13 . M tial Ke lati . ifferen ations of the ps: : Order and the Ff he First irst Degree ,1, Introduction, Any relation between depend saree endant 4 differential equation if Pendant variable, usually “gependant variables is called 4 fl . + in? yes the derivatives of the de “oted bY J . Finding a Se variable y ig called solving or oor ating the differential equation. The solution is also sled its primitive, because the differential €quation can be “-,ived fromiit by differentiation and algebraic methods etc The solution does not need to be an explicit function of jeindependent variable x but can be any relation between x indy, not containing the derivatives of y, provided yand its jaivatives satisfy the differential equation. The solution ways contains one or more arbitrary constants, wave Thus the most general solution of the differential equation ye (x) is y= ff@) dx +c where cis an arbitrary constant, x The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative which occurs in it. 5 The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the tighest derivative which occurs in it, after the differential ‘quation has been cleared of radicals and fractions. Thus the differential equation ' ‘ : cdny) a™'y a SX, Y) meal Gayle +..50 4 dx" i. \ ax “of order mand degree p. 263q ’ pinst ORDER Pip INTEGRAL CALCULUS 264 A differential equation is called a partiay diffor, tion if the dependant variable is a lunction Of Ay equa ender deriv, re independent V ka Watives more sneer sg an ordinary differential eqration iY°S, indepeng.° iF \ ariables and involves partial 2 OF otherwise It IS dependant variable variable and involve is a function of only one Penden, s derivatives but no partial detivat Veg. Only ordinary differential equations will be COnsidey, in this book rential equations are of ed great importance in annie ics and other branches of knowle, PPlieg maith dye, 13.11. Arbitrary constants. In order to find how arbitrary constants will occur in the solution, of a diffe equation, let us study how the differential equation can be ifthe primitive (i.e., the solution) is known. ics, phy ny: Tentiay formed Let the primitive be f(x.y,@)=0 where q is an arbit constant. Differentiation gives us a relation between x, Ysa and i dy dy! dx, say. of 7.2 .0)-0 Elimination of a between this and the primitive wil] relation between x,y and dy / dx, say Se which is a differential equstion of the first order. Hence, lookin, back, we may exp. -t the solution of a differential equation of the first order to contin one arbitrary constant. S(%,y,a,b)=0, so that there are now two arbitrary constants. We must now have two more relations in order to be able to eliminate a and 6, Differentiating successively, we get, say De dy dy oe 0 (s72.08)<0 and t(.8 Sap =0, Sive usa Again suppose the primitive is T he pation OF 7 AFA F boty yotween x,y, dy / pum" ajation P sand f YI dy? y| ny Y ay Ay ag isis 4 differential Cquation of ie vite the solution ofa differentia ee : *. Thus os in two arbitrary constants any on Ariza tial equation to contain natbiggs POlton, Order toy Nstants tants, on On of contd gine i in general, the Solution » win a5 many arbitrary Constan, nt tial equation. i 13.22. General and Particular go). : differential equation which pitrary constants equal to the or . ation is called the Seneral Solution ( Pee imitive). A solution obtainable from the inten Solution iving particular values to the ¢ is particular solution. ae mh order "fferemtigy Aation S a5 the mer ms ie pe "nS. The solution tains Number of Remarks. (1) In counting the arbit rary constants j solution, care must be taken to see th ‘ants in the ey are independent. (2) Moreover, the general solution Can have more than form, but the arbitrary constants in one form will be related 1 ‘te arbitrary constants in the other. Thus aa y =Acos(x +B) general andy sinx +Beosx are both solutions of the differential equation dy +P a ‘ as can be easily verified. Each is a general solution containing two arbitrary constants, Expanding the first and Comparing with the second, we see that a =~Asin B, B= AcosB, and conversely 4 =, (a* +B?), B=-tan™(a /B),x 266 INTEGRAL CALCULUS showing that the constants in one form are related to the CONStanis in the other. (3) Sometimes the solutior . a satisfies some given relation or relations. In such 4 bitrary constants will have definite values, ber of conditions fo be satisfied. n of a differential equation jg wanted which case some or all of the ar| depending upon the num (4) Although it is usual to omit the constant of integration in ordinary integration such constants should never be omitted when solving differential equations since the arbitrary constant in the solution of a differential equation is not always merely additive, 13.2. Equations of the first order and first degree, Not all differential equations can be solved in each and every case but certain standard forms exist for solving them. We shall now consider some standard forms for solution of equations of the first order and the first degree given by dy _ fy) a& f,(%,y) A(x y) dx — fi, y) dy = 0. 13.3. Equations in which the variables are separable, If it is possible to write a differential equation, by transposition of its terms, in the form: Ai) dx = fy) dy we say that the variables are separable. Such equations can be solved immediately by integration. For, the above equation is equivalent to dj A@)= AOI Integrating both sides with respect to x, we get JA@a=[ KI acve=fROra re where c is an arbitrary constant. which can be written in the form FIRST ORDER FIRST DEGREE ROUATIONS 267 pat solve Widewe axe? |Bundetkhand 04, Avadh 07, Allahabad 14) Now | dy/de=el.e? txte! =(6! 4x1) eo which is an equation with separable variables, OR or or So e’dy=(e' +x") dr. Integrating, we get ¢” =e" +10) +o, Ex.2. Solve (x?- yx") dy+(y? tay?) de=0. (Magadh 09, 11, Patna 11} W (14x) detx7(1- y)dy=0 [Rohitkhand 2014] Separating the variables, we have VE dee 2 dyad. ie, ( x x \o-0 Integrating ,we get -! +logx=-4-tog =e, in F log (x/ y)-(x+ y)/xy=e. Sol nx ee fans, a Ex.3. Solve y-x=a\ y?+). [Pama 09, Avadh 10] de de. We can write the given equation as ya =o or alee jae y l-ay. xta Integrating, we get [breaking y into partial fractions] log y—log (I-ay)=log (x+a)+ log c. logty/ (I-ay)}= log ¢(x+a) Therefore yac(%+a)(I-ay). EXAMPLES 1. (=x?) (1 y) de=xy (I+ y) dy. ax+by. [Kumaon 2013]INTEGRAL © AL, UL u s 4, sec? xtan yde#see® YAN vara g 268 5, Se tan pat t(I=e" see?» dyag 6. a(xdyt 2yde) =a9 dy dev xetey =O) Van > 2) dv+ xe’ dy = me (e +2) 04 (Bune, SOFA 1 x(2log x+ 1) ae sin y+ yoos y “M0191 [Lucknow 04, Ma, ‘Bh Hi ANSWERS | 1. log &(1-9)° =3@" -y*)-2y +e 2. sin“ x+sin e 3. ae™ + be 4. tanxtan y= 5. tan y=e(Inety! 6 xy=c’"e. T. x(e"+2)=¢ 8. ysin y=x" logxr+e, 13.4. Homogencous equations. A different; i ifferential equation (1) where fi and f, are homogeneous functions of x and y of th same degree, iscalled a homogeneous differential equation, To solve such equations, we take a new dependant variable v connected to the old one y by the equation eu dy _ dv y=vx so that api Yio 2) On dividing the numerator and denominator of the expression on the right-hand side of (1) by x”, where n is the a Z ‘i a of fi and f,, the differential. equation (1) takes the dy/ dx = f(y/x). The substitution (2) will therefc a it i cue k fore, transform it into an dv veh Ky), pinst ORDE® es are now The variabl f dx x KK py y/x after int Replacing ¥ solution. NOTE se advisable to try ifthe variables are separable (§ 19 is advis 7). For in these cases the differ Before solving a homogencos exact (§ 1 directly without any substitution Ex. 1. Solve xsin (y/ x) dy={ysin (y/z) by ‘We can write the given equation as putting y=vx, dy/ de=v+xdv/ de in this equation, we get siny-1 vex de sin ‘Separating the variables and integrating, we have Jsinvdv+f(lx)de or -cosv+loge=c or logx=cos(y/x)+e — which is the required solution. Ex. 2. Solve xdy—y de= . dy Putting y=vx in x— oY 7 On integration, we get, log(v+V I+ or vtvl+y? Hence y+ yl+) cx whichgives (y/x)+y1l+ (2/2) is the required-solution a.996 INTEGRAL CALCULUS. EXAMPLES goive the following differential equations 4 4 ; 2,2 2 yor Sash) \Gartnwat 2008) \, Sayed ax ds 3 2.24 IMagadn 2007) BEES 4. (2 -y? art dy dy=0 |Kwmaon 2013) 5. G24 )dr-2ody=0 [Avadh 06, Patna 06) 6. (ty? dy de) = 7, BarX+tan {Patna 2007) ae x Le | Kumaon 2012) 8. (x2 +29) dy/ de+2xy+ y? 43x [Patna 04, Kumaon 09) [Jabalpur 03, Patna 04, Magadh 05, Kumaon 08} ML. xB = y (log y-losx+) ANSWERS 1. axe” 2 x+yactete om 3B. (x= G2 tay PIM =exp [(1/ V3) tan U(x 2y)/ 2V3}], where exp 4. 5. y =x(x+c). 6. 7. sin (y/x)=cx. 8B x@tyt yy )=a 9005 2 = =e a) We moen Crore tla yc e 13.41. Equations reducible to a homogeneous form. dy _axt+byte a dx Ax+By+C can be reduced to a homogeneous form by. taking new variables X and Y, related to x and y by the equations ain». Equations of the form Ri EEO "St onpER FIRST DECHE Where x=X+h With A an gn” th these! & are constants whic! ‘stitutions, or ay oy = bY + Gah bk +e) + BY + (Ah~ Bk +c= Then the diffe, and can be solved and Y in the solution respectively we shal get variables. 2 O and 4n+ Be +C =2% ® ential equation becomes homogencowe, Substitution ¥ = vX . Replacing Ws obtained by x—f and y—* ~ the 3 by the Solution in terms original which fails if aB-4d =0, ie. In this case the differential equation is o dy __axtby+c ; Fc ee eT f the form dx max+mby +e m, say. To solve such a differential equation, let v = ax + by and getting rid of, the transformed differential equation is adv vtec ~ = a+b—** ax mv+C in which the variables are separable.the equation is exact (§ equation can be solved dir or or or or OO INTEGRAL CALCULUS NOTE. Before applying the method ofthis article, one Must see jf (ace bye ae (Ara Byte hey B in which case the differential any substitution 5. Iwill be so if b= ectly without 2y +y-3 02, Bilaspur 07, Lucknow 09, Rohitkhand 1) Ex. 1. Solve [Avadh 4k in the given equation, we get r42Y + (h+2k-3) “ON +Y +(2H4k=3 putting x= +/ qa) Now choose / and « so that h+2k-3=0 and 2h+k-3=0. so that (1) becomes Solving these.we get h=1, k 2 @& _X+2! hich is a homogeneous equation, ax 2X4Y so putting Y=wX and d¥ / dX =v+X(dv/ dX), we have dv _1+2v Cpumees ie vex n= Eee a ley a dev Dev dav yy | 34 hdtv ie Mi-v) +y)f x on breaking into partial fractions Integrating, we get, —3log (I-v)+log (1+ v)=Zlog X + log ¢ l+v =cX? vy eX Hex DOL AIP of (K+ )=ex*( VY log (I-v)? (1+ v)=log eX? or (+14 (yt D)=el@4)-G+ DP (x+ y-2)=c(x-y)’ which is the required solution. Ex.2. Solve (x-y~2)dx-(2x-2y-3)dy=0. |Magadh 07, Kashi Vidyapeeth 1\} - = —- FIRST ORDEM FIRST DEGHRR Eonarigns 273 ms 27 We can write the given equation ap The coefficients of x and y in the numeran are proportional, s0 in this case. we procend OF and denominator of (1) 38 falierms: Put x y=, I-dyl d= dh de in), Sen Separating the variables and 2v-3 ae =[ 73 we I J v-t omffet} w or x+e=2v-log (v=1=2(e— yy or log (x— y-I)=x-2y-¢. EXAMPLES Integrate the following differential equati Ley) dy=(r+ yt ide fog (x— yp) i oe [Kashi Vidpapeettt 2012) de yext Ss eas 4. (2x+3y—5)(dy/ de)+3e+2y—s=0. 3S. (By-Tx+7) de+(7y-3r+3)dp=0 |Bertampur 2009] 6. Ae {Gurhwal 2010} J. Qxt4y+3) yf =2y4xth [Bundelkhand 2004] 8. et yt dee ee 2yi)dy=U [Luckmow 11, Kanpur 12] wy Byrd de Axt6yeS |Rohitkhand 2009} ANSWERS 1. tan” {(29 D)/ (Qv+ Df = log feyx" +p? t0+ ped} 2, xtysce’a INTEGRAL CALCULUS y+ log tev) equa A differential equation is said 13.5. Linear ed" jependant variable and its detivative t degree. The coefficients of y and of its ‘the linear differential equation of the first order is, fore, of the form where P and Q are any functions of x. To solve this equation, multiply both sides by ire P. v Pde oa te Deby * =o! (a) The left-hand side of (1) now is evidently the derivative of ye!“ so that on integration of (1), the solution of the differential equation is yell foe!” “acc. NOTE 1. The factor e!"“*, on multiplying by which the left-hand side of the differential equation becomes a derivative of some function of x and y, is called an integrating factor of the differential equation, 2. Sometimes a given differential equation becomes linear if we take y as the independent variable and x asthe dependent variable. Thus Gr yra Bay xb can be written as Ot ey xe via which is a linear differential equation. ————————— eee ce EQUATIONS FIRST ORDER FIRST DEGREE F bey Solve seo9 + imtire 7, sabialpur 08) which is linear, Comparing with the standard form & P=tN 24175, 0-11 xeogy Hence the integrating factor = 4) ~ Fe ial cata © ¥@F)=f10-¢ or sex: y= f EEX xcos x or = aysecx=tanx+e. Ex.2. Solve (x+ y+ & Vabalpur 04, Rohitkhand 08, Pama 08, 1 nH We can write the given equation as Faxsyel or a which is a linear equation with xas the dependant variable. Jove @ ‘The integrating factor ise xe? =f (yt Derd+ e*. Then the solution of (1) is on integrating by parts or xe” =—(p+ le? -e” (tdDe" +e or x+y Ex,3, Solve (1+ »?)dv=(tan"' yx) dy. [Bundelkhand 04, Rewa 05, Magadh 06, Avadh 07, Rohilkhand 10, Garhwal 11, Kashi Vidyapeeth 11, Lucknow 12| aINTEGRAL CALCUL yg 276 be written as | sven equation om : se oe tm y Vy-X or e ae dx _ tan r #, ms | & w a squaton with x25 the dependent vane | yr equate? inear equation wehave NN, va form ofl ‘yi y?) +P )}aystan | y "eel putting tanw! y= and OPCs? edt ete-[ears el integrating by parts with as Ist function Se —le" Fre EXAMPLES P4342 {Patna 09, 11, Avadh 10) a \Kanpur2012| 4 : + y=1 [Magadh 06,07) 4, xi tay-x! logz=0 5, (dy! dx)+(y/ x) =i. xf {Patna 2005) 6. +n 2s2y-47 0 [Kumaon 10, Lucknow 10) dx 7. seox— = y+sin x. {Magadh 09,11] {Meerut 2004) 8. sina +3y=c0sx a& 10. i. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. puye . xysentan' x. LB, 15. 17. FIRST ORDER FIRST DEGREE EQUATIONS 217 det YAN x-se0¥ = 0 cos? Dy {Devt Anitya 04, Avadh 08, Bundelkhand 081 + y=tan x a (teves VLsrcknow 02, Pama 94, Garwwat 06, Magadle 07S YtPY) des (4x ydy—g (+x) % Vp! RY 00x [Kumaon 09, 121 vlog ydx+(x—log y)dy=0. on =a a [Devi Aitya 05, Magadh 101 xt2y)Z= 7 Gt lye [Dethi 02, Rohitkhand 06, Avadh 11} veel}. y) de oy ra Q |Garhwat 03, Lucknow 03, 09} (1+ 7 )+@-e* x, given y=1 when x=L |Rohitkhand 09) ANSWERS 1h ED syetx? 43x . pxityx+2rte 2 y (m+ a)+ ce us yal+cel*. 4. =4x‘ logx-x* +c. ye=—toosx? +6 6 (ely yece*—(l=sinx), — 8.(5+ y)tan? }x=c+2tan bx—x y=ccos x+sin x 10. +tanx-L 12. (4x7) psersinx. xlog y=c+4 (logy. 14 xay toy. a? +e" 16. w=ltyteyel”. xe™™? marctan yte. 18. dxy=x' +3 pa,. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 278 -educible to the linear form. An tions redueil 13.6. Eque | of the form & . py=0)" ax functi equation ao are ‘ons of x alone, is often calleq where P ant i's equation. ae ae ed to the linear form by dividing both sides Ears putting <= y™!, On dividing by y"s we get by y” am i Dy pyrred . yaar () = y-™! so that (l-n)y" (dy / dx) = (dv / dx Putting v=) a equation (1) becomes (=n) a which is a linear differential equation in v . Ex. 1. Solve 2 y= [Allahabad 06, Kanpur 06, Jabalpur 06, Bundelkhand 06, {Kashi Vidyapeeth 08, Dethi 09) We can write the given equation as age which is a linear equation in v where P =—I/x and Q=—logx/x. rue fevade So the integrating factor is Then the solution of the given equation is “ 1 ad on integrating by parts with log xas the first function. logx dk+e="logs-[+tavee x xr or of or or — © Pir, ST ORDER FIRST DEGREE ROUATIONS 279 “We Woe xe xjee of v=logre let 1 y= 16 Rs loges WOH ers, id orm logerecr Ex.2. Solve & _ ben =0y ; Wragadh 10, Kashi Vidyapeeth \2| ‘The given equation jg dy _ e* a 7-2) i iy de OO =e. i) Putting e” =v, « Y_dv de de sth equation becomes Rte Hee which istinear So the integrating factoris el” _ 5 Hence the solution of the equation is vafer-et el W dete=[tedise Putting e” =1, ede=de. ste! —[eldtecme'(t—iec. integrating by parts with ras Ist function eM veel (e'-Itc or ee =e (eee. Hence e” =e" —I+ce" EXAMPLES Solve 1 |Magadh 05, Bi [Magadh 05, fundelkhar 44°) Garhwal 09) 2 3. der)? (oe gaya sy. Undore 2003) 4. |\Bundetkhand 2009 3. (Py? tay) de=ay {Magadi 2008}INTEGRAL CALCULUS 280 a) pseck = p' tan & 6 : ade Utcknow 294 | Y vein Byes! tos y. dx |Kashi Vidyapeeth 2009) _ a , y log p=xye', (Bundetkhang 2005) 8 a 3 ; ee i \Gorakhpur 2003) “de x4] e ‘a wD “2. log x (Allahabad 2996 tee re i: a y= (log Wy: |Kumaon 2011) ak x x 2. Y (2xy+e* )de—e! dy=0, iseccee dy = y(sin xy) dx, [Rohitkhang 2007) ti 14, a tan y saree (1+x) e* sec y. (Gorakhpur 02, Kanpur 03) +x ANSWERS L xy log (c/ x)=], 2; X= y(lt+evx), 3. y=(I-yWi-x?, 4. Wipsca|i! sin x dy, T= OVA aay a yleia ae! YP S14 (c+ x) cot Gx+4n) 7 2tan y= co" 492) 8 xlog yee" (I) 4e Ay 4 SLIM AD (SMart ait anit) Y(1+ log x)+exy, 9, Y (x4 1)' = 10. 1= MW (vlog y)=1/ (2?) te 12, yo e* =c-y?, nsvepe =CCos x-+siN % 14, sin Y=(1+x)(e% +c), 13.7. Exact Equation is said Primitive (solutio i fferentj differential equations. af “a i 0 be exact if it st be: without ane i ifferen' n) directly OY Te Subsequent multiplication, eliminB\ JATIONS & RDER FIRST DI GREE BOUA FIRST OF N dy . M +t Thug the differential equation S the ¢ where obt 9, dx S exe { can be N functions of x and y, is exact if i "agi sa ai arene tly by differentiating an equation of the yp Aine Jirec t é u=c atone u is some function of arbitrary constant. Theorem. A necessary differential equation x and y , and ¢ is an and sufficient condition for the M +e =0 of Mdx + Nady =o (\) Xx to be exact is that OM / dy =ON | dx. Anecessary condition. Let the differential equation (1) be exact and let its primitive be u =c¢ » where u is some function of xand y, and c is an arbitrary constant, Differentiating u=c with Tespect to x, we have Qu du dy =), (2) ox dy dx Since equation (1) is exact, it must be the Same as (2), so comparing coefficients of (1) and (2), we have M =0u/éx, N =0u/ dy, To eliminate u, differ Q) (3) with Tespect to y and entiate Partially the first equation of the second with Tespect to x, 2 2 Then Se EM oA insaa Oyox dy’ axdy dx oe " 2 But since Os MiG u _ therefore eM LON yx’ which is gq necessary condition for M dx+N dy =0 to be exact, A sufficient condition. \f aM | Oy =ON / dx, then we shall Prove that = Mdx+Ndy =0 must be an exact. differential equation. For, if we put i} M dx =U, then eyox Oxdy’ the equation i>INTEGRAL CALCULUS o°U__ OM _ ON + by hypothesis 2M, sothet eS Oe g »oU which gives N=5 4 f(y | ay is some function of y alone, where f(y) is Substituting for Mand N from the above result, we have | ubstituting | su [eu an men? <5 {2 ron} | ae” OE eae a + free \ fu + Fy) showing that M + N(dy/ dx) =0 is an exact ¢ Fiy)= J f(y) ay. Working rule for Solving exact differential an equation satisfies the condition OM / oy =d is exact, then dx uation. Here ‘quations, If IN 1x and so (1) First integrate M with reg ect to x as if Y Were a constant. Let this integral be U. (2) Then integrate with Tespect to y those terms‘in NV which do not have x in them, Let this integral be F( (). (3) The sum of U and F(y) equated to an arbitrary constant gives the required solution. Ex. 1. Solve (439+ 2y") des (14 day 4.99?) dy ng [Rewa 04, Indore 04, Jabalpur 03,07, Bila: spur 08} Here M=1+4xy+2y?, N=1+4xy 42x? OM ON Then Gy ow 4tt4y, hye ay, ay ys ox y+ 4x These being equal it follows Integrating M with Tespect to x, regarding y as a constant, we get Uax+2x? y+ dy? that the differential equation is exact, MRst opp Neaig atin Mehce the solution of te Ex.2 Solve (146d Pot 8. Vegadhe 94.98, 11 Comparing the given equation Wi IM cies Ni hy 0) wes aye M=\+e"" N=e"*¢ Then and S\ 1S Since —_= => the equation is exact ax Integrating M with Tespect to, regarding yas a Uaf (te!) dyaxe yer? Again, integration w.rt. Constant, we get ysterms in N’not containing x gives 0 Heence the solution of the given differentia emuaon is Us or x+pe"P ae Ex.3. Solve xd yds? \Magadh 06, Bundelkhand 07, Puma 08, Kashi Vidyapeetis ny ‘The given equation is equivalent to —— Vaecsl ps earl Ye Comparing this with the equation M ak+.V <0, wehave Ms=x- OM Now, — aa,= } ~/ RAI. CALCULUS OF EON < perso re gE ayy Whe f woe to oes es equation i8 exact w ste € ego the piven ea =. cc yegardling yas a constant, we get & 49 fiys a wih reset ST Smet 1x P+ y 22d + 4 ntegratine * gq athe pH Te 4, yt #20? tas : eff eae 13.8. Integrating factors as ie tvttennain 7 sotcontanings gives | exact can often be made « tytone Asin pay? | function of x and y . Such a f in integrating eee LURES | factor. We shall list below " given by ) e solution i integrating factors Hence the s [where 20 =C] a Pa yteatin? ernataaieneen inspection. Sometimes an integrati te inspection. The following exact differe. following equations are exact and solve them, Ps 1e following. student in solving problems by inspec committed to memory. . th show that peetene {Rohitkhand 2005) 1 (tay) de = (ax (ax+hy+ g) des (i+ by Sa) 1. dQ) =xdy+ yde. (cos.x-sin asin ») d+ cos y (cos )-sin asin x) dy= 0 cos x (cos x de~ 2 De (=) 224 3. 4, (e+ eos x dre’ sin x dy=0- [Rohitkhand 2010 y 5. [y(l+1/x) +008 yl e+ Lee log xxsin y] dys 0, 4. {i 5 | lo 6. (pt -2oxt 4x*)dy—(2y"x—4 yx" 4sin x) de =0 = : [Rohitkhand 2011) 6. d\ tan 2. a? (x dy— y de) _ Bundelkhand ( 1, xt y ya Pa 2eO {Bundelkhand 2011) 8. Show thatthe equation (4x-+3y-+1) d+ (3x+2y+1) dy=0 Re Wabalpur 04, Indore 0S, Magadh 0S, Bilaspur 07, Puma 10] IS aSyMpl 1 i 2 represents a family of hyperbolas having as asymptotes the lines We can write the given equation x x+ y=0, 2x+ y+1=0. {Kashi Vidyapeeth 2009} 7a om eee [HINT : The equation is exact since 3M/éy=ON/ax=3. The (yde+ xdy)+ ay? de—x* y= 0 solution is 2x7 +3xy+x+y?+y=c which can be factorised as i oF d(yx)+ay?de-x? ydy=0 Dividing the above equation by 3 a | & (e+ y)Qr+y+l=e This shows that [since d(yx)= pacer} (r+ y)(2r+ y+1)=0] its asymptotes are ‘yh we getRAL CALCULUS INTES! 286 1) Lgy=0 i Lata we have dt, 8°. Q) * 7 result (2), we HAVE ssing whe result G oe seqing (Eg elo “= - hich is the required solution nM dx +N dy =0 has the form % z equation * yx ay=0, wy) y ax + fC) 4 Ae) paling faciOr is \/(Mx-N y), Foe ee i os xp)y de (aSIN 3Y COS 29) x y=. sin xy + \Garhwat 2009) sorthe form fi9) d+ Lo) x dy=0, and Mx gx sove OD « given equation i i A The om posing cosy N= VSN Hx where M= yay Cavin 39-608 39) —¥Y CN X60 x9) 7 Mx-Ny= Now 3 0) _Ny=2ecosxy. (#0). Mx-Ny 1 or } “Thus the integrating factor 775” Dxycos xy" Multiplying by this, he given equation becomes (ul (narod) ee{s10 9 -1\ay-0 wy z OM _ ON. tan xy+ xysec? xy. which is exact since pyiaste= Hence the solution of (1) is given by foot} (vis constant) =Iog cos xy+ log x-log y Hence X= CYOOS XY. \ —_— FIRST ORDER FIRST DEGREE EOUATIONS 287 Nore. Iln case Mae MUferentiat equation reduces to My =9,then MI y M dee N dy=6 y der xdy=0 Rute 3. f+ (ut oe Nl x, so thatthe by algebraic simplifi whose solution is xy = N\ ay ~ ax) 1 @ function of x alone, say $8), thin 3° ig an integrating factor of the equation M dx +N dy =0. Ex. Solve (2 +y' +1)de-2y dy=0 Here M=x'+ y' +1, N=-2xy, Clearly @M/ dy # ON / dx, so the given equation is not exact. 1 4y Now 1 (2y-(-2yyj= 22-2, N = x which is a function of x alone. So the integrating factor =U? “Multiplying the given equation by 1/x°, we get aay 2 (« oe Ja dy=0 which is an exact equation. Fe Hence its solution is given by ies 1 }tr+0-¢ or x x (vis constant) ie. x*-y* =cx+1_ isthe required solution 1.(@N OM Rule 4. If (2-2) is a function of y alone, say f(y). then eb is an integrating factor of the equation M dx+N dy=0. Ex. Solve (y* +2y) de+(xy’ +2y! 4x) dy, [Delhi 07, 08] Here M=y*+2y, N =xy' +2y* -4x a>.= INTEGRAL CALCULUS 288 dum yherd canine TOMhows ear 1 ee 3, Now wait wa Pann SF ATURE: | a so the integrating factor, = aio = lion ation by I/ y", we get Mureiplying the given equation YAN? i a Cee +N \ dy=O. say Jese[ee2y : Jeno or M, ds yy the above equation is exact. To solve it, integrating My Wirt: x taking yas constant, we get U=Jt2/y de O42/ 7 D* ‘Again, integration w.rt. ’ the terms in NV, that d FO)=J2ru Hence the required solution is given by U4 Fy jo not contain x gives je yt2/p2xt yee or ty +2/ 9" Rule 5. An integrating factor for an equation of the form x" y'(my dx + nx dy) +x" y'(py dx + qx dy) =0, a,b, m,n, r,s, p,q being constatnis is x" y*, where h, k,can be obtained by applying the condition that afier multiplication by x" y* , the equation must become exact. Ex. Solve (3x+2y*) y dx+ 2x (2x+3y) dy =0 [Lucknow'2012) Upon trial it is found that the equation is not exact. But it can be put in the form x By de+ 4x dy)+ y?(2y d+ 6x dy) =0. Hence there must be an integrating factor of the form x" y* Multiplying the original equation by it, we get Get"! 420 9) dee (aah? yg Oye. If this is exact, we must have @M/@y=ON/ Ox which gives 3k+ Dx"! yt 42k 3) x" yy? =a ht 2) xh yt +6 (he I) x" yh? a> ——‘(i‘i‘(‘i;”:t Original equation danke inal equation becomes Cesc ach iy FIRST ORDER FIRST DEGREE EQUATIONS This is satisfied if 3(Ke1)=4 (He Dy and Zik~Dy=60H* Ty Solving these, we find h=1, k=3 So the integrating factor isc OY +2) a P+ Ge ¥ dy Hence its solution is PY +2 me of Aye x EXAMPLES Find the integrating factors of the following differential equations and solve them. i y dx—x dy+ (1+x") de+x" sin y dy=0. Lucknow 2005) 2. y(axy+e") de—e*dy=0 3. Cth +47 der tery) dy=0 4. Gy? +2xty?) det 8 ye y*) dy=0. 5. (7 y—2xy?) de — 3x7 y) dy =O. [Lucknow 2007} [Jabalpur 2008} Undore 07. Lucknow 11} 6. x Gy de+2x dy)+ By‘ (y de+ 3x dy) =0 [Lucknow 2004} 7. sya Here aya a [Rohilkhand 2006} 8. yQPyte")de-(e" +) dy=0 [4vadh 2009) 9. Gx y* +2xy) de+ Qe y —*) dp=0 |AUahabad 2004] 10. (ay? =x?) det Gx? y? +7 y-2P + )ay=0 [Lucknow 2008} ANSWERS x? —y-1-xeos y= ex 3. xty G+ y?)+x* =e 5. x/y-2logx+3logy=c 6 7, (8? + y?)? +207(y? -x7) 9 PY +x7/ yao, 10. e [x75 y? a.sGRAL CALCULUS 290 INTEGRAL riables. A suitable substitution often: a Se aA which does not directly ana ae forms discussed so far to one of these soos undet a e known as the change of the dependent or ‘nd vent vi jable (as the case may be), will be used in the inde - the succeeding chapters also Exh Solve (=) 5-7 |Magadh 04, Para 06, Allahabad 09) S) , 80 the given equation becomes dx On separating the variables, we have aa Integrating, we get. x+c=v+a". a, (e-y)-4 cp) Plog ee or x+c=(x De =a or. 2y+C=alog=—" which is the required solution. > Ex.2, Solve dy/dr=sin(x+y). [Patna 06, Allahabad 13} Put x+y=v, then nde8, so the given equation becomes Ir dv . or —=l+sinv. dx On separating the variables, we have dk which on integration gives I+sin v xc=[ jae cos* v x+0=[sec’v dy [sec vtan v dv=tan v-see y I+sinv or or X+c=tan (x+ y)—sec(x+y) which is the required solution, _ yf ORDER FIRST PEGE pirnst OF GREE BOY, Nong 29 EXAMPL Eg Solve 1, 2 Gh ty +2 det Ly dyag x—+ ylog y=xye" g = xye' ylog y=xy lAvadhy 04, Burtetthang 05) yl de =sin (<4 005 (x4 yy cos (x+ y) dy=de ome [Lucknow 2995) yee, (x+ yy & ldvadh 03, Magadh 05, Putng 09) | dx =(x+ yy, 4 yy : (Magudh 06, Avadfe Ny Syl de= (e+ YAN, (Eahno 96, Indore 06, Patna 09) xderydy_|a—e_ 9 . xdy-ydr Fey LHINT Change to polars) [Rohilkhand 05 Avadh 09, Dethi09, Kashi Vidapeets 9,Garkwal 10) ANSWERS PSM 6 ecg 2 log ye" (e-7 y=logtl+tans(+y)J=rte 4. ye yratan (r+ y)/a}+e 4x+ y+1=2tan (2+c). 6& xec=tn“ (sy), sin {c+ tan“ (y/x)}