When we include caring and love in our work and our life that we discover and
affirm that nursing, like education, is more than just a job;
Also a life- giving and life- receiving for a lifetime of growth and
learning( Parker, 2001)

ORIGINAL 10 CARATIVE FACTORS

1.Formation of humanistic-altruistic system of values
2.Instillation of faith and hope
3.Cultivation of sensitivity and self and to others
4.Developing helping-trusting relationship
5.Promotion and acceptance to the expression of positive and negative
feelings(1985)
6.Using problem-solving for decision making
7.Promoting teaching-learning
8.Promoting supportive environment
 9.Assisting with gratification of human needs
10.Allowing for existential- phenomenological forces

10 CARITAS PROCESS
1.Practice of loving kindness and equanimity within the context of caring
consciousness
2.Being authentically present, enabling and sustaining the deep belief system
and subjective life world of self of one being cared for
Cultivation of one’s own spiritual practices and 3.transpersonal self, going
beyond ego self, opening others with sensitivity and compassion (Parker, 2001)
4.Developing and sustaining a trusting relationship, an authentic relationship
5.Being present to, and supportive of, the expression of positive and negative
feelings as a connection to deeper spirit of self and the one being cared for.
6.Creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caritas process, to
engage in an artistry of caring-healing practices( Parker,2001)
7.Engaging in genuine
teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being and meaning,
attempting to stay within other’s frames of reference
8.Creating healing environment at all levels
9.Assisting with basic needs, with and intentional caring consciousness,
administering human care essentials; which potentiate alignment of mind, body
and spirit wholeness, and unity of being in all aspects of care, tending to both
embodied spirit and evolving spiritual emergence(Parker,2001)
10.Opening and attending to
spiritual-mysterious,and existential dimensions of one’s own life, death, soul
of care and the one being cared for. (Parker, 2001)

THE TRANSPERSONAL CARING RELATIONSHIP

-Calls the nurse to go beyond the objective, physical assessment with concern
for the person’s deeper, subjective well-being
-Goal is to protect, enhance, and preserve the person’s dignity, humanity,
wholeness, inner harmony, and overall well-being
CARING EVENT
-An event, such as an actual occasion of human care, is a focal point in space
and time from which experience and perception are taking place, but the actual
occasion of caring has a field of its own that is greater than the occasion itself

CARING SCIENCE
Major Principles
-Relational caring
-Caring core:10 Carative factor/ caritas process
-Transpersonal Caring Moment-Caring Field
-Caring as consciousness- energy intentionally-human presence
-Caring- Healing modalities

THEORY OF HUMAN CARING SCIENCE

-An evolving field of study grounded in the discipline of nursing and informed by
related fields
-Framework for all caring-healing professions moving beyond nursing
-Caring is a sacred art
-Caring is an act of love

NURSING
●A spiritual practice, calling
●Caring is just as valuable and essential to our patient as curing
●You can have caring without curing, but you cannot have true curing without
caring
●Being present, attentive, conscious and intentional as the nurses works with
another person( fawcett,2002)
●Nurses should have attitude of loving, kind, caring, compassion, gentleness,
calmers, healers
●This caring science seeks to honor the depth, humility, connection,
compassion, responsibility, and concern for human welfare and optimal human
development
Defines it as ‘Human science of person and health- illness experiences that
are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic, and ethical human
transaction(Watson 1985)

HEALTH
●When the human being is considered from a holistic perspective, health
implies harmony and balance among various dimensions of human experience
●Emotional, mental, spiritual, and social well-being
●Defined as the absence of illness, but health can be obtained even when
physical wholeness cannot be obtained

ENVIRONMENT
●Should be conductive to holistic healing
●Designed to be comfortable not the typical hospital environment
●An open system containing both internal and external variables that we as
caregivers can manipulate
●Internal: mental, spiritual, and cultural
●External: physical, environment and safety
●Can serve to expand the person’s awareness and consciousness, to
promote minde, body and spirit healing, wholeness and well being(Watson 1999)
●Human soul is further destroyed with a depolarized, manmade environment,
advanced technology,and robot treatment for cure, delivered by strangers in a
strange environment
● Medical models reduces humans to body system, individual cells or atoms, in
order to treat and cure

PERSON
●Complex, holistic being; evolving soul
-People have value or meaning
●Cannot be separated from self, nature of universe
-It is influence by the surrounding environment
●Human being has a complex needs including physical. Psychological and
psychosocial
●A person is to be cared for, nurtured and both valued and respected
●Comprise of 3 Spheres: MIND, BODY, and SPIRIT
●The core of human caring theory is about human caring relationships and
human experiences not just health-illness phenomena, traditionally defined
within medicine (Fawcett,2002)

NURSING THEORIST AND THEIR WORKS

(PRACTICE-LEVEL THEORY by PATRICIA BENNER)
●Born on August 1942 in Hampton, Virginia
●Field: Nursing Theory and Nursing Education
●Known For: FROM NOVICE TO EXPERT, EXCELLENCE AND POWER IN
CLINICAL NURSING PRACTICE
●Award: Legend of the american academy of nursing(2011)

MODERN THEORIST
-Benner is relatively a modern theorist, with her work having done in 1980’s
-There was an increase in the acuity of patient in the hospital related to early
discharges and bounce back admission

WORKS AND RECOGNITION

●Benner categorize nursing into 5 levels of capabilities: Novice, Advance
beginner, competent, proficient and expert
●Believed that experience in clinical setting is key to nursing because it allows
a nurse to continuously expand their knowledge base and to provide holistic,
competent care to the patient
●Her research was aimed at discovering if there were distinguishable,
characteristic differences in the novice’s and expert’s descriptions on the
same clinical indent

AN INFLUENTIAL NURSE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING

PROFESSION
-Benner’s research and theory work provides the profession of nursing
that what we know now as “ Novice to Expert Model, or Benner’s
 stages of clinical competence”. This is adopted from the DREYFUS
MODEL OF SKILL ACQUISITION

NOVICE
-Person has no background experience of the situation in which he/she is
involve
-There is difficulty discerning between relevant and irrelevant aspect of
the situation

ADVANCE BEGINNER
-Learner can demonstrate marginally acceptable performance having
coped with real enough situation or note, or you have pointed out by
mentor, the recurring meaningful components of the situation
-Nursing functions at this level are guided by rules and oriented by task
completion
-Still requires mentor or experience nurse to assist with defining
situation, to set priorities and to integrate practical knowledge

COMPETENT
-Most pivotal in clinical learning because the learner must begin to
recognize patterns and determine which elements of the situation
warrant attention and which can be ignored
-Competent nurse devices new rules and reasoning procedures for a plan
while applying learned rules for action on the basis of the relevant facts
of the situation

PROFICIENT
-Nurse possesses a deep understanding of situations as they occur, less
conscious planning is necessary, critical thinking and decision making
skills have develop
-Nurses demonstrate new ability to see changing relevance in a situation
including the recognition and implementation of skills responses to the
situation it evolves
EXPERT
-No longer relies on analytic principle(rule, guidelines, etc) to connect her
understanding of the situation to an appropriate action
-Expert nurse, with enormous background of experience has now an
intuitive grasp of the situation and zeros in on the accurate region of the
problem without wasteful consideration of a large range of unfruitful,
alternative diagnoses and solution

CLIENT/ PERSON
-Person is a self-interpreting being, that is the person does not come
into the world predefined but gets defined in the course of living a life( Dr.
Benner)

SITUATION/ ENVIRONMENT
-Benner uses situation rather than environment because situation
conveys social environment with a social definition
-“ To be situated implies that one has a past, present, and future and
that
all of these aspect influence the current situation”

NURSING
-Benner described nursing as caring relationship, “enabling condition of
connection and concern”
-Caring is primary because caring sets up the possibility of giving and
receiving help
-It’s viewed as a caring practice whose science is guided by the moral
art and ethics of care and responsibility