V Autonomic Nervous System

I.
QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH:

1. What is the minimum number of neurons necessary to conduct impulses from the
brain stem or from the spinal cord to their effectors?
The number of synapses associated with each neuron varies from 1000
for a cell body of the spinal cord to up to 10,000 for cell bodies in the brain.
2. What chemical mediators are postulated to be formed in the following areas:

a) Preganglionic terminals
The principal transmitter of the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons is
acetylcholine, which is also the major mediator of the postganglionic
parasympathetic pathways in the enteric nervous system.
b) Sympathetic postganglionic terminals

Postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division are adrenergic and
use norepinephrine (also called noradrenalin) as a neurotransmitter.
c) Parasympathetic postganglionic terminals

Postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division are cholinergic and
use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
3. What is the function of the sympathetic ganglia?

- Sympathetic ganglia deliver information to the body about stress and
impending danger, and are responsible for the familiar fight-or-flight
response. They contain approximately 20,000–30,000 nerve cell bodies and
are located close to and on either side of the spinal cord in long chains.
- Sympathetic ganglia are the tissue from which neuroblastoma tumors arise.
The bilaterally symmetric sympathetic chain ganglia —also called the
paravertebral ganglia —are located just ventral and lateral to the spinal cord.
The chain extends from the upper neck down to the coccyx, forming the
unpaired coccygeal ganglion.
4. What is the relation between the hypothalamus and the sympathetic nervous
system?
- The hypothalamus is a bit like a command center. This area of the brain
communicates with the rest of the body through the autonomic nervous
system, which controls such involuntary body functions as breathing . After
the amygdala sends a distress signal, the hypothalamus activates
the sympathetic nervous system by sending signals through the autonomic
nerves to the adrenal glands. These glands respond by pumping the hormone
epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) into the bloodstream.
5. Differentiate cholinergic from adrenergic?

- The key difference between adrenergic and cholinergic receptors is that
the adrenergic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that bind to the
neurotransmitters noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline
(epinephrine) while the cholinergic receptors are inotropic and metabotropic
receptors that bind to acetylcholine neurotransmitters.
6. Compare the known function of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous

systems on the following structures:
Structure Parasympathetic Sympathetic

Muscle of iris Pupil constriction Pupil dilation
Salivary glands Saliva production Saliva production
increased
Bronchial tree
Heart Heart rate and force Heart rate and force
decreased increase
Gastric glands
Gastric motility Decreased motility of Increased motility of
stomach and stomach and
gastrointestinal tract; gastrointestinal tract;
decreased secretion increased secretion
Pylorus Greater splanchnic nerves,
for decreasing motility,
vasoconstriction, closing
pylorus and sensation
Intestinal motility Digestion increased (small Motility reduced
intestine); secretion and
motility increased (large
intestine)
Mucous gland of
intestine
Arterioles Dilation Constriction
7. Mention 5 major differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic

systems.
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
1. Origin Originated from thoracic, Originated from cranial and
cranial, lumbar region of sacral region of the center
the central nervous nervous system.
system.
2. Main Activity in Prepares the body from Relax the body inhibit high
the body intense physical activity. energy functions.
3. Homeostatic effect Excitatory homeostatic Inhibitory homeostatic
effect. effect.
4. Transmitter Noradrenaline release at Acetylcholine release at the
substances the effector. effector.
5. Control Control reactions to stress. Control routines body
activates.
REFERENCE:
Boundless. (n.d.). Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. Retrieved from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/structure-of-the-autonomic-nervous-system/
Boundless. (n.d.). Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. Retrieved from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/structure-of-the-autonomic-nervous-system/
Harvard Health Publishing. (n.d.). Understanding the stress response. Retrieved from
https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response
Preganglionic Nerve. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/preganglionic-nerve
Rudge, P., & Noback, C. R. (2020, February 6). The autonomic nervous system. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/science/human-nervous-system/The-autonomic-nervous-system
Samanthi. (2018, August 11). Difference Between Adrenergic and Cholinergic Receptors. Retrieved from
https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-adrenergic-and-cholinergic-receptors/

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I.

QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH:

2. What chemical mediators are postulated to be formed in the following areas:

b) Sympathetic postganglionic terminals

c) Parasympathetic postganglionic terminals

3. What is the function of the sympathetic ganglia?

5. Differentiate cholinergic from adrenergic?

6. Compare the known function of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous

Structure Parasympathetic Sympathetic

7. Mention 5 major differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic

Boundless. (n.d.). Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. Retrieved from

Boundless. (n.d.). Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. Retrieved from

Preganglionic Nerve. (n.d.). Retrieved from

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