History: University of Cambridge International Examinations International General Certificate of Secondary Education

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education
HISTORY 0470/01
Paper 1
May/June 2004
1 hour 45 minutes
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer three questions.

Section A: Answer any two questions.
Section B: Answer any one question.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
This document consists of 18 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

SP (CW/GR) S63847/3
© UCLES 2004 [Turn over
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2
SECTION A: CORE CONTENT
Answer any two questions from this Section.
1 Study the extract, and then answer the questions which follow.
The destiny of Italy is becoming clearer, and a happier future is opening up for all of us who stand
up for their rights against the oppressor. People of Lombardy, we are now coming to offer you the
help which a brother expects from a brother, and a friend from a friend.
Charles Albert, King of Piedmont, 23 March 1848.
(a) Describe the role of Mazzini in the movement towards Italian unification. [5]
(b) Explain why Charles Albert was unsuccessful in helping Lombardy. [7]
(c) How far was the unification of Italy due to Cavour? Explain your answer. [8]
2 Study the picture, and then answer the questions which follow.
Traditional and western costume in Japan, 1873.
(a) Describe the social changes the Meiji emperor introduced. [5]
(b) Explain why the Meiji reforms faced some opposition. [7]
(c) ‘The development of industry was the main reason why Japan had become a powerful
country by 1914.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8]
© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04
3
The capture of John Brown at Harper’s Ferry, 1859.
(a) Describe the events at Harper’s Ferry in 1859. [5]
(b) Why did the South insist on keeping slavery before the Civil War? [7]
(c) ‘Slavery was the main reason for the hostility between the North and the South.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8]
© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

4
4 Look at the cartoon, and then answer the questions which follow.
GERMANY: It’s rock. I thought it was going to be paper.
From a British magazine, 1911.
(a) What was the Entente Cordiale of 1904? [5]
(b) Why was there a crisis over Morocco in 1911? [7]
(c) ‘Naval rivalry was the main cause of the First World War.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [8]
We have organised reparations where damage and injury have been caused. We have
demonstrated that you cannot ignore national rights and liberties.
Lloyd George speaking about the Treaty of Versailles, July 1919.
(a) What were Germany’s main territorial losses under the Treaty of Versailles? [5]
(b) Why was Germany dissatisfied with the peace treaty? [7]
(c) How successful was the League of Nations in dealing with disputes during the 1920s?
Explain your answer. [8]
© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

5
6 Study the photograph, and then answer the questions which follow.
People in the Saar celebrating the results of the 1935 plebiscite.
(a) How did the 1935 plebiscite change the situation in the Saar? [5]
(b) Explain why Hitler wanted the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939. [7]
(c) ‘The policy of appeasement was justified.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer. [8]
So far there has been a worrying lack of progress made in the carrying out of the decisions made
in the Yalta Conference, particularly those related to Poland.
President Roosevelt writing to Stalin in April 1945.
(a) What was agreed at the Yalta Conference, 1945? [5]
(b) Explain why the Soviet Union blockaded Berlin. [7]
(c) ‘The Soviet Union was to blame for the Cold War.’ How far do you agree with this statement?

6
Hungarian rebels in Budapest, November 1956.
(a) Describe the events in Hungary in 1956. [5]
(b) Why did the USSR invade Czechoslovakia in 1968? [7]
(c) ‘Gorbachev was responsible for the collapse of Soviet control over Eastern Europe.’ How far
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8]
© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

7
SECTION B: DEPTH STUDIES
Answer any one question from this Section.
DEPTH STUDY A: GERMANY, 1918–45
9 Study the poster, and then answer the questions which follow.
A 1932 election poster. It says ‘We want work and bread. Elect Hitler’.
(a) Describe the Munich Putsch. [5]
(b) Why did the support for the Nazis increase after the Wall Street Crash of 1929? [7]
(c) How important was the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ in establishing Hitler in power in 1933–34?

8
Crowds at the 1936 Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg.
(a) Describe the use of propaganda by Hitler to control the German people. [5]
(b) Why was it important to win the hearts and minds of young people? [7]
(c) How popular was the Nazi regime with the German people? Explain your answer. [8]
© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

9
DEPTH STUDY B: RUSSIA, 1905–41
11 Study the cartoon, and then answer the questions which follow.
A cartoon, drawn about 1900, showing Russian society.
(a) Describe the main features of Tsarist rule over Russia at the beginning of the twentieth
century. [5]
(b) Explain why Nicholas II survived the 1905 Revolution. [7]
(c) How important was the First World War in the collapse of Tsarist rule? Explain your answer.
[8]

10
Our history shows Russia has been beaten again and again because of her military, industrial and
agricultural backwardness. We are 50 or 100 years behind the advanced countries. We must
develop not only the whole of our industry, but our transport and our agriculture. We must make
this good in ten years.
Stalin writing in 1931.
(a) Describe the main features of Stalin’s first Five Year Plan. [5]
(b) Explain why Stalin introduced collectivisation. [7]
(c) How successful was Stalin in modernising the Soviet Union by 1941? Explain your answer.
[8]
© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

11
DEPTH STUDY C: THE USA, 1919–41
Unemployed farm workers in the 1920s.
(a) What advances did Ford make in car production in the period up to 1929? [5]
(b) Explain why the economy of the USA boomed during the 1920s. [7]
(c) To what extent did Americans benefit from the boom in the economy in the 1920s? Explain
your answer. [8]
In Detroit in 1924 there were 7391 arrests for breaking the prohibition law but only 458 convictions.
Ten years ago a dishonest policeman was a rarity, now their relationship with the bootleggers is
friendly. They arrest people once in a while, but choose the ones who are least willing to pay
bribes.
From an American magazine, 1925.
(a) What was the Ku Klux Klan? [5]
(b) Why was prohibition abandoned in 1933? [7]
(c) How far did the role of women change during the 1920s? Explain your answer. [8]

12
DEPTH STUDY D: CHINA, 1945–c.1990
A photograph of Communist troops advancing in the Civil War.
(a) Describe the problems facing China immediately after the Second World War. [5]
(b) Explain why the Communists won the Civil War. [7]
(c) How far did the Chinese people benefit from Communist rule during the 1950s? Explain your
answer. [8]
© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

13
16 Study the cartoon, and then answer the questions which follow.
The Red Guards dealing with opponents during the Cultural Revolution.
(a) Describe the actions of the Red Guards in the Cultural Revolution. [5]
(b) Explain why Mao introduced the Cultural Revolution. [7]
(c) Which was affected more by the Cultural Revolution: Chinese society or the Chinese
economy? Explain your answer by reference to each. [8]

14
DEPTH STUDY E: SOUTHERN AFRICA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Protesters fleeing from the bullets at Sharpeville, 1960.
(a) Describe the events at Sharpeville in March 1960. [5]
(b) Why was Nelson Mandela sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964? [7]
(c) How effective was government action in stopping opposition to apartheid in the period up to
1976? Explain your answer. [8]
18 Study the extract and then answer the questions which follow.
1.30 p.m. Two army helicopters arrive and fly over Orlando West High School dropping tear gas to
move crowds of youths.
3.00 p.m. Large groups of youths are reported to be moving about in different areas. A police anti-
terrorist force in camouflage suits and armed with light machine guns arrive.
Rand Daily Mail, 17th June 1976.
(a) Describe the events in Soweto in June 1976. [5]
(b) Why did apartheid begin to collapse in the early 1980s? [7]
(c) ‘F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela were equally important in ending minority rule in South
Africa.’ Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [8]
© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

15
The Germans tried to make ‘protection treaties’ with Namibian leaders. These treaties were meant
to make the German claim to Namibia ‘legal’ according to international law of the imperialist
states. The Germans planned to make separate treaties with different leaders. This would divide
the Namibian communities and aid control.
From a Namibian secondary school history text book.
(a) What did the Germans want to get from the ‘protection treaties’ which they made with
Namibian leaders? [5]
(b) Why was there conflict between the Germans and the Herero after 1885? [7]
(c) How far was Namibia affected by the First World War? Explain your answer. [8]

16
DEPTH STUDY F: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS, 1945–c.1994
The King David Hotel, July 1946.
(a) Describe the events of 1946–48 leading to Britain’s withdrawal from Palestine. [5]
(b) Explain why Israel was able to win the war of 1948–49. [7]
(c) How far was the Suez War an Arab-Israeli conflict? Explain your answer. [8]
The war began on 6th October 1973. This day was a religious holiday in Israel. Egyptian and
Syrian forces launched a surprise attack. On the Suez Canal only about 400 Israeli troops and 30
tanks were in place. The Israelis were not full-time soldiers. Soon they were overrun.
A modern history school text book.
(a) What territorial gains did Israel make in the Six Day War of 1967? [5]
(b) Why did the Yom Kippur War of 1973 occur? [7]
(c) How effective was the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) in supporting the Palestinian
cause in the period 1964–1990? Explain your answer. [8]
© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

17
DEPTH STUDY G: THE CREATION OF MODERN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
Housing in London, 1875.
(a) Describe housing conditions in mid-nineteenth-century Britain. [5]
(b) Explain why the Public Health Act of 1848 was not effective. [7]
(c) ‘Improvements in conditions in the towns in the period up to 1900 were mainly due to the
work of Joseph Chamberlain.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [8]
We declare that we are not members of a trade union; that we do not and will not pay towards the
support of any such association.
Signed ......................
A declaration that employers made workers sign to say they were not in a trade union.
(a) Describe the work of friendly societies. [5]
(b) Explain why the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union (GNCTU) collapsed. [7]
(c) How far was the failure of the Chartist Movement due to the use of ‘physical force’? Explain
your answer. [8]

18
DEPTH STUDY H: THE IMPACT OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
A Victorian advertisement showing a tea plantation.
(a) Describe common features of British colonial rule in Africa. [5]
(b) Why was there a growth in European imperialism in the nineteenth century? [7]
(c) ‘The Treaty of Nanking showed that China was completely under European control.’ How far
do you agree with this view? Explain your answer. [8]
The French had been one of the first European powers to acquire an African colony. In the 1880s
there were 600 000 French settlers in Algeria as it was treated as part of France. The Algerians
resented the French being there. The French expanded and made Tunisia and Morocco French
protectorates.
A school history text book.
(a) Describe how France and Belgium treated people in their colonies in Africa. [5]
(b) Why was the Berlin Conference, 1884–85, important? [7]
(c) ‘European imperialism was more harmful than beneficial to Africa’. Do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [8]
© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

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BLANK PAGE
0470/01/M/J/04
20
BLANK PAGE
Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 1. © Peter Browning. Revolutions and Nationalities, Europe 1825–1890. Reproduced by permission of Cambridge University Press.
Question 2. © Hulton Getty Archives.
Question 4. © Punch Ltd.
Question 5. © from Modern World History (1999) by Nigel Kelly and Greg Lacey. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier.
Question 6. © AKG London Ltd.
Question 7. © from Modern World History (1999) by Nigel Kelly and Greg Lacey. Reprinted by permission of Elsevier.
Question 8. © AKG London Ltd.
Question 9. © DIZ München GmBH.
Question 10 The Guardian.
Question 11. Terry Fiehn. Russia and the USSR 1908–1941. Published by John Murray.
Question 12. Terry Fiehn. Russia and the USSR 1908–1941. Published by John Murray.
Question 13. © Brown Brothers Stock Photos.
Question 14. Ben Walsh. GCSE Modern World History. Published by John Murray.
Question 15. © Camera Press.
Question 16. The Guardian.
Question 17. © Camera Press.
Question 18. Mail and Guardian.
Question 19. Nangolo Mbumba and Norbert H Noisser. Namibia in History. © Z Books Ltd., 1988.
Question 20. © Popperfoto.
Question 21. © Tony McAleavy. The Arab-Israeli Conflict. Published by Cambridge University Press. Reproduced by permission of QCA.
Question 23. B Walsh. British and Social Economic History. Published by John Murray.
Every reasonable effort has been made to trace all copyright holders. The publishers would be pleased to hear from anyone whose rights we have unwittingly
infringed.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of
the University of Cambridge.
0470/01/M/J/04

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Answer three questions.

This document consists of 18 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

SECTION A: CORE CONTENT

Answer any two questions from this Section.

Charles Albert, King of Piedmont, 23 March 1848.

Traditional and western costume in Japan, 1873.

The capture of John Brown at Harper’s Ferry, 1859.

(a) Describe the events at Harper’s Ferry in 1859. [5]

© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

GERMANY: It’s rock. I thought it was going to be paper.

From a British magazine, 1911.

(a) What was the Entente Cordiale of 1904? [5]

(b) Why was there a crisis over Morocco in 1911? [7]

Lloyd George speaking about the Treaty of Versailles, July 1919.

© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

People in the Saar celebrating the results of the 1935 plebiscite.

President Roosevelt writing to Stalin in April 1945.

(a) What was agreed at the Yalta Conference, 1945? [5]

(b) Explain why the Soviet Union blockaded Berlin. [7]

© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

Hungarian rebels in Budapest, November 1956.

(a) Describe the events in Hungary in 1956. [5]

(b) Why did the USSR invade Czechoslovakia in 1968? [7]

© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

SECTION B: DEPTH STUDIES

Answer any one question from this Section.

DEPTH STUDY A: GERMANY, 1918–45

(a) Describe the Munich Putsch. [5]

© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

Crowds at the 1936 Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg.

© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

DEPTH STUDY B: RUSSIA, 1905–41

A cartoon, drawn about 1900, showing Russian society.

(b) Explain why Nicholas II survived the 1905 Revolution. [7]

© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

Stalin writing in 1931.

(b) Explain why Stalin introduced collectivisation. [7]

© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

DEPTH STUDY C: THE USA, 1919–41

Unemployed farm workers in the 1920s.

From an American magazine, 1925.

(a) What was the Ku Klux Klan? [5]

(b) Why was prohibition abandoned in 1933? [7]

© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

DEPTH STUDY D: CHINA, 1945–c.1990

A photograph of Communist troops advancing in the Civil War.

© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

(b) Explain why Mao introduced the Cultural Revolution. [7]

© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04 [Turn over

DEPTH STUDY E: SOUTHERN AFRICA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Protesters fleeing from the bullets at Sharpeville, 1960.

(a) Describe the events at Sharpeville in March 1960. [5]

Rand Daily Mail, 17th June 1976.

(a) Describe the events in Soweto in June 1976. [5]

© UCLES 2004 0470/01/M/J/04

From a Namibian secondary school history text book.