Paper Chromatography

Paper chromatography
Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate coloured chemicals or

substances.[1] It is now primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced in the laboratory by
other chromatography methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
The setup has three components. The mobile Paper chromatography

phase is a solution that travels up the stationary
phase by capillary action. The mobile phase is
generally a mixture of non-polar organic solvent,
while the stationary phase is polar inorganic
solvent water. Here paper is used to support the
stationary phase, water. Polar water molecules
are held inside the void space of the cellulose
network of the host paper. The difference
between TLC and paper chromatography is that
paper chromatography
the stationary phase in TLC is a layer of
adsorbent (usually silica gel, or aluminium oxide), Acronym PC
and the stationary phase in paper
Classification Chromatography
chromatography is less absorbent paper.
Analytes chromatography is a
A paper chromatography variant, two-dimensional technique used for
chromatography, involves using two solvents and separation of the
rotating the paper 90° in between. This is useful parts of a mixture of
for separating complex mixtures of compounds either gas or liquid
having similar polarity, for example, amino acids. solution
Other techniques
Rƒ value, solutes, and solvents
Related Thin layer
chromatography
The retention factor (Rƒ) may be defined as the
ratio of the distance travelled by the solute to the
distance travelled by the solvent. It is used in chromatography to quantify the amount of retardation
of a sample in a stationary phase relative to a mobile phase.[2] Rƒ values are usually expressed as a
fraction of two decimal places.
If Rƒ value of a solution is zero, the solute remains in the stationary phase and thus it is immobile.
If Rƒ value = 1 then the solute has no affinity for the stationary phase and travels with the solvent
front.
For example, if a compound travels 9.9 cm and the solvent front travels 12.7 cm, the Rƒ value =
(9.9/12.7) = 0.779 or 0.78. Rƒ value depends on temperature and the solvent used in experiment, so
several solvents offer several Rƒ values for the same mixture of compound. A solvent in
chromatography is the liquid the paper is placed in, and the solute is the ink which is being
separated.
Pigments and polarity
Paper chromatography is one method for testing the purity of compounds and identifying
substances. Paper chromatography is a useful technique because it is relatively quick and requires
only small quantities of material. Separations in paper chromatography involve the principle of
partition. In paper chromatography, substances are distributed between a stationary phase and a
mobile phase. The stationary phase is the water trapped between the cellulose fibers of the paper.
The mobile phase is a developing solution that travels up the stationary phase, carrying the samples
with it. Components of the sample will separate readily according to how strongly they adsorb onto
the stationary phase versus how readily they dissolve in the mobile phase.
When a colored chemical sample is placed on a filter paper, the colors separate from the sample by
placing one end of the paper in a solvent. The solvent diffuses up the paper, dissolving the various
molecules in the sample according to the polarities of the molecules and the solvent. If the sample
contains more than one color, that means it must have more than one kind of molecule. Because of
the different chemical structures of each kind of molecule, the chances are very high that each
molecule will have at least a slightly different polarity, giving each molecule a different solubility in
the solvent. The unequal solubility causes the various color molecules to leave solution at different
places as the solvent continues to move up the paper. The more soluble a molecule is, the higher it
will migrate up the paper. If a chemical is very non-polar it will not dissolve at all in a very polar
solvent. This is the same for a very polar chemical and a very non-polar solvent.
When using water (a very polar substance) as a solvent, the more polar the color, the higher it will
rise on the papers.
Types
Taxus baccata
paper
chromatography.
Descending
Development of the chromatogram is done by allowing the solvent to travel down the paper. Here,
the mobile phase is placed in a solvent holder at the top. The spot is kept at the top and solvent
flows down the paper from above.
Ascending
Here the solvent travels up the chromatographic paper. Both descending and ascending paper
chromatography are used for the separation of organic and inorganic substances. The sample and
solvent move upward.
The ascending and descending method
This is the hybrid of both of the above techniques. The upper part of ascending chromatography can
be folded over a rod in order to allow the paper to become descending after crossing the rod.
Circular chromatography
A circular filter paper is taken and the sample is deposited at the center of the paper. After drying
the spot, the filter paper is tied horizontally on a Petri dish containing solvent, so that the wick of the
paper is dipped in the solvent. The solvent rises through the wick and the components are
separated into concentric rings.
Two-dimensional
In this technique a square or rectangular paper is used. Here the sample is applied to one of the
corners and development is performed at a right angle to the direction of the first run.
History of paper chromatography
The discovery of paper chromatography in 1943 by Martin and Synge provided, for the first time, the
means of surveying constituents of plants and for their separation and identification.[3] Erwin
Chargaff credits in Weintraub's history of the man the 1944 article by Consden, Gordon and
Martin.[4][5] There was an explosion of activity in this field after 1945.[3]
References
1. "Paper chromatography | chemistry" (https://www.britannica.com/science/paper-chromatogra

phy) . Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
2. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online
corrected version: (2006–) "retention factor, k in column chromatography (https://goldbook.iupa
c.org/terms/view/R05359.html) ". doi:10.1351/goldbook.R05359 (https://doi.org/10.1351%2
Fgoldbook.R05359)
3. Haslam, Edwin (2007). "Vegetable tannins – Lessons of a phytochemical lifetime".

Phytochemistry. 68 (22–24): 2713–21. Bibcode:2007PChem..68.2713H (https://ui.adsabs.harv
ard.edu/abs/2007PChem..68.2713H) . doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.09.009 (https://doi.or
g/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2007.09.009) . PMID 18037145 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/18037145) .
4. Consden, R.; Gordon, A. H.; Martin, A. J. P. (1944). "Qualitative analysis of proteins: A partition
chromatographic method using paper" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1258
072) . Biochemical Journal. 38 (3): 224–232. doi:10.1042/bj0380224 (https://doi.org/10.104
2%2Fbj0380224) . PMC 1258072 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC125807
2) . PMID 16747784 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16747784) .
5. Weintraub, Bob (September 2006). "Erwin Chargaff and Chargaff's Rules" (https://drive.goo-gle.
com/file/d/13dBvbCTMVmko67B7GZGH7ck_HwIVmJ_2-rT7MbU_dqQUGQz6YeRpb-rY1ucz/ed
it?usp=sharing) . Chemistry in Israel - Bulletin of the Israel Chemical Society (22): 29–31.
Bibliography
Block, Richard J.; Durrum, Emmett L.; Zweig, Gunter (1955). A Manual of Paper Chromatography
and Paper Electrophoresis (https://books.google.com/books?id=aC4XBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4) .
Elsevier. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4832-7680-9 – via Google Books.

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Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate coloured chemicals or

The setup has three components. The mobile Paper chromatography

Pigments and polarity

History of paper chromatography

1. "Paper chromatography | chemistry" (https://www.britannica.com/science/paper-chromatogra

3. Haslam, Edwin (2007). "Vegetable tannins – Lessons of a phytochemical lifetime".

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