STRUCTURES OF ENGLISH

1. Which of the following sentences 7. Which describes a periodic

follows Parataxis? sentences?
A. I came, I saw, I conquered
B. I came, then I saw, I conquered A.It suspends the conclusion of the
C.I came, I saw and I conquered sense at the end of the sentence
D.I came and I saw, then conquered B.It has syntactic units of equal
lengths
2. Which of the following types of C.It is a basic pattern of antithetical
grammar is an example of this inversion of the sentence
sentence: “I ain’t going nowhere” D.It has a series of clauses extended
A.Generative Grammar from the independent clause
B. Prescriptive Grammar
C.Descriptive Grammar
D.Constructive Grammar

3. Which of the following group of

words is a sentence fragment? 8. Which sentence uses “famish”
A.Justice is served correctly?
B.Escalate the issue A.I could eat a horse; I am famished
C.She shone B.I felt too famished to dig in to my
D.Her nieces and nephews favorite food
C.I’ll be famished by the next time
4. Which of the following BEST you treat me
exemplifies lexical ambiguity? D.I will bring a lot of strawberries;
A.I saw bats that’s a famish
B.Insurance salesmen are
frightening people 9. In which of the following
C.I woke up and saw ghosts sentences does the verb “be” (is)
D.We would be discussing violence function as the copula?
on TV A.Sherrie is annoying
B.Lisa is going to swim
5. Which of the following BEST C.Rayn is giving me a headache
exemplifies lexical ambiguity? D.Max is writing letters
A.There is a fisherman near the
bank 10. Which of the following is a noun
B. Your money is in the bank phrase?
C.The spoon is on the plate A.those houses
D.We should be discussing violence B.are houses
on TV C.two houses
D.old houses
6. Which among the given sentences
is NOT an example of hypotaxis?
A.Be proud and be bold
B.I cried, I pleaded, I walked away
C.I cried and pleaded
D.Stop and walk away
11. Which grammar approach deals B.One-fourth of the students
with the structure of language as it is chooses teacher Melay
used by writers and speakers? C.The textbooks that Rex Publishing
A.Prescriptive Grammar Company reprint every four years
B.Descriptive Grammar are for public secondary schools
C.Theoretical Grammar D.Much are left undone
D.Mental Grammar

12. Which of the following is a 16. Which among the following

complex sentence? sentences is ungrammatical?
A.Susan likes her project but she A.I am not used to wait for three
likes Blake’s project more hours straight
B.Having been rejected many times, B.The door suddenly closes while I
I decided to stop trying was inside the room
C.A cop’s hidden secrets were C.We have showed the products to
revealed by another cop the CEO
D.Corned beef goes well with D.There are much pies to eat
potatoes

13. Which of the following sentence 17. Which of the following sentences
is a simple sentence? is ungrammatical?
A.I accomplished submitting my A.Redge pointed at each word while
project he reads
B.I decided to stay while I wait for B.Cat peeked into the glass window
your return of their classroom
C.It breaks my heart losing you but I C.Massie is running in the speed of
know I am not enough light
D.The protruding tree branch was D.I wish I was beautiful as her
just above him so tell him that

14. Which is an example of a 18. Which BEST describes the

complex sentence? gerund in the sentence, “The
A.The student went to the library to beach’s main activity, kayaking,
search for Literature books continues to attract tourists”?
B.My friend went to the party, but I A.Appositive
decided to stay B.Direct Object
C.The person who is responsible for C.Subject Complement
the upcoming party fled D.Object of the Preposition
D.I wish to watch John Wick 3, but
my best friend, who has a big crush
on Keanu Reeves, insisted that we
watch together
19. Which BEST describes the
15. Which among the following gerund in the sentence, “Pamela’s
sentences is free from grammatical life-threatening hobby is sky diving”?
errors? A.Appositive
A.There is three speakers in the B.Direct Object
seminar C.Subject Complement
D.Object of the Preposition
20. Which BEST describes the C. Coinage
gerund in the sentence, “Many D. Compounding
students do not like reading”?
A.Appositive 26. Which word formation is used in
B.Direct Object the underlined word, "Millennial
C.Subject Complement celebrities often come to the bazaar
D.Object of the Preposition near World Trade Center"?
A. Blending
21. Which BEST describes the C. Coinage
gerund in the sentence, “Life spent B. Borrowing
in serving in teaching is pleasing”? D. Compounding
A.Appositive
B.Direct Object 27. Which of the following is a
C.Subject Complement complex sentence?
D.Object of the Preposition A. Merlin cooks beef stew as Erik
cleans the kitchen.
22. Which BEST describes the B. The altar boys assisted in the
gerund in the sentence, “Every Mass.
Sunday, my friends go hiking”? C. Many were tested in faith.
A.Appositive D. The Senior High School
B.Direct Object graduation ceremony was held at
C.Subject Complement Araneta Coliseum.
D.Object of the Preposition
28. Which is the BEST conjunction
23. Which word formation is used in for this sentence: "Erin got the
the underlined word, "I have been highest score in the periodical
thinking for a perfect genre for my examination _________ she did not
upcoming film"? review very well."
A. Blending A. though
B. Borrowing B. although
C. Coinage C. so that
D. Compounding D. because

24. Which word formation is used in 29. Macy thought Max left her;
the underlined word, "I have never however, Max came." "However" is a
tasted such a good-tasting _________.
sandwich"? A. Coordinating conjunction
A. Blending B. Correlative conjunction
B. Borrowing C. Conjunctive Adverbs
C. Coinage D. Subordinating Conjunction
D. Compounding
30. Which of the following sentence
is in the CORRECT use of the
25. Which word formation is used in preposition?
the underlined word, “Andrea started A. We traveled there by foot.
to doubt when Daniel asked her to B. We have to eat at morning.
come to the motel"? C. This school has been here since
A. Blending three years.
B. Borrowing D. I have been waiting for you for
five years.
31. Which of the following C. If it rains, you will cancel the trip.
exemplifies a reflexive pronoun? D. If I won the lottery, I would travel
A. The teacher gave herself a nice a lot.
coffee. 36. Which is CORRECT about third
B. The president himself believes conditional sentences?
that he can lead as expected. A. It states facts which are generally
C. Those friendly neighbors true.
themselves were skeptic about the B. It presents a possible situation in
progress. the future.
D. Susan herself made a nice cup of C. The person imagines a different
tea. imaginary situation that did not
happen.
32. Which function of the sentence is D. These are unreal or improbable
exemplified in this sentence, "This is situation now or in the future.
my
porriage."? 37. "If I hadn't been sick, I would
A. Imperative have gone to your party." This
B. Exclamation sentence is an example of which
C. Interrogative conditional sentence?
D. Declarative
A. Zero conditional/ Present simple +
33. Which function of the sentence is present simple
exemplified in this sentence, "I have B. First conditional/ Present simple +
never thought that this feeling would will/ won't + verb
come back again”? C. Second conditional/ Past simple +
A. Imperative would + verb
c. Interrogative D. Third conditional/ past perfect +
B. Exclamation would have + past participle
D. Declarative
38. "If he studies, he will pass the
34. Which of the following exam." This sentence is an example
exemplifies the CORRECT present- of which
unreal conditional conditional sentence?
Statements?
A. If I expected to be able to stay A. Zero conditional/ Present simple +
awake after nine at night, I must stop present simple
keeping these hours. B. First conditional/ Present simple +
B. They will never get education if will won t + verb
they were left to their families. C. Second conditional/ Past simple +
C. We should be giving the servants would + verb
medicine if they are sick. D. Third conditional/ past perfect +
D. If my shoes get worn-out, I will would have + past participle
buy a new pair of shoes.
39. "If you go to school, you will
35. Which of the following is an learn a lot." This sentence is an
example of zero conditional example of which conditional
sentence? sentence?
A. If you heat ice, it melts. A. Zero conditional/ Present simple +
B. If you stand in the rain, you might present simple
get wet. B. First conditional/ Present simple +
will/ won't + verb
C. Second conditional/ Past simple +
would + verb
D. Third conditional past perfect +
would have + past participle

40. Which of the following sentences

is free from grammatical error?
40.
A. I would buy some furnitures.
B. Have you packed your baggages?
C. Are there any bread?
D. He told me this news.
 Structure of English Hand Outs

Parataxis
 Parataxis is a way of joining sentences or phrases together without using
conjunctions or connecting words.
 It's like listing things one after another, without showing how they are
related.
 It's simple and straightforward, like saying one thing and then another
thing without any extra words in between.

Example
"She ran, she jumped, she laughed."
"He ate, he slept, he woke up."
"The sun rose, the birds sang, the day began."

Types of Grammar
PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR
 Prescriptive grammar, prescribes or dictates how language should be
used according to certain rules and conventions.
 It focuses on the correctness of one’s grammar
 describes how language is actually used by speakers and writers.
 It focuses on understanding rather than the correctness.

GENERATIVE GRAMMAR

 Generative grammar helps us understand how language works by looking

at the rules that create sentences.
 It focuses on the rules of grammar

CONSTRUCTIVE GRAMMAR

 Constructive grammar is a way of understanding how sentences are built

by combining smaller parts, like words and phrases, to create meaning.

SENTENCE FRAGMENT

 A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence that doesn't express a

complete thought.
 It does not have a verb
 A sentence should have a subject and predicate (verb)

LEXICAL AMBIGUITY
 Lexical ambiguity happens when a word has more than one meaning,
leading to confusion or uncertainty about which meaning is intended in a
sentence.
Example:
 I saw a bats

"I saw bats" demonstrates lexical ambiguity because the word "bats" could
refer to either the flying mammals or the baseball equipment.
This ambiguity arises because the word has multiple meanings, leading to
potential confusion or misunderstanding depending on the context.

HYPOTAXIS

 is a way of connecting words or phrases using subordinating words like

and, because, although, or while to show the relationship between ideas.

Example:I went to the store because I needed milk.

STRUCTURE OF A PERIODIC SENTENCE

 A periodic sentence is a type of sentence structure where the main idea or

the main clause is withheld until the end of the sentence.

FAMISHED

 Intensely hungry

COPULA

 a copula is a word that connects the subject of a sentence to a subject

complement, usually expressing a state of being.
 It links the subject to its description or identification.

NOUN PHRASE

 A noun phrase is a group of words that act together as a noun in a

sentence.
 It can include a noun and other words like adjectives, determiners, and
modifiers that describe or give more information about the noun.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

 A complex sentence is a sentence that contains two or more clauses: one

clause is independent and can stand alone as a complete sentence, and
the other clause is dependent and relies on the independent clause to
make sense.
 Joined by coordinating conjunctions
SIMPLE SENTENCE

 A simple sentence contains one independent clause, which is a complete

thought with a subject and a predicate.

FUNCTION OF NOUN

A. SUBJECT IN THE SENTENCE (S)

 The one that is talked about in a sentence
Example: Alex went to the grocery store.

B. VOCATIVE (V)
 Indicates that somebody is being directly addressed by the speaker.
 “Kausap”
 Separated by a comma.
Example: Have you seen my bag, Alex?

C. DIRECT OBJECT (DO)

 The one that receives the action of the verb. Answers the question “WHO”
or “WHAT” after the verb
Example: Alex stole the bag.

D. INDIRECT OBJECT
 Answers the question “TO WHOM” of “FOR WHOM”
 IO + DO
Example: She gave her friend a book.

E. SUBJECT NOUN PREDICATE (SNP) or SUBJECT COMPLEMENT

 A word/phrase that refers back to the subject.

 Comes after a linking verb.
 Predicate – talks something about the subject.
Example: Alex is the third party.

Common linking verbs include:

is, am, are, was, were, become, seem, appear, feel, look, sound, taste, smell,
stay, turn, remain, prove, grow, keep, sound

E. OBJECT NOUN PREDICATE (ONP)

 Comes after the direct object.
 Refers back to the object
 DO - ONP
Example: The class considered Jenny dedicated.

F. OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION (OP)

 Comes after a preposition.

 in, on, at, with, to, for, from, by, of
Example: Alex’s bag is on the table.

G. APPOSITIVE (A)

 A noun or a noun phrase that renames another noun beside it.

 “Another name”
 Always separated by two commas
Example: Alex, my friend, goes to the mall.

WORD FORMATION PROCESS

BORROWING
 "Borrowing" is when one language takes words from another language
and starts using them as its own.
 Café - From French, this word refers to a small restaurant or coffeehouse
where people can get drinks like coffee, tea, and pastries.

COINAGE
 Xerox: Originally a brand name for photocopiers, "Xerox" has become a
generic term for photocopying.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB
 It is like a bridge that connects two sentences or ideas together.
 Conjunctive adverbs include words like "however," "meanwhile," "thus,"
and "consequently." They help make writing clearer by showing the
connections between different parts of a story or argument.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
 It is a type of pronoun that refers back to the subject of the sentence.
 It reflects the action of the verb back onto the subject, indicating that the
subject is performing the action on itself.
Example: She made herself a cake.

TYPES OF SENTENCES
IMPERATIVE
 These sentences give commands or make requests. (.)

INTERROGATIVE
 These sentences ask questions (?)

EXCLAMATORY
 These sentences express strong emotions or excitement.(!)

DECLARATIVE
 These sentences make statements or express facts. (.)
CONDITIONALS

 Types conditions and their corresponding outcomes

 Contains 2 clauses
 If clause (condition)
 Main Clause (result)

A. FIRST CONDITIONALS
 Unreal but likely condition
 Possibility
 Used in speculating situations that are possible to happen at the present
time or in the future

In present form will +base form of the verb

B. SECOND CONDITIONALS
 Unreal and unlikely condition
 Hypothetical or wishful thinking
 Situations that won’t happen at present of in the future.

C. THIRD CONDITIONALS
 The third conditional is used to talk about a situation in the past that didn't
happen, and its imagined result.
 It's used to express unreal or hypothetical situations.
D. ZERO CONDITIONALS
 Also called “Real Conditional”
 Real condition
 FACT
 Situations that are always true or factual
 Cannot be argued

In present form