10th Iranian Geometry Olympiad

October 20, 2023

Contest problems with solutions

 10th Iranian Geometry Olympiad
Contest problems with solutions.

This booklet is prepared by Elahe Zahiri, Mahdi Shavali, Amirmohammad Derakhshandeh and
Amir Mahdi Mohseni.
With special thanks to Mahdi Etesamifard and Hesam Rajabzadeh.

Copyright ©Iranian Geometry Olympiad Secretariat 2022-2023. All rights reserved.

Contents

Elementary Level 3
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Intermediate Level 13
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Advanced Level 23
Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Elementary Level

1
Problems

Problem 1. All of the polygons in the figure below are regular. Prove that ABCD is an isosceles
trapezoid.

A B

D C

(→ p.5)
Problem 2. In an isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC and ∠A = 30◦ , points L and M
lie on the sides AB and AC, respectively such that AL = CM . Point K lies on AB such that
∠AM K = 45◦ . If ∠LM C = 75◦ , prove that KM + M L = BC.
(→ p.6)
Problem 3. Let ABCD be a square with side length 1. How many points P inside the square
(not on its sides) have the property that the square can be cut into 10 triangles of equal area
such that all of them have P as a vertex?
(→ p.7)
Problem 4. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral. Let E be the intersection of its diagonals.
Suppose that CD = BC = BE. Prove that AD + DC ≥ AB.
(→ p.8)
Problem 5. A polygon is decomposed into triangles by drawing some non-intersecting interior
diagonals in such a way that for every pair of triangles of the triangulation sharing a common
side, the sum of the angles opposite to this common side is greater than 180◦ .

a) Prove that this polygon is convex.

b) Prove that the circumcircle of every triangle used in the decomposition contains the entire
polygon.

(→ p.9)

3
4 Elementary Level
Solutions

Problem 1. All of the polygons in the figure below are regular. Prove that ABCD is an isosceles
trapezoid.

A B

D C

Proposed by Mahdi Etesamifard - Iran

------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Notice that the triangles ADE and BEC are congruent. Indeed, AE = BE, DE =
CE and ∠AED = ∠BEC = 90◦ . Hence AD = BC. Notice that ∠DAE = ∠CBE and
∠EAB = ∠EBA = 60◦ . So ∠DAB = ∠CBA, implying that ABCD is an isosceles trapezoid.

A B

D C

5
6 Elementary Level

Problem 2. In an isosceles triangle ABC with AB = AC and ∠A = 30◦ , points L and M

lie on the sides AB and AC, respectively such that AL = CM . Point K lies on AB such that
∠AM K = 45◦ . If ∠LM C = 75◦ , prove that KM + M L = BC.
Proposed by Mahdi Etesamifard - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let S be the intersection of KM with the line parallel to BC from L. Notice that
∠M KL = ∠KLS = 75◦ . So ∠M SL = ∠M LS = 30◦ , hence M L = M S. We have ∠SM C =
∠AM K = ∠ALM = 45◦ and M C = AL. So the triangles ALM and CM S are congruent. So
SC = AM = AC − M C = AB − AL = BL and LS||BC, hence BCSL is a parallelogram. We
had that ∠M KL = ∠KLS = 75◦ so KS = SL = BC, and we are done.

30◦

K
45◦
M

75◦

L S

B C
Solutions 7

Problem 3. Let ABCD be a square with side length 1. How many points P inside the square
(not on its sides) have the property that the square can be cut into 10 triangles of equal area
such that all of them have P as a vertex?
Proposed by Josef Tkadlec - Czech Republic
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Answer: 16.
Denote the distances from P to the sides DA and AB by v and u, respectively. Clearly, for
each triangle, the side opposite to vertex P will be a part of one side of ABCD. Let a, b, c, d
be the number of triangles for which the side opposite to P is a part of side AB, BC, CD, DA,
respectively. Then, each of the a triangles has area 12 . a1 .u = 2a
u
. Similarly, each of the b triangles
has area 2b , each of the c triangles has area 2c , and each of the d triangles has area 2d
(1−v) (1−u) v
.
D C

A B
v

Denote the area of a polygon X by [X].

Note that a + c = b + d, since the total area of triangles [ABP ] and [P CD] satisfies
u 1−u 1 1
[ABP ] + [P CD] = + = = [ABCD].
2 2 2 2
Thus, a + c = b + d = 12 × 10 = 5. On the other hand, for any two pairs (a, c) and (b, d) of positive
integers, each with a sum equal to 5, there exists a corresponding point P with distances u = a/5
and v = d/5 from the sides DA and AB. Since there are 5 − 1 = 4 pairs of positive integers with
a sum equal to 5, the answer is 4 × 4 = 16.
8 Elementary Level

Problem 4. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral. Let E be the intersection of its diagonals.
Suppose that CD = BC = BE. Prove that AD + DC ≥ AB.
Proposed by Dominik Burek - Poland
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let F be the reflection of D about AC. Notice that ∠F CB = ∠ECB − ∠ECF =
∠CEB − ∠ECD = ∠CDB = ∠CBE, BE = CD = CF and BC = BC. So the triangles BCE
and CBF are congruent. So BF = CE ≤ DC and so AD + DC ≥ AF + F B ≥ AB and

D E B

C
Solutions 9

Problem 5. A polygon is decomposed into triangles by drawing some non-intersecting interior

diagonals in such a way that for every pair of triangles of the triangulation sharing a common
side, the sum of the angles opposite to this common side is greater than 180◦ .

a) Prove that this polygon is convex.

b) Prove that the circumcircle of every triangle used in the decomposition contains the entire
polygon.

Proposed by Morteza Saghafian - Iran

------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. For an arbitrary vertex P , let T1 , T2 , ..., Tk be all the triangles with P as a vertex from
left to right in this order, let l1 , l2 , ..., lk−1 be all the diagonals passing through P such that for
every 1 ≤ i ≤ k − 1, li = Ti ∩ Ti+1 . Finally, denote by xi the measure of the angle in triangle Ti
with P as its vertex.
Note that for every 1 ≤ i ≤ k − 1 there exists a pair of points Bi , Ci opposite to li with angle
lengths (bi , ci ) such that bi + ci > 180. Now it is easy to see that

k−1
! k
! k
!
180k > (bi + ci ) + xi > (k − 1)180 + xi
i=1 i=1 i=1

"
Therefore, 180 > k1 xi , which means that in this polygon, the angle in P as its vertex is less than
180. Since P was arbitrary, this concludes the first part and shows that the polygon is convex.

xi

li

Now let ABC be one of the triangles in this decomposition, and let X be a vertex of the polygon
outside the circumcircle of ABC. Since this polygon is convex, without loss of generality, suppose
AX intersects BC.
10 Elementary Level

E
C

A
X

Let 'ABC = T1 , T2 , ..., Tk be all the triangles that AX intersects, respectively. Denoting T2 =
'DBC, we have
∠BAC + ∠BDC > 180◦ > ∠BAC + ∠BXC,
hence ∠BDC > ∠BXC and X are outside the circumcircle of 'BDC. With the same approach,
we can prove that for every 1 ≤ i ≤ k, the point X is outside the circumcircle of triangle Ti ,
inductively. But, since 'U V W = Tk is the last triangle that AX intersects, if X is outside the
circumcircle of this triangle, then we would have XV W one of the triangles in the decomposition
and ∠V U W + ∠V XW < 180◦ which is a contradiction. Therefore, X is inside the circumcircle
ABC, done.
Intermediate Level

11
Problems

Problem 1. Points M and N are the midpoints of sides AB and BC of the square ABCD.
According to the figure, we have drawn a regular hexagon and a regular 12-gon. The points P, Q
and R are the centers of these three polygons. Prove that P QRS is a cyclic quadrilateral.

D C

P N
Q
A B
S M

(→ p.15)
Problem 2. A convex hexagon ABCDEF with an interior point P is given. Assume that
BCEF is a square and both ABP and P CD are right isosceles triangles with right angles at B
and C, respectively. Lines AF and DE intersect at G. Prove that GP is perpendicular to BC.
(→ p.16)
Problem 3. Let ω be the circumcircle of the triangle ABC with ∠B = 3∠C. The internal angle
bisector of ∠A, intersects ω and BC at M and D, respectively. Point E lies on the extension
of the line M C from M such that M E is equal to the radius of ω. Prove that circumcircles of
triangles ACE and BDM are tangent.
(→ p.17)
Problem 4. Let ABC be a triangle and P be the midpoint of arc BAC of circumcircle of triangle
ABC with orthocenter H. Let Q, S be points such that HAP Q and SACQ are parallelograms.
Let T be the midpoint of AQ, and R be the intersection point of the lines SQ and P B. Prove
that AB, SH and T R are concurrent.
(→ p.18)
Problem 5. There are n points in the plane such that at least 99% of quadrilaterals with vertices
from these points are convex. Can we find a convex polygon in the plane having at least 90% of
the points as vertices?
(→ p.19)

13
14 Intermediate Level
Solutions

Problem 1. Points M and N are the midpoints of sides AB and BC of the square ABCD.
According to the figure, we have drawn a regular hexagon and a regular 12-gon. The points P, Q
and R are the centers of these three polygons. Prove that P QRS is a cyclic quadrilateral.
D C

P N
Q
A B
S M

Proposed by Mahdi Etesamifard - Iran

------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. It’s easy to see that ∠N QR = 90◦ . Because QR is the perpendicular bisector of BE
and N Q||BE. Notice that N P = N Q and ∠P N Q = ∠P N B + ∠BN Q = 90◦ + 60◦ = 150◦ . So
∠N QP = 15◦ , hence ∠P QR = ∠N QR − ∠N QP = 90◦ − 15◦ = 75◦ . Now note that ∠P M S =
90◦ + 30◦ = 120◦ and P M = M S, so ∠P SM = 30◦ and ∠M SR = 75◦ . So ∠P SR = 105◦ , hence
∠P QR + ∠P SR = 180◦ , hence P QRS is cyclic
D C

P N

Q
A B
M
S

15
16 Intermediate Level

Problem 2. A convex hexagon ABCDEF with an interior point P is given. Assume that
BCEF is a square and both ABP and P CD are right isosceles triangles with right angles at B
and C, respectively. Lines AF and DE intersect at G. Prove that GP is perpendicular to BC.
Proposed by Patrik Bak - Slovakia
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. It is easy to notice that the triangles ABF , P BC, and DEC are congruent. So
∠BP C = 180◦ −∠P BC −∠P CB = 180◦ −∠DEC −∠AF B = ∠EF G+∠F EG = 180◦ −∠EGF .
Let Q be a point on the other side of BC from G such that the triangles BQC and F GE are
congruent. Obviously, GQ ⊥ BC, hence we need to prove QP ⊥ BC. Notice that by the
angle chasing we did earlier, the quadrilateral BP CQ is cyclic, and so ∠BQP = ∠BCP and
∠QBC = ∠EF G = 90◦ − ∠BF A = 90◦ − ∠BCP , hence ∠BQP + ∠QBC = 90◦ and we are
done.
Q

B C

A
P

F E

G
Solutions 17

Problem 3. Let ω be the circumcircle of the triangle ABC with ∠B = 3∠C. The internal angle
bisector of ∠A, intersects ω and BC at M and D, respectively. Point E lies on the extension
of the line M C from M such that M E is equal to the radius of ω. Prove that circumcircles of
triangles ACE and BDM are tangent.
Proposed by Mehran Talaei - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Let F be the intersection of AB with the circumcircle of the triangle BDM . First of all,
we will prove that ACEF is cyclic. Let ∠ACB = α. Notice that AB.AF = AD.AM = AB.AC,
hence AF = AC. So ∠F CE = 90◦ − ∠CM A = 90◦ − 3α. Note that AO = OM = M E and
∠AOM = 180◦ − 2α = 180◦ − ∠OM C = ∠OM E. So the quadrilateral AOM E is isosceles
trapezoid. Hence AE ⊥ BC and ∠F AE = 90◦ − 3α, so ∠F AE = ∠F CE and ACEF is cyclic.
Let l be the line tangent to the circumcircle of ACEF . Now note that ∠BF l = ∠AF l = ∠ACF =
2α ∠BDF = 180◦ − 2∠CDM = 180◦ − 2(90◦ − α) = 2α. So ∠BF l = ∠BDF , and so l is tangent
to the circumcircle of BDM .

O
B C
D

M
F

E
18 Intermediate Level

Problem 4. Let ABC be a triangle and P be the midpoint of arc BAC of circumcircle of triangle
ABC with orthocenter H. Let Q, S be points such that HAP Q and SACQ are parallelograms.
Let T be the midpoint of AQ, and R be the intersection point of the lines SQ and P B. Prove
that AB, SH and T R are concurrent.
Proposed by Dominik Burek - Poland
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. First, note that the circumcircle of triangle BHC is the translation of the circumcircle
−−→ −−→ −→
of triangle ABC with respect to the vector AH. Since AH = P Q, BHQC is cyclic.
∠A
∠QBC = ∠QCB = , ∠P BQ = ∠P CQ = 90 − ∠A (1)
2
since AS||QC, SH||P C and by (1)

P
A

R T
X

Q
H

B
C

∠ASH = ∠P CQ = 90 − ∠A = ∠ABH
hence the quadrilateral SAHB is cyclic and XA.XB = XH.XS
same as above since P S||CH, SQ||AC and by (1)

∠P SQ = ∠ACH = 90 − ∠A = ∠P BQ

hence the quadrilateral SP QB is cyclic and RQ.RS = RP.RB

Now, looking at the circumcircles of triangles SHQ and ABC, points R, X lie on the radical axis
of these circles, and since these two circles have the same radii and AT = T Q, P T = T H, T
should also lie on this radical axis, hence these points are collinear.

Alternative Solution.
Let ζ be the equilateral hyperbola passing through ABCHP . By the well-known fact, T is a center
of ζ and so Q, S ∈ ζ. The statement follows from the Pascal theorem on hexagon AP SBQH
Solutions 19

Problem 5. There are n points in the plane such that at least 99% of quadrilaterals with vertices
from these points are convex. Can we find a convex polygon in the plane having at least 90% of
the points as vertices?
Proposed by Morteza Saghafian - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. The answer is no, in general. We provide a counterexample for n = 3000 as follows.

Consider a big circle and 1000 triple of points close to vertices of a regular 1000-gon on this
inscribed in this circle in such a way that, each triple, shaping the letter ”V ” faced to the outside
of the circle and for every line passing through 2 points in one blob, all the other points are in
one side of that line.

Now, with this way of construction, every quadrilateral with vertices # $from different triples is
convex, and so the total number of convex quadruples
#3000 $ is at least 3 4 On the other hand, the
4 1000

total number of quadruples of points is 4 , and

% & % &
4 1000 99 3000
3 >
4 100 4

But among these 3000 points, at most 2000 of them can form a convex set. Otherwise, there are
3 points selected from one of the triples, leading to a contradiction.
20 Intermediate Level
Advanced Level

21
Problems

Problem 1. We are given an acute triangle ABC. The angle bisector of ∠BAC cuts BC at P .
Points D and E lie on segments AB and AC, respectively, so that BC * DE. Points K and L
lie on segments P D and P E, respectively, so that points A, D, E, K, L are concyclic. Prove that
points B, C, K, L are also concyclic.
(→ p.25)
Problem 2. Let ABC be a triangle with incenter I. The lines BI, CI intersect the sides AC, AB
at X, Y , respectively. Let M be the midpoint of the arc BAC of the circumcircle of ABC. Suppose
that the quadrilateral M XIY is cyclic. Prove that the area of the quadrilateral M BIC equals
the area of the pentagon BCXIY .
(→ p.26)
Problem 3. We have chosen a finite number of points, A1 , A2 , . . . , An on the segment S with
length L. For each point Ai , let ci be a closed disk with center Ai and radius less than or equal
to 1. Denote the union of ci ’s by C. Prove that the perimeter of C is less that 4L + 8.
(→ p.29)
Problem 4. Let ABC be a triangle with bisectors BE and CF meet at I. Let D be the projection
of I on the BC. Let M and N be the orthocenters of triangles AIF and AIE, respectively. Lines
EM and F N meet at P . Let X be the midpoint of BC. Let Y be the point lying on the line
AD such that XY ⊥ IP . Prove that line AI bisects the segment XY .
(→ p.30)
Problem 5. In triangle ABC points M and N are the midpoints of sides AC and AB, respectively
and D is the projection of A into BC. Point O is the circumcenter of ABC and circumcircles of
BOC, DM N intersect at points R, T . Lines DT, DR intersect line M N at E and F , respectively.
Lines CT , BR intersect at K. A point P lies on KD such that P K is the angle bisector of
∠BP C. Prove that the circumcircles of ART and P EF are tangent.
(→ p.33)

23
24 Advanced Level
Solutions

Problem 1. We are given an acute triangle ABC. The angle bisector of ∠BAC cuts BC at P .
Points D and E lie on segments AB and AC, respectively, so that BC * DE. Points K and L
lie on segments P D and P E, respectively, so that points A, D, E, K, L are concyclic. Prove that
points B, C, K, L are also concyclic.
Proposed by Patrik Bak - Slovakia
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. Assume that AP intersects the circumcircle of ADE at Q. Notice that ∠ABP =
∠ADE = 180◦ − ∠ALP , so ALP B is cyclic. Hence ∠ELQ = ∠EAQ = ∠P AB = ∠P LB.
So L, Q, B are collinear. Similarly, AKP C is cyclic, and K, Q, C are collinear. Now note that
from ALP B and AKP C being cyclic, we have AQ.QP = BQ.LQ and AQ.QP = CQ.KQ so
BQ.LQ = CQ.KQ, hence BCKL is cyclic.

D E

B P C

25
26 Advanced Level

Problem 2. Let ABC be a triangle with incenter I. The lines BI, CI intersect the sides AC, AB
at X, Y , respectively. Let M be the midpoint of the arc BAC of the circumcircle of ABC. Suppose
that the quadrilateral M XIY is cyclic. Prove that the area of the quadrilateral M BIC equals
the area of the pentagon BCXIY .
Proposed by Dominik Burek - Poland
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution 1. Denote the area of a polygon X by [X]. We begin with a lemma:

Lemma. Let l be an arbitrary line in the plane of the parallelogram ABCD. Let a, b, c, d be the
distances of A, B, C, D from the line l respectively. Then we have a + c = b + d

Proof. Let M be the midpoint of AC and m be the distance of M to l. then it is easy to see that
a + c = 2m. Since M is also the midpoint of BD we have b + d = 2m and a + c = b + d

b
C

D a m

Let the circumcircle of triangle M XB intersect BC at Z.

A
90 − ∠ = ∠M BZ = 180 − ∠M XZ
2
∠A
∠Y M X = 180 − ∠Y IX = 90 −
2

Therefore ∠Y M X + ∠M XZ = 180 hence M Y ||XZ. Since M XZB is cyclic and M Y ||XZ :

∠C
= ∠M BX = ∠M ZX
2
∠XZM = ∠Y M Z

Therefore the quadrilateral M Y ZC is cyclic and Y Z||M X.

Solutions 27

Y
I

C
B Z

Now M XZY is a parallelogram and by the stated lemma, if x, y, m are the distances of X, Y, M
from BC we have x + y = m. Now it is easy to see that [M BC] = [Y BC] + [XBC]. Subtracting
[BIC] from both sides of the equality will give us the desired result.
Solution 2.
We denote the area of a polygon F by [F ]. We must prove that [M BIC] = [BCXIY ]. Adding to
both sides [BIC] we obtain equivalently [BCM ] = [BCX] + [BCY ]. Dividing by BC 2
we obtain
dist(X, BC) + dist(Y, BC) = dist(M, BC). Let T be the midpoint of XY . Then dist(X, BC) +
dist(Y, BC) = 2dist(T, BC), we have to prove that 2dist(T, BC) = dist(M, BC), i.e. that the
point symmetric to M with respect to T lies on BC. Denote that point by Z. Then M XZY is
a parallelogram.
Denote the circumcircle of ABC by Ω. Let BX, M X intersect Ω again at D, E, respectively.
Let CY, M Y intersect Ω again at F, G, respectively. First we show that M B = M C = DF =
GE. To this end, we prove that the arcs M B, CM, DF , and GE all subtend the angle 90◦ −
∠BAC
2
= ∠CBA+∠ACB
2
. This is clear for the arcs M B and M C because M B = M C and ∠BM C =
∠BAC. For the arc DF , note that it subtends an angle equal to ∠DBA + ∠ACF = ∠CBA+∠ACB 2
.
Finally, observe that ∠GM E = ∠Y M X = 180 − ∠XIY = 180 − ∠BIC = ∠CBI + ∠ICB =
◦ ◦
∠CBA+∠ACB
2
. Consequently, the arcs DM and F B subtend equal arcs as well.

M
A
D

F Y T X

I
G

B C
Z!

We have ∠EM D = ∠EF D and ∠M DX = 90◦ − ∠BAC = ∠DEF . It follows that'XM D ∼

28 Advanced Level

'DF E. Hence
MX FD
=
MD FE
Similarly, ∠F M G = ∠F DG and ∠CF M = ∠DGF . It follows that 'Y M F ∼ 'F DG and
MY DF
=
MF DG
Since F E = DG, the above equalities imply that
MX FD DF MY
= = =
MD FE DG MF
Let the circumcircle of M Y C intersect BC again at Z # . Since the arcs DM and F B subtend
equal angles, we have ∠DF M = ∠F CB = ∠Y CZ # = ∠Y M Z # . Moreover, ∠M DF = ∠M CF =
∠M CY = ∠M Z # Y . It follows that 'F DM ∼ 'M Z # Y , so
MY MX
Y Z# = M D · = MD · = MX
FM MD
This along with ∠Z # Y M = 180◦ − ∠M CZ # = 180◦ − ∠Y M X implies that Z # Y M X is a parallel-
ogram. therefore Z # = Z and we are done.
Solutions 29

Problem 3. We have chosen a finite number of points, A1 , A2 , . . . , An on the segment S with

length L. For each point Ai , let ci be a closed disk with center Ai and radius less than or equal
to 1. Denote the union of ci ’s by C. Prove that the perimeter of C is less that 4L + 8.
Proposed by Morteza Saghafian - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Assume that S is horizontal. Note that the union of the disks is invariant under reflection across
this line. Think of the boundary above the line containing S as the graph of a function, with
alternating minima and maxima as we go from left to right. We focus on the piece of the graph
between a minimum and an adjacent maximum (the red piece in Figure) and claim that this piece
is at least as wide as it is high. (Note that this is not necessarily true for all the arcs on the
boundary, but it is true for all paths between a minimum and an adjacent maximum.)

To see this, note that the maximum is the center of a disk, and the piece lies on or above the
upper half-circle in the boundary of this disk (the blue disk in the figure). If the entire piece lies in
this half-circle, and the minimum is where the half-circle touches the line, then the width equals
the height. In all other cases, the width exceeds the height because the horizontal projection of
the piece to this half-circle is as wide as it is high.
The length of the piece is less than its width plus its height, which is at most twice the width.
The sum of widths is at most L + 2, which implies that the length of the union of disks above
the line containing S is less than 2L + 4.

We get the same bound for the length below the line containing S, which implies the statement.
30 Advanced Level

Problem 4. Let ABC be a triangle with bisectors BE and CF meet at I. Let D be the projection
of I on the BC. Let M and N be the orthocenters of triangles AIF and AIE, respectively. Lines
EM and F N meet at P . Let X be the midpoint of BC. Let Y be the point lying on the line
AD such that XY ⊥ IP . Prove that line AI bisects the segment XY .
Proposed by Tran Quang Hung - Vietnam
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution. We need three Lemmas:

Lemma 1. Let ABC be a triangle with incircle (I). K is orthocenter of triangle IBC. Then,
the polar of K with respect to circle (I) is the A-midline of triangle ABC.

Proof. Let Q, R, be the feet of perpendicular lines from A to the lines IB, IC, respectively. Easily
seen line QR is A-midline of triangle ABC. We shall prove that QR is polar of K with respect
to the circle (I). Indeed, circle (I) touches CA at S, triangle AIQ is right at Q, we obtain the
quadrilateral ISLC and IQSA are cyclic. We have:

∠ISQ = ∠IAQ = ∠AIB90◦ = ∠ICA = ∠ILS

From this, IQ · IL = IS 2 , but CK is perpendicular to IQ at L, this remains that CK is polar of

Q with respect to (I). Thus, K and Q are conjugate with respect to (I). Similarly, K and R are
conjugate with respect to (I). Therefore QR is polar of K with respect to (I). This completes
the proof of Lemma 1.

A
L

R
Q

B C

Lemma 2. Let ABC be a triangle with bisectors BE, CF meet at I. Let M, N , and K be
orthocenters of triangles AIE, AIF , and IBC, respectively. Let M E meet N F at P . Then, lines
IP and AK are perpendicular.

Proof. Let incircle (I) touchCA, AB at S, T , respectively. Let the lines AM, AN meet the lines
IC, IB at R, Q, respectively. #Easily
$ seen S, Q, T, R lie on a circle with diameter AI. Apply
Pascal’s theorem for six points T QA , and we deduce that lines M E, QR, and ST are concurrent.
RSI

Similarly, lines N F, QR, and ST are concurrent.

Hence, lines M E, N F, QR, ST are concurrent at P . Notice that A is the pole of EF with respect
to (I). It follows from Lemma 1, K is the pole of QR with respect to (I), thus P is the pole of
AK with respect to (I) or IP ⊥ AK. This completes the proof of Lemma 2.
Solutions 31

S
E
N
R P
F Q
M
T
I

B C

Lemma 3. Let ABC be a triangle. Incircle of ABC touches BC at D. J is excenter at vertex

A of ABC. M is the midpoint of ABC. Then, lines JM and AX are parallel.

Proof. Let E be the tangent point on side BC of A-excircle (J) of ABC. Let EF be diameter of
(J). Consider the homothety center A such that (I) transform to (J), thus D be tranformed to
F so that A, D, F are collinear. Because D and E be tangent point of incircle and A-excircle so:

BC + CAAC
DB = = CE
2
Thus, M is the midpoint of DE. Also J is midpoint of EF . Hence follow midline theorem

JM * AF

or
JM * AD.
This completes proof of Lemma 3.

B D M E C

F
32 Advanced Level

Coming back to the problem.

Let J be the A-excenter of triangle ABC. Let K be the orthocenter of triangle IBC. Easily seen
KBJC is a parallelogram, so X is the common midpoint of JK and BC. It follows from Lemma
2, we have AK ⊥ IP . Combining with the assumption XY ⊥ IP , we get XY * AK. (1)
It follows from Lemma 3, we have XJ * AD or XK * AY . (2)
From (1) and (2), we deduce that AKXY is a parallelogram. Therefore, we have equal vectors
−→ −−→ −→
AY = KX = XJ

From this AXJY is a parallelogram or AI bisects segment XY . This completes the proof of the
problem.
K
A

E
N
P
F
M I

B D C
X
Z
Y

J
Solutions 33

Problem 5. In triangle ABC points M and N are the midpoints of sides AC and AB, respectively
and D is the projection of A into BC. Point O is the circumcenter of ABC and circumcircles of
BOC, DM N intersect at points R, T . Lines DT, DR intersect line M N at E and F , respectively.
Lines CT , BR intersect at K. A point P lies on KD such that P K is the angle bisector of
∠BP C. Prove that the circumcircles of ART and P EF are tangent.
Proposed by Mehran Talaei - Iran
------------------------------------------------------------------
Solution.
Claim 1. The line DK bisects EF .
Proof. First of all, let RT intersect BC at D# . From BRT C being cyclic we can conclude that
(BC, DD # ) = −1. Now projecting to the line CT from R we see that if RD intesects T C at
G, we have (CK, T G) = −1. So looking from D we notice that D(CK, EF ) = D(CK, T R) =
D(CK, T G) = −1. Hence from BC||EF we conclude that DK bisects EF .
A
G

L
E N M F
K
O T
R

D# B D C

Let L be the midpoint of EF . In the course of the proof of the claim, we proved that D(CK, EF ) =
−1. So by projecting to RT and then projecting from K to BC, we see that (D# D, BC) = −1.
Hence DK is the polar of D# with respect to the circle BOC. Now let P # be a point on the
median DK of triangle EF such that LD.LP = LE.LF and Q be the orthocenter of the triangle
34 Advanced Level

DEF . It’s well known that P # Q ⊥ DK.

Claim 2. D# , P # , Q are collinear.

Proof. Notice that we must prove that the triangles D# DQ and DP Q are similar. But DP Q
is similar to DIL where I is the intersection of M N with AD. So, it is enough to prove that
D! D
DI
= DQ
IL
. Hence if J is the circumcircle of the triangle AEF then 2JL = DQ and AD = 2ID
and it is sufficient to prove DADD = LJ or equivalently the triangles ADD# and ILJ are similar.
!
IL

E N I L M F
K
O
J T
R

D# B D C

P#
Q

Now Let V be the midpoint of BC. Then ∠V RT = ∠V DT = ∠DF E and similarly ∠V T R =

∠DEF , hence the triangles V T R and DEF and AEF are similar. Now notice that the triangles
ILJ in AEF is similar to the triangle with analogous points in V T R. So if N9 is the center of the
9-point circle of ABC, Z is the midpoint of RT and X is the projection of V onto RT , we must
prove XN9 Z is similar to ADD# . Now Let W be the intersection of AD# with the circumcircle of
ABC. Hence by well known facts ∠D# AD = ∠W V D# and we must prove it is equal to ∠N9 XD#
or equivalently W, N9 , X are colinear.

E N M F
N9
O
X T
Z
R

D# B D V C
Solutions 35

So we must prove ∠N9 W V = ∠XW V . Notice that since ∠SW V = 90◦ = ∠V XS and SW XV
is cyclic then ∠XW V = ∠XSV = ∠V O# Z where O# is the circumcircle of BOC. Hence, it is
sufficient to prove W N9 V O# is cyclic.
Let C # , B # be the projections of C, B to AB, AC respectively, and let Y be the midpoint of B # C # .
It’s easy to see that the W C # B # is similar to W BC and N9 and O# are analogous points for
these triangles. Similarly, since Y, V are analogous points of these two triangles, then W Y N9 and
W V O# are collinear, and since V B # = V C # then V, N9 , Y are collinear, then ∠Y N9 W = ∠V O# W
and so W N9 V O# is cyclic and we are done.

W
B#
Y

C# O
N9 T
X
R

D# B D V C

O#

Since P (D# D, BC) = −1 and by colinearity of D# , P # , Q we conclude that P D must be the angle
bisector of ∠P # BC so P ≡ P # and so AEP F is cyclic.

Let the lines DE, DF intersect with the circumcircle AEF at E # , F # . Since EF ||BC , the cir-
cumcircle of triangle DE # F # is tangent to the line BC at D. The circumcircle of triangle DP Q
is also tangent to the line BC at D since ∠QDD# = ∠DP D# = 90. Therefore D# is the radical
center of the three circumcircles AEF, DP Q, DE # F # ; hence, points D# , E # , F # are collinear. Let
the line RT intersect AB, AC, EF at X, Y, Z respectively, and suppose this line intersects with
the circumcircle of AEF at two points I, J.
36 Advanced Level

B!

N M F Z
E

C! O T J
Y

R
X
I
D! D C
B
F!

Q E!

Now by Desargues’ involution theorem on the line RT and the quadrilateral EF E # F # there is
an involution f swapping (R, T ), (D# , Z), (I, J). We know that B # , C # , D# are collinear, hence
by Desargues’ involution theorem on the line RT and the quadrilateral B # M C # N there is an
involution g swapping (R, T ), (D# , Z), (X, Y ). Since f, g share the two pairs (R, T ), (D# , Z) they
are the same involution therefore the circumcircle of triangles AIJ, ART, AXY, AD # Z are coaxial.
Note that ∠BAR = ∠CAT since the ' circumcircles BOC, DRT can be mapped to each other with
an inversion centered at A, radius 12 AB.AC and a reflection with respect to the angle bisector
of ∠BAC. Thus, the circumcircles of triangles ART, AXY are tangent. Hence, the circumcircle
AEF IJ should also be tangent to ART .