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    Nano Assignment

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    Arslan Sarwar

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    Nano Assignment

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    Nano assignment

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    Nano Assignment

    Uploaded by

    Arslan Sarwar

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    NANOMATERIALS AND APPLICATION CHEM-7026

    Chapter: Nanomaterial Synthesis: Chemical and Biological Route and


    Application

    Assignment Title: Introduction and background of nanoparticles

    Assignment Submitted to: Dr. Aftab Ahmad

    Assignment Submitted by: Dilawaiz

    Roll Number # 14

    Group: 02

    Course Code: CHEM-7026

    MS Chemistry 1st Sem Spring 2024

    DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF SIALKOT

    June,08,2024
    INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
    Nanoparticles Synthesis Approaches

    2.1 Definition:
    Nanoparticles are ultrafine particles with dimensions in nanometer(nm). One
    nanometer is one billionth of a meter (1nm=10-9m). They exist in natural forms as well as in
    man-made forms .They are smaller than solid particles but larger than atoms.

    2.2 Structure and composition


    Nano particles are complex in nature and are mainly
    composed of three layers.
    Surface layer; the outermost and can be active in the
    presence of metal ions and polymers.
    The Shell layer; the sandwiched layer and made up of
    different chemical materials than the core.
    The Core layer; the more crucial and core part of
    nanoparticle and shows its remarkable properties.

    Examples: Gold, silver nanoparticles, zinc oxide, carbon nanotechnology, Iron oxide
    nanoparticles etc. are its examples.

    2.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials

    There are two main approaches employed in various methods used for the synthesis of
    nanoparticles:

    2.3.1 Top-down synthesis

    This method is also known as the mechanical-physical


    particle production process. In this method a heavy force is
    applied for the crushing of a large particles into smaller
    particles which can be used as nanoparticles.
    2.3.1.1 Mechanical grinding /milling

    This is Top-down approach in which the decomposition


    of large particles into coarse particle is attained using
    grinders There are many types of mills available for this
    process such as planetary ball mills, high energy ball
    mill low energy tumbling mill and vibrating ball mill.

    2.3.1.1.1 Laser ablation

    A process in which layers of solid metals are removing using a high beam laser. This is also
    works on top-down approach, that is to disintegrate metal surface using a laser beam. It issed in
    the production of semiconductor nanoparticles, quantum dot nanoparticles and fabricated
    nanoparticles.

    2.3.1.1.2 Electro-explosion

    It is top-down method approach in which a high


    power pulsed current passes through a thin metal
    wire, which leads to the explosion of metal ions
    present in the wire. This method is used for the
    production of metallic nano powders.
    2.3.2 Bottom–up approach

    This method is also called as the building up process. In this method small particles like atoms,
    molecules and nanoparticles themselves are used for the synthesis of larger particles.

    2.3.2.1 Chemical vapor deposition

    Chemical vapor deposition is a bottom down approach in which a solid metal is deposited on
    another heated metal surface using a different chemical reaction in the vapor or gas phase.

    Components

    CVD apparatus comprise of three components.

     A gas supply.
     A deposition.
     Exhaust system

    2.3.2.2 Sol-gel process

    The method used for the preparation of colloidal nanoparticles by using a bottom-up approach.
    The colloidal particles are synthesized by mixing colloidal suspension in a continues liquid
    phase. Tetramethoxysilane is common precursor here.
    2.3.2.3 Green and Biological synthesis

    The emerging technologies for the better production of nanoparticles should be cost effective,
    simpler to synthesize and ecofriendly. Therefore, the better route for their production is via
    biosynthesis and green synthesis

    Among all the biological alternatives available, plants and plant extracts seem to be a good
    option because of their availability, lower maintenance etc.

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