Topic 1 - Atomic Structure and Periodic Table

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CHEMISTRY

TOPIC 1- ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND PERIODIC TABLE

ATOMS ELECTRONS
NUCLEUS-

In middle of atom. .
1 x 10 m

NEUTRONS
Contain proton and neutrons almost the whole of the atom

·
mass
charge
Ave
J NUCLEUS . .

-
PROTONS ELECTRONS-

~ more around in electron shell. cover a lot of space. volume of orbit determined by size of atom
-re
charge .
have
virtually no mass

RELATIVE MASS RELATIVE CHARGE


atoms neutral-they have
are no
charge
-

same number of protons and electrons PROTON 1. + 1

different
same sized charge ,
but
charge NEUTRON 1 O
-in ions , proton - electron >
-
has a
charge
be electrons than ELECTRON O -
I
can re or tre . e .

g.
2- = I more protons ·

-nuclear symbol shows the mass number and atomic number .


MASS NUMBER 4
atomic number =
number of protons
He
-

ELEMENT
SYMBOL number of number of neutrons
ATOMIC NUMBER
-

mass number =

protons +

number of neutrons =
mass number -

atomic number

ELEMENTS
-

atoms with the same atomic number

number of protons of atom it


determines what type is

substance atoms with the number of atoms element


containing
=
same

represented by symbolsle g. O-oxygen/Ca-calcium/In-zinc)


.

ISOTOPES
-
different forms of the same element (different number of neutrons ,
same number of protons)
same atomic number ,
different mass

e carbon-12/carbon-13
g.
.

↓ ↓

GP/GE/ON 64/6E/TN

relative atomic mass is used rather than mass number .

(average mass of all isotopes

Yootisotopex isotope
formula mass)
relative atomic
-

= or
mas

COMPOUNDS
-as elements react ,
the atoms bond with other atoms to form compounds
-formed with 2 or more elements .
in fixed proportions held together by chemical bonds.

-making bonds is
giving taking/sharing
,
electrons .

only electrons are involved when


making bonds

NON-METALS AND METALS

of sodium
-non-metal and metal compounds consists of ions
-X
.

metals
positive(loses electrons) non-metals
(gains electrons No gives an electron to chlorine
o
are ,
are
negative
opposite charges attraction
:

NON-METALS AND NON-METALS

-
nonmetal compounds consists of molecules ⑧

share electrons with each other (covalent bonding



O
H
MIXTURES
-

Not chemically bonded between different parts

Mixtures could be elements or compounds. could be


separated physically .

e air-mixture of
nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide and
g. argon
.

,
.

crude oil mixture of different


length hydrocarbon molecules
-

Properties of a mixture are a mixture of properties of its original parts .

4) chemical properties are not affected .

PHYSICAL SEPARATION TECHNIQUES


PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
-

used to separate dyes in ink .

different dyes have different solubility

more at a different rate >


-
form a spot of dye in a different place

FILTRATION AND CRYSTALLIZATION [RP)


- filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids
-
soluble solids can be separated by evaporation or
crystallization .
evaporation -

solvent will evaporate due to a difference in


poiling points .
and left will
crystals.
crystallization heated solution
slightly solvent evaporated higher concentrated solution
>
some >
-
- -

crystals start forming ->


turn off heat > let it cool > more
crystals form
- - -

-
filter crystals out from solution

DISTILLATION
-

simple distillation is used to separate a liquid from a solution

solution heated >


-

liquid with lower


boiling point evaporates
cooled vapor >
-

condenses >
-

collected

however ,
it can only be used in solutions with very different boiling points
mixture
of liquids with similar
boiling points uses fractional distillation
·

fractional distillation separates mixtures of liquids with similar boiling points


ATOMIC MODEL HISTORY
BILLIARD BALL
-

by John Dalton in early 19th century


-
described atoms a solid spheres
PLUM PUDDING MODEL - -

-discovered by JJ Thompson 1897


= .
in
=

he found negatively charged particles (electrons)


shows ball of with electrons scattered in it.
a positive charge
·

NUCLEAR MODEL
,

-
-

by Ernest Rutherford in 1909


-

done with the alpha scattering experiment with a thin


gold foil

most particles went


straight through .
some deflected slightly. few deflect backwards -
-

concluded the plum pudding model isn't correct -

-created the Nuclear model


,
It mostly empty
it
is space /

mass is concentrated in center (nucleus) with cloud of electrons surrounding


BOHR'S MODEL
,

by Neil Bohr in 191. /

electrons are in shells orbiting the nucleus , + :


the shells are fixed /

the shells are a fixed distance from the nucleus -


THE PERIODIC TABLE

-arranged by atomic number


elements with similar properties arranged vertically (groups)
elements in each of electrons of outer shell
its
has same number
group
JOHN NEWLANDS

-ordered the table order of atomic


in
weight
-
realized similar properties occurred every 8 elements
DMITRI MENDELEEV

placed elements mainly in order of atomic weight


switched orders for element's properties
left for elements that are undiscovered but in the same
gaps group
-

MODERN PERIODIC TABLE


-
elements with predicted properties filled the
gap
discovery of isotopes explained why the order in atomic weight isn't always correct

-now ordered by atomic number as protons were discovered


-

placed in groups
elements

GROUP 1-ALKALI METALS


-

only have I electron in its outer shell

has It
·
a
charge
soft and low density
-

Going down the


group
:

reactivity increases (outer electron lost more


easily >
-
attraction will nucleus decreases >
-
more electronic
shielding)
)
melting points and
boiling points decreases
-
Reaction with water :
forms OH and Hz
with forms O 02
oxygen
:
or

with chlorine :
forms 2
-

Forms jonic compounds with non-metals.


GROUP 7-HALOGENS
-
Non-metal colored vapors

Exists in diatomic molecules

-
Has T electrons in its outer-shell

Going down the :


group
·

melting and boiling increases


reactivity decreases (harder from lower attraction force from
> to electron outer shell further away nucleus electron
shielding)
>
gain is
an
-
>
more
-

More reactive halogens can displace a less reactive one in an


aqueous solution of salt
-

Has a
1-charge
·

Forms other covalent bonds with non-metals

Forms ionic bonds with metals to make a metal salt

GROUP 0-NOBEL GASES


- Have full outer shells

very unreactive
>
-

doesn't form molecules

gases nonflammable
-
Monoatomic colorless , ,

Going down the


group
:

higher melting and


boiling points (more electrons >
-

greater intramolecular force)


-
Has
charge O

TRANSITION METALS
·

High melting and


boiling points High density .

Less reactive than Group 1

Have ions of different charges (used as catalysts)


-
Forms colored compounds

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