Solutions to Module 2 Exercises

Exercise1:
Give the general solution and particular solution of the following equations:

1. 𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ = 1 + 𝑦 2 when 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3
2. 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑑𝑦 when 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −1
𝑑𝑟
3. = −4𝑟𝑡 when 𝑡 = ,0 𝑟 = 𝑟0
𝑑𝑡

Solutions:
1. 𝒙𝒚𝒚′ = 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 when 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝟑
Simplify the equation.
𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 = 1 + 𝑦2 To integrate,
𝑑𝑥
𝒚𝒅𝒚 𝟏
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 ∫ (𝟏+𝒚𝟐 ) 𝐥𝐧(𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝟐

Divide by 𝑥(1 + 𝑦 2 ) By substitution,

Let, 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑦2
𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 =
(1 + 𝑦 ) 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 =
2𝑦
𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2 =∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
(1 + 𝑦 ) 𝑥 ∫ =∫ =∫ • = ∫
2
(1 + 𝑦 ) 𝑢 𝑢 2𝑦 2 𝑢
1
ln(1 + 𝑦 2 ) = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐1 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝟏
2 ∫ = ln(𝑢) = 𝐥𝐧(𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )
2 𝑢 2 𝟐
1
Let 𝑐1 = ln 𝑐 Remember that an arbitrary constant is a
2
constant whose value could be assumed
1 1 1
ln(1 + 𝑦 2 ) = ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐 to be anything. We can let 𝑐1 = ln 𝑐.
2
2 2
The equation contains natural logarithm.
Multiply by 2 However, we can get rid of this by the
concept:
ln(1 + 𝑦 2 ) = 2 ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐
𝒆𝒍𝒏(𝒙) = 𝒙
ln(1 + 𝑦 2 ) − 2 ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑐
Therefore,
ln(1 + 𝑦 2 ) − ln 𝑥 2 = ln 𝑐 (1 + 𝑦 2 )
ln = ln 𝑐
𝑥2
(1 + 𝑦 2 )
ln = ln 𝑐
𝑥2 ln
(1+𝑦 2 )
𝑒 𝑥2 = 𝑒 ln 𝑐
(1+𝑦 2 )
=𝑐 General Solution
𝑥2 (1 + 𝑦 2 )
=𝑐
𝑥2
when 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3
And for the particular solution, just
1+ (3)2 substitute the given values of the variables
=𝑐
(2)2 to get the value of the arbitrary constant
and finally, simplify the answer.

Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 1

 10
𝑐=
4

(1 + 𝑦 2 ) 10
=
𝑥2 4

10𝑥 2
𝑦2 = −1
4

10𝑥 2
𝑦=√ −1
4

10𝑥 2 − 4
𝑦=√
4

1
𝑦 = √10𝑥 2 − 4 Particular Solution
2

2. 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝒅𝒚 when 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = −𝟏

Simplify the equation then integrate.
2𝑑𝑥 3𝑑𝑦
= Remember that an arbitrary constant is a
𝑥 𝑦
constant whose value could be assumed
2𝑑𝑥 3𝑑𝑦 to be anything. We can let 𝑐1 = ln 𝑐.
∫ =∫
𝑥 𝑦
To simplify the equation, recall the
2 ln 𝑥 = 3 ln 𝑦 + 𝑐1 properties of logarithm.
Let 𝑐1 = ln 𝑐 Product Rule:
2 ln 𝑥 = 3 ln 𝑦 + ln 𝑐  𝐥𝐧 (𝐌𝐍) = 𝐥𝐧(𝐌) + 𝐥𝐧(𝐍)
2 ln 𝑥 − 3 ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑐 Power Rule:
𝑥2  𝐥𝐧(𝐌)𝐚 = 𝐚 𝐥𝐧(𝐌)
ln 3 = ln 𝑐
𝑦
And
𝒙𝟐
=𝒄 General Solution 𝒆𝒍𝒏(𝒙) = 𝒙
𝒚𝟑

When 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = −𝟏 Therefore,

𝑥2 𝒙𝟐
ln( 𝟑 )
=𝑐
𝑦3 𝑒 𝒚 = 𝑒 ln 𝑐
(2)2 𝒙𝟐
𝑐= = −4 =𝒄
(−1)3 𝒚𝟑

Then, And for the particular solution, just

substitute the given values of the variables
𝑥2
= −4 to get the value of the arbitrary constant
𝑦3
and finally, simplify the answer.
−4𝑦 3 = 𝑥 2

Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 2

 𝑥2
𝑦3 = −
4

3
3 𝑥2
√𝑦 3 = − √
4

2
𝑥 3
𝑦= − (2) Particular Solution

𝒅𝒓
3. = −𝟒𝒓𝒕 when 𝒕 =, 𝟎 𝒓 = 𝒓𝟎
𝒅𝒕

𝑑𝑟
∫ = − 4 ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝐥𝐧 𝒓 = −𝟐𝒕𝟐 + 𝒄 General Solution

When 𝒕 =, 𝟎 𝒓 = 𝒓𝟎

ln 𝑟0 = −2(0)2 + 𝑐

𝒄 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝟎

Then,

ln 𝑟 = − 2𝑡 2 + ln 𝑟0

ln 𝑟 − ln 𝑟0 = − 2𝑡 2

𝑟 Simplify the equation then integrate.

ln = −2𝑡 2
𝑟0 To simplify the equation using,
𝑟
ln𝑟 2 𝒆𝒍𝒏(𝒙) = 𝒙
𝑒 0 = 𝑒 −2𝑡
And for the particular solution, just
𝑟 2
= 𝑒 −2𝑡 substitute the given values of the variables
𝑟0 to get the value of the arbitrary constant
𝟐 and finally, simplify the answer.
𝒓 = 𝒓𝟎 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 Particular Solution

Exercise 2:
Test each of the following equation for exactness and solve the equation using at least 2 methods.
1. (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
M=x+y N = x-y
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=1 =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

∴ 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝐶𝑇

Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 3

 METHOD I:
𝜕𝐹
Let M = = x+y -Equation 1
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
N= = x-y -Equation 2
𝜕𝑦

Integrate equation 1:
𝜕𝐹
=𝑥+𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝜕𝑥

∫ 𝜕𝐹 = ∫(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝜕𝑥

𝑥2
𝐹= + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝐻(𝑦) -Equation 3
2

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑥 + 𝐻 ′ (𝑦) -Equation 4
𝜕𝑦

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2

𝑥 + 𝐻 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑥 − 𝑦
∴ 𝐻 ′ 𝑦 = −𝑦 Equation 5

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5

∫ 𝐻 ′ 𝑦 = ∫ −𝑦 dy
−𝑦 2
𝐻(𝑦) = Equation 6
2
𝑐
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 6 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3, 𝐹 =
2
𝑐 𝑥2 𝑦2
= + 𝑥𝑦 −
2 2 2
∴ 𝑐 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 General Solution

Method IV:

∑ ∫ 𝐷𝐼 + ∫ 𝑁𝐷𝐼 = 𝑐

DI = xdx - ydy

NDI = ydx or xdy

Choose ydx

Substitute:

Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 4

∫ xdx − ydy + ∫ ydx = 𝑐

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑐
− + 𝑥𝑦 =
2 2 2
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 General Solution

2. (6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑀 = (6𝑥 + 𝑦2 ) 𝑁 = 𝑦(2𝑥 − 3𝑦)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑦 = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

∴ 𝐸𝑋𝐴𝐶𝑇

METHOD I:
𝜕𝐹
Let M = = (6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) -Equation 1
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
N= = 𝑦(2𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 ) -Equation 2
𝜕𝑦

Integrate equation 1:
𝜕𝐹
= 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹 = (6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝜕𝑥

∫ 𝜕𝐹 = ∫(6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝜕𝑥

𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝐻(𝑦) -Equation 3
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝐻 ′ (𝑦) -Equation 4
𝜕𝑦

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2

2𝑥𝑦 + 𝐻 ′ (𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2

∴ 𝐻 ′ 𝑦 = −3𝑦 2 -Equation 5

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5

∫ 𝐻 ′ 𝑦 = ∫ −𝑦 dy
𝐻(𝑦) = −𝑦 3 -Equation 6
𝑐
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 6 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3, 𝐹 =
2
∴ 𝑐 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 General Solution

Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 5

Method IV:

∑ ∫ 𝐷𝐼 + ∫ 𝑁𝐷𝐼 = 𝑐

DI = 6xdx - 3y2dy

NDI = y2dx or 2xydy

Choose y2dx

Substitute:

∫(6xdx − 3y2dy) + ∫ 𝑦 2 ∂x = 𝑐

3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑐

3𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 = 𝑐 General Solution

Exercise 3:
𝑑𝑦
1. = 𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥(𝑦) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥

∴ 𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸𝐴𝑅

P(x) = -tanx
Q(x) = cos x

Integrating factor,
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 ln cos 𝑥
= cos x

Then,
𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1

𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1

𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 =
2
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = ∫( )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1
2
𝑥 1
𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = + sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐1
2 4
𝑥 1
𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = + (2sinxcosx) +𝑐1
2 4

Multiply by 2secx
2y=xsecx +sinx +2𝑐1 secx
2y= sinx + (x+2𝑐1 )secx

Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 6

Let c = 2𝑐1
2y= sinx + (x+c)secx General Solution

2. (𝑥 3 + 3𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
Divide by –xdx
𝑥 3 + 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− + =0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
− (𝑦) = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

∴ 𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸𝐴𝑅

3
P(x) = -
𝑥
Q(x) = x2

Integrating factor,
3
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −3 ln 𝑥
−3
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = x-3

Then,
𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1
y(x-3) = ∫ x 2 (𝑥 −3 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1
yx-3 = ∫ x −1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1
1
yx-3 = +𝑐1
0

yx-3 = 𝑐1 General Solution

3. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 − 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 − 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸𝐴𝑅

P(x) =2
Q(x) = x

Integrating factor,
𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 2𝑑𝑥

𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥

Then,
𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐1

Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 7

 𝑦(𝑒 2𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐1

Integration by parts:
Let u=x dv=e2xdx
du=dx v=1/2 e2x
1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑥( 𝑒 2𝑥 ) − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥 2𝑥 1 2𝑥
= 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 4

𝑥 1
𝑦(𝑒 2𝑥 ) = 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐1
2 4
𝑐
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑐1 =
4
𝑥 2𝑥 1 2𝑥 𝑐
𝑦(𝑒 2𝑥 ) = 𝑒 − 𝑒 +
2 4 4

Multiply by 4e-2x

∴ 4𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 + 𝑐𝑒 −2𝑥 General Solution

Exercise 4:

A. Determine whether the differential equation is homogeneous or not.

Identify what degree is the equation if it is homogeneous.

1. 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 0
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 4(𝜆𝑥)2 − 3(𝜆𝑥)(𝜆𝑦) + (𝜆𝑦)2
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 4𝜆2 𝑥 2 − 3𝜆2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝜆2 𝑦 2
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆2 (4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2)

∴ 𝐻𝑂𝑀𝑂𝐺𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑂𝑈𝑆, 2𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒

2. √𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = √𝜆𝑥 − 𝜆𝑦
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = √𝜆 √𝑥 − 𝑦

1
∴ 𝐻𝑂𝑀𝑂𝐺𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑂𝑈𝑆, 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
2

3. (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 3(𝜆𝑥)2 − 2(𝜆𝑥)(𝜆𝑦) + 3(𝜆𝑦)2
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 3𝜆2 𝑥 2 − 2𝜆2 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝜆2 𝑦 2
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆2 ( 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 )

∴ 𝐻𝑂𝑀𝑂𝐺𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑂𝑈𝑆, 2𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 4𝑥𝑦
Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 8
 𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 4(𝜆𝑥)(𝜆𝑦)

𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 4𝜆2 𝑥𝑦

∴ 𝐻𝑂𝑀𝑂𝐺𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑂𝑈𝑆, 2𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒

𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑦
4.
𝑥−2𝑦
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝑥 − 2𝑦
(𝜆𝑥)2 + 3(𝜆𝑥)(𝜆𝑦)
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) =
𝜆𝑥 − 2𝜆𝑦

𝜆2 𝑥 2 + 3𝜆2 𝑥𝑦
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) =
𝜆𝑥 − 2𝜆𝑦

𝜆2 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦)
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) =
𝜆(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
𝜆(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦)
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) =
𝑥 − 2𝑦

∴ 𝐻𝑂𝑀𝑂𝐺𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑂𝑈𝑆, 1𝑠𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒

5. tan 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = tan 𝑥
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = tan 𝜆𝑥

∴ 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝐻𝑂𝑀𝑂𝐺𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑂𝑈𝑆

6. (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 2𝑦
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆𝑥 − 2𝜆𝑦
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆(𝑥 − 2𝑦)
∴ 𝐻𝑂𝑀𝑂𝐺𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑂𝑈𝑆, 1𝑠𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 2𝜆𝑥 + 𝜆𝑦
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆(2𝑥 + 𝑦)
∴ 𝐻𝑂𝑀𝑂𝐺𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑂𝑈𝑆, 1𝑠𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒

𝐵𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 9

B. Find the general solution for the following equations:

1. (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Homogeneous DE, 1st Degree

Let y=vx
dy=vdx+xdv

Substitute,
(𝑥 − 2𝑣𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥)(vdx + xdv) = 0
𝑥(1 − 2𝑣)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(2 + 𝑣)(vdx + xdv) = 0
Divide by x
(1 − 2𝑣)𝑑𝑥 + (2 + 𝑣)(vdx + xdv) = 0
(1 − 2𝑣)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑣 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2 + 𝑣)𝑥dv = 0
(1 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2 + 𝑣)𝑥dv = 0

Divide by x(1+v 2)
𝑑𝑥 (2 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑣
+ =0
𝑥 1 + 𝑣2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
∫ + 2∫ +∫ = ∫0
𝑥 1 + 𝑣2 1 + 𝑣2
1 𝑐
𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 2𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 + ln(1 + 𝑣 2 ) =
2 2
Multiply by 2

2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 4𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 + ln(1 + 𝑣 2 ) = 𝑐

𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑣 2 ) + 4𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 = 𝑐

Substitute v=y/x
𝑦 𝑦
𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 (1 + ( )2 ) + 4𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
2 + 𝑦2
𝑥 𝑦
𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 ( ) + 4𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑐
𝑥2 𝑥
2 2 𝑦
ln(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) + 4𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑐 General Solution
𝑥

2. 3(3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

Homogeneous, 2nd Degree

Let y=vx
dy=vdx+xdv

Substitute,
3(3𝑥 2 + (𝑣𝑥)2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥(𝑣𝑥)(vdx + xdv) = 0
3𝑥 2 (3 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑣𝑥 2 (𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0

Divide by x2
3(3 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑣(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0
(9 + 3𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0
(9 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0

Divide by 𝑥(9 + 𝑣 2 )
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣𝑑𝑣
− =0
𝑥 9 + 𝑣2
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣𝑑𝑣
∫ −∫ = ∫0
𝑥 9 + 𝑣2
ln 𝑥 − ln( 9 + 𝑣 2 ) = 𝑐1

Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 10

Let 𝑐1 = ln 𝑐
ln 𝑥 − ln( 9 + 𝑣 2 ) = ln 𝑐
ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑐 (9 + 𝑣 2 )
𝑥 = 𝑐(9 + 𝑣 2 )

But v=y/x
𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑐(9 + ( )2 )
𝑥
𝑦2
𝑥 = 𝑐(9 + 2 )
𝑥
9𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥 = 𝑐( )
𝑥2

𝑥 3 = 𝑐(9𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) General Solution

3. 2(2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

Homogeneous, 2nd Degree

Let y=vx
dy= vdx +xdv

Substitute
2(2𝑥 2 + (𝑣𝑥)2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥(𝑣𝑥)(vdx + xdv) = 0
2(2𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑣(vdx + xdv) = 0
2𝑥 2 (2 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑣(vdx + xdv) = 0
2𝑥 2 (2 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑣(vdx + xdv) =
2(2 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 2 dx − vxdv = 0
(4 + 2𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 2 dx − vxdv = 0
(4 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − vxdv = 0
Divide by x(4 + 𝑣 2 )

𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑣
− =0
𝑥 4 + 𝑣2
𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑣
∫ −∫ = ∫0
𝑥 4 + 𝑣2
1
ln 𝑥 − ln(4 + 𝑣 2 ) = 𝑐1
2
Multiply by 2
2ln 𝑥 − ln(4 + 𝑣 2 ) = 2𝑐1
𝑙𝑒𝑡 2𝑐1 = ln 𝑐 2

2ln 𝑥 − ln(4 + 𝑣 2 ) = ln 𝑐 2
𝑥2
∴ = 𝑐2
4 + 𝑣2

But v=y/x

𝑥2 2
𝑦 2=𝑐
4+( )
𝑥
𝑥2
= 𝑐2
𝑦2
4+ 2
𝑥

Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 11

 𝑥2
= 𝑐2
4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑥2
𝑥4
= 𝑐2
4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

𝑥 4 = 𝑐 2 (4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) General Solution

Exercise 5:

1. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
− 𝑦 = −𝑥𝑦 3 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
− 𝑦 = −𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥

𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖 ′ 𝑠𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑃(𝑥) = −1

𝑄(𝑥) = −𝑥𝑒 2𝑥

𝑛=3

−𝑛 + 1 = −3 + 1 = −2
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ′

𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −2(−1)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥

General Equation,

𝑦 −𝑛+1 𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)(−𝑛 + 1) 𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 −2 𝑒 2𝑥 = ∫ −𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 (−2)( 𝑒 2𝑥 ) + 𝑐

𝑦 −2 𝑒 2𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 −2 𝑒 2𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑐

1 1
𝑦 −2 𝑒 2𝑥 = 2( 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 4𝑥 ) + 𝑐
4 16
1 1
𝑦 −2 𝑒 2𝑥 = ( 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 4𝑥 ) + 𝑐
2 8
Multiply by y2

Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 12

 1 1
𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑦 2 ( 𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 4𝑥 ) + 𝑐
2 8
1 1
𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑒 4𝑥 ( 𝑥 − ) + 𝑐 General Solution
2 8

2. 6𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥(2𝑥 3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
6𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
6𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Divide by 6y2dy
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥4
− − =0
𝑑𝑦 6𝑦 3𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 −1 1
+ ( ) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥4 = 0
𝑑𝑦 6𝑦 3𝑦
Bernoulli’s Equation
−1
𝑃(𝑦) =
6𝑦
1
𝑄(𝑦) =
3𝑦 2
𝑛=4

−𝑛 + 1 = −4 + 1 = −3
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ′
−1 1 𝑑𝑦
∫ −3( 6𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 ∫𝑦
𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 = 𝑒2
−1 1
∫ −3( 6𝑦 )𝑑𝑦
𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 2 ln 𝑦
1
𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 2
General Equation,

𝑥 −𝑛+1 𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑦)(−𝑛 + 1) 𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

1 1 1
𝑥 −3 (𝑦 2 ) = ∫( 2 )(−3)(𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐
3𝑦
1 −3
𝑥 −3 (𝑦 2 ) = − ∫( 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 +𝑐

−1
1 𝑦2
𝑥 −3 (𝑦 2 ) =− +𝑐
−1
2
1 1
𝑥 −3 (𝑦 2 ) = 2𝑦 −2 + 𝑐

Multiply by x3y1/2
1
𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 3 𝑦 2
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (2 + 𝑐𝑦 2 ) General Solution

Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 13

3. 2𝑥 3 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦(𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 3 = 𝑦(𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
Divide by 2x3
𝑑𝑦 𝑦3 3𝑦
= + )
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 3
2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −3 1
+ ( ) 𝑦 = ( 3) 𝑦3
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥
𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖 ′ 𝑠𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
3
𝑃(𝑥) = −
2𝑥
1
𝑄(𝑥) =
2𝑥 3
𝑛=3

−𝑛 + 1 = −3 + 1 = −2
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ′
3
𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ −2(−2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3 ∫ 𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑙𝑛𝑥
3
𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 3
General Equation,

𝑦 −𝑛+1 𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄(𝑥)(−𝑛 + 1) 𝑒 ∫(−𝑛+1)𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1
𝑦 −2 𝑥 3 = ∫ (−2) 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
2𝑥 3

𝑦 −2 𝑥 3 = ∫ −𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑦 −2 𝑥 3 = −𝑥 + 𝑐
Multiply by y2

𝑥 3 = −𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑦 2

𝑥 3 = 𝑦 2 (𝑐 − 𝑥) General Solution

Math 121 – Differential Equations | Instructor: Engr. Jennifer C. Paglingayen 14