Breathing and Exchange of Gases Lecture - 1 Notes

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BIOLOGY CLASS NOTES
TOPIC: Breathing and exchange of gases Lecture No.: 1

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Oxygen (O2) used in cellular respiration.
• Continuous Supply required
Carbon dioxide (CO2) released during catabolic reactions.
• Continuous removal required
This process of exchange of O2 from the atmosphere with CO2 produced by the cells
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is called BREATHING, commonly known as RESPIRATION.
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• Mechanisms of breathing vary among different groups of animals depending mainly
on their habitats and levels of organization.
• Lower invertebrates like sponges, coelenterates, flatwormsà simple diffusion over
their entire body surface.
• Earthworms use à moist cuticle
• Insects à a network of tubes (tracheal tubes)
• Most of the aquatic arthropods and molluscs à Special vascularised structures
called gills
• Terrestrial forms à Vascularised bags called lungs.
• Among vertebrates, fishes use gills whereas reptiles, birds and mammals respire
through lungs.
• Amphibians like frogs can respire through their moist skin also.

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• Mammals have a well-developed respiratory system.

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The Process of Respiration has 5 phases:


• Breathing or Ventilation of Lungs (Gaseous exchange by lungs)
• External Respiration (Gaseous exchange between blood & lungs alveoli)
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• Transportation of Gases (Gaseous transport by blood)


• Internal Respiration (Gaseous exchange between blood & body cells)

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• Cellular Respiration (gaseous use / release by cells)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS
• Divisible into two portions –
• The Conducting Portions à Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi,
Lobular & terminal bronchioles
• The Respiratory Portions à Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts,
alveolar sacs & alveoli
• We have a pair of external nostrils opening out above the upper lips.
• It leads to a nasal chamber through the nasal passage.
• The nasal chamber opens into the pharynx, a portion of which is the common
passage for food and air.
• The pharynx opens through the larynx region into the trachea.

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• Larynx is a cartilaginous box which helps in sound production and hence called
the sound box.

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NASAL TURBINATES
• Nasal turbinates are normal outgrowths of the nasal side wall bone that are
covered in nasal cavity mucous membrane.

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• Turbinate hypertrophy is when these outgrowths become enlarged and obstruct
the nose.
• The nasal cavity generally contains three sets of turbinates on each side: Superior,

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Middle & Inferior turbinates.
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• The olfactory bulbs are a pair of swellings above the olfactory epithelium and
underneath the frontal lobes of the brain that transmit odour information from the
nose to the brain.
• The olfactory bulb receives signals from the olfactory nerve and then transmits
them to the brain.

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• During swallowing glottis can be covered by a thin elastic cartilaginous flap called
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epiglottis to prevent the entry of food into the larynx.


• Trachea is a straight tube extending up to the mid-thoracic cavity, which divides at
the level of 5th thoracic vertebra into a right and left primary bronchi.
• Each bronchi undergoes repeated divisions to form the secondary and tertiary
bronchi and bronchioles ending up in very thin terminal bronchioles.

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• The tracheae, primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi, and initial bronchioles are

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supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings.
• Each terminal bronchiole gives rise to a number of very thin, irregular-walled and
vascularised bag-like structures called ALVEOLI.

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The branching network of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli comprise the lungs
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• We have two lungs which are
covered by a double layered
PLEURA, with pleural fluid
between them.
• It reduces friction on the lung-
surface.
• The outer pleural membrane is
in close contact with the
thoracic lining whereas the
inner pleural membrane is in
contact with the lung surface.
• The part starting with the

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external nostrils up to the
terminal bronchioles
constitute the conducting part

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whereas the alveoli and their
ducts form the respiratory or


exchange part of the
respiratory system.
The conducting part
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transports the atmospheric air
to the alveoli, clears it from
foreign particles, humidifies
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and also brings the air to body
temperature.
• Exchange part is the site of
actual diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and atmospheric air.
• The lungs are situated in the thoracic chamber which is anatomically an air-tight
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chamber.
• The thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by the vertebral column, ventrally by the
sternum, laterally by the ribs and on the lower side by the dome-shaped
diaphragm.
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• The anatomical setup of lungs in thorax is such that any change in the volume of
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the thoracic cavity will be reflected in the lung (pulmonary) cavity.


• Such an arrangement is essential for breathing, as we cannot directly alter the
pulmonary volume.
• Respiration involves the following steps:
• Breathing or pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in
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and CO2 rich alveolar air is released out.


• Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) across alveolar membrane.
• Transport of gases by the blood.
• Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues.
• Utilization of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant release of
CO2
Do you know?
• Fetal lungs are non-functional (intra-uterine life)
• New born respiration rate – 30-60/minute
• Air in pleural cavity à Pneumothorax
• Blood in pleural cavity à Hemothorax
• Pus in pleural cavity à Pyothorax

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• Right lung – 10 tertiary bronchi ; Left lung – 8 tertiary bronchi
• Upper respiratory tract à Nose to vocal cords
• Lower respiratory tract à Trachea, bronchi & lungs
• Space inside the alveolar sac is called Antrum
• Diameter of each alveoli is à 0.2 to 0.5 mm
• Total respiratory membrane surface area à 70 square meter ; thickness 0.5 micron

Non respiratory functions of Respiratory tract –


• Olfaction (Olfactory receptors present in mucous membrane of nostril)
• Vocalization (Larynx forms the speech apparatus with other structures)
• Prevention of Dust particles (Nostrils – Hairs, Nasal mucous, Sneezing)
• Defense mechanism (Lungs have macrophages, mast cells & NK cells)

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• Maintenance of water balance (some water lost through respiration)
• Regulation of acid base balance (CO2 expel)

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CHECK YOUR CONCEPTS IN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

1. These are normal outgrowths of the nasal side wall bone that are covered
in nasal cavity mucous membrane.
a) Nasal turbinates
b) Alar nasalis
c) Nasal vestibule
d) Compressor nasalis
2. Which of the following is entirely made of cartilage?
a) Nasal septum
b) Larynx

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c) Glottis
d) Trachea

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3. Which of the following does not constitute conducting potions
a) Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lobular & terminal bronchioles
b) Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea and Bronchi

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c) Nose, Pharynx, Lobular & terminal bronchioles
d) Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs & alveoli
4. Figure shows a diagrammatic view of human respiratory system with labels A,
B, C and D. Select the option which gives correct identification and main
function and/or characteristic.
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a) A- Trachea: Long tube supported by complete cartilaginous rings for


conducting inspired air
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b) B- Pleural membrane : Surrounds ribs on both sides to provide cushion against


rubbing
c) C- Alveoli: Thin walled vascular bag like structures for exchange of gases
d) D- Lower end of lungs : Diaphragm pulls it down during inspiration
5. Which of the following structure is usually upright at rest allows air to pass
into the larynx and lungs-
a) Epiglottis
b) Glottis
c) Nasopharynx
d) Trachea

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6. Which of the following is the function of the conducting part of the
respiratory system?
a) Clears the foreign particle
b) Humidifies air
c) Brings air to body temperature
d) All of these
7. Read the following statements-
I. Trachea divides into two right and left primary bronchi at the level of 5th
thoracic vertebra.
II. Each bronchi undergoes repeated divisions to form the secondary and tertiary
bronchi and bronchioles ending up in very thin terminal bronchioles.
III. The tracheae, primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi, and initial bronchioles

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are supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings.
IV. Each terminal bronchiole gives rise to a number of very thin, irregular-walled
and vascularized bag-like structures called lungs.

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Statement that is wrong is/are-
a) Only I, III and III
b) Only III and IV
c) Only IV
d) None of the above
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8. All of the following is true about the pleural fluid except-
a) It is present between the double layered membranes of lungs
b) It increases friction on the lung-surface.
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c) Outer pleural membrane is in close contact with the thoracic lining
d) The inner pleural membrane is in contact with the lung surface.
9. The trachea is lined with
a) Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
b) Ciliated simple squamous epithelium
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c) Stratified squamous epithelium


d) Pseudo stratified squamous epithelium
10. Match the following-
Column I Column II
1 Olfactory receptors A Speech apparatus
2 Larynx B Regulation of acid base balance
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3 Respiration C Present in mucous membrane of


nostril
4 CO2 expel D Maintenance of water balance
Code-
a) (1-C), (2-D), (3-A), (4-B)
b) (1-C), (2-A), (3-B), (4-A)
c) (1-C), (2-B), (3-D), (4-A)
d) (1-C), (2-A), (3-D), (4-B)
Answers
1-(a) 2-(b) 3-(d) 4-(c) 5-(a)
6-(d) 7-(c) 8-(b) 9-(a) 10-(d)

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