Course:- Environmental Studies Course Code:- 22447

04– Environmental pollution Marks:-20

Content of Chapter:-
4.1 Definition of pollution, types- Natural & Artificial (Man- made).
4.2 Soil/Land Pollution-Causes and effects on environment and lives , preventive measures.
4.3 Water Pollution - Sources of water(surface and sub surface),sources of water pollution,Effect on
environment and lives,preventive measures,BIS Water quality standard,flow diagram of water treatment plant,water
conservation.
4.4 Wastewater - Generation(domestic and industrial), Impacts, flow diagram of sewage treatment plant,
CPCB norms of sewage discharge.
4.5 Air pollution-Causes, effects,prevention,Ambient air quality standards.
4.6 Noise pollution-Sources,effects,prevention,noise levels at various zones of the city.
4.7 Municipal solid waste Bio-medical waste and E-waste-Sources,generation,characteristics,effects,and
methods to manage.

1. When did the air pollution on earth happened first time?

a) When humans started using tools
b) When humans started using firewood
c) When humans started using clothes
d) When humans started using wheels
Answer: b
Explanation: The origin of air pollution on earth can be traced when humans started using firewood as a
means of cooking and heating food items. Back in 400 BC itself, Hippocrates mentioned air pollution. As
the years passed air pollution keeps on increasing.

2. What are secondary pollutants?

a) Pollutants due to fire
b) Pollutants due to emission
c) Pollutants due to a chemical reaction
d) Pollutants due to oxidation
Answer: c
Explanation: The pollutants produced in the atmosphere when certain chemicals reactions take place
among the primary pollutants are called secondary pollutants. Some of the examples of secondary
pollutants are sulphuric acid, nitric acid and carbonic acid.

3. Which is the colorless, odorless and toxic gas which produced when organic materials incompletely
burn?
a) Sulphur oxide
b) Carbon monoxide
c) Oxygen
d) Particulates
Answer: b
Explanation: Vehicular exhausts are the largest single source of carbon monoxide. It is a colorless,
odorless and toxic gas produced when organic materials like natural gas or wood are incompletely burnt.

4. Which of the following cause soot in the environment?

a) Hydrocarbons
b) Nitrogen oxide
c) Sulphur oxide
d) Particulates
Answer: d
Explanation: Particulates are small pieces of solid material like dust particles and ash from industries which
dispersed into the atmosphere. Repeated exposure to particulates causes them to accumulate in the lungs
and cause severe problems.

5. What is aerosol?
a) General term for particles in air
b) General term for particles in soil
c) General term for particles in water
d) General term for particles inside humans
Answer: a
Explanation: Aerosol is a general term which is used to express the meaning for the particles which are
suspended in air. This aerosol contributes to air pollutants as they join other materials in the atmosphere.
Sprays from pressurized cans are an example of aerosol.

6. What is smog?
a) Mixture of smoke and particulates
b) Mixture of smoke and oxygen
c) Mixture of smoke and fog
d) Mixture of soot and fog
Answer: c
Explanation: Aerosol is a general term for particles suspended in air. Those aerosols when came into
contact with water droplets they constitute fog. So smog is a term used to describe a mixture of smoke and
fog.

7. Aerosol + solid particles + liquid particles results in

a) Dust
b) Mist
c) Smog
d) Smoke
Answer: d
Explanation: Aerosol consisting of solid particles or a mixture of solid and liquid particles produced by
chemical reactions such as fire is known as smoke. Smoke from the burning forest, cigarette smoke, smoke
by chimneys is some of the examples of smoke.

8. Which is responsible for the greatest exposure to carbon dioxide for living organisms?
a) Hurricanes
b) Soil erosion
c) Vehicles emission
d) Cigarette smoking
Answer: d
Explanation: Cigarette smoking is responsible for the greatest exposure to carbon monoxide. Exposure to
air containing even 0.001% of carbon monoxide for few hours can cause collapse, coma and even death in
the worst case.

9. How excessive water loss takes place in plants?

a) Due to soil pollution
b) Due to mutation
c) Due to air pollution
d) Due to improper seed
Answer: c
Explanation: The leaves of plants are damaged when some gaseous pollutants enter the pores of the leaf.
Chronic exposure of the leaves to air pollutants can break down the waxy coating that helps prevent
excessive water loss in plants.

10. How does asthma cause to human beings?

a) Because of excessive diet
b) Because of water pollution
c) Because of air pollution
d) Because of soil pollution
Answer: c
Explanation: Asthma is one of the health impacts that are caused due to air pollution. There are many
health impacts especially respiratory impacts on human beings. Asthma is caused due to excessive inhale
of sulphur dioxide and smoking.

11. What is the reason for reduced in the plant growth?

a) Excessive exposure to sunlight
b) Excessive exposure to wind
c) Excessive exposure to water pollution
d) Excessive exposure to air pollution
Answer: d
Explanation: Reduced in the plant growth is due to the chronic exposure of air pollution on the plants.
Reduced plant growth is an effect due to the impact of plants of air pollution. Chronic exposure interferes
with photosynthesis and plant growth in the plants.

12. Which dioxide damages the flower process in plants?

a) Sulphur dioxide
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Nitrite dioxide
d) Magnesium dioxide
Answer: a
Explanation: Sulphur dioxide released due to air pollution caused damages to living organisms. Higher
concentration of sulphur dioxide results in the formation of flowers. The flower buds become stiff and hard.
They fall from the plants, as they are unable to flower.

13. What is the main reason for ozone depletion?

a) Releasing of oxygen
b) Releasing of chemicals
c) Releasing of CFCs
d) Releasing of nitrogen
Answer: c
Explanation: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS) are extremely stable, non-flammable. CFCs leading in the ozone
layer depletion. India signed the Montreal Protocol in 1992, which aimed at controlling the production and
consumption of ozone depleting substances.

14. Which of the following component is more dangerous to ozone layer?

a) CFCs
b) Nitrogen
c) Halons
d) Sulphur
Answer: c
Explanation: Halons are similar to structure to CFCs but it contains bromine instead of chlorine. CFCs and
halons migrate into the upper atmosphere after they are released and caused damage to the ozone layer.
Halons are more dangerous to the ozone layer than CFCs.

15. Why ozone depletion more over the South Pole?

a) Due to uneven disturbance of CFCs
b) Due to extreme weather conditions in the Antarctic atmosphere
c) Due to cyclonic depression in South Pole
d) Due to extreme pressure
Answer: b
Explanation: Despite the fact that CFCs are evenly distributed over the globe, ozone depletion is especially
pronounced over the South Pole due to extreme weather conditions in the Antarctic atmosphere.

16. When did India signed the Montreal Protocol?

a) 1990
b) 1991
c) 1992
d) 1993
Answer: c
Explanation: India signed the Montreal Protocol in 1992. The aim is to control the production and
consumption of ozone depleting substances. It was set up as an example of a successful international
agreement.

17. In which temperature soil develops slowly?

a) Summer
b) Wind
c) Rainy
d) Cold
Answer: d
Explanation: Climate and time play an important role in the development of soils. In extremely dry or cold
climates, soils develop very slowly, while in humid and warm climates soil develop more rapidly due to
favourable climatic conditions.

18. What is called for the matured soils which are arranged in a series of zones?
a) Soil zones
b) Soil layers
c) Soil horizons
d) Soil benches
Answer: c
Explanation: Mature soils are arranged in a series of zones called soil horizons. Each horizon has a distinct
texture and composition that varies with the different types of soil. This soil horizon helps to discriminate
different types of soils.

19. How many horizons are there in soils?

a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: d
Explanation: There are four horizons in soils. The top layer is known as O-horizon. The uppermost layer of
soil called as the A-horizon. The B-horizon called the subsoil, it contains less organic material. The area
below the subsoil is called as the C-horizon.

20. What is called for the mixture of all the contents of soil?
a) Erosion
b) Sublimation
c) Degradation
d) Loams
Answer: d
Explanation: Soil varies in their content of clay, silt, sand and gravel. The relative amounts of the different
sizes and types of mineral particles determine the soil texture. Soils with an approximately equal mixture of
clay, sand, slit and humus are called loams.

21. Why area treatment is important for soil?

a) To reduces the impact of raindrops on the soil
b) To maximize surface run-off
c) Not treating the upper catchment and proceeds towards an outlet
d) Not storing surplus rainwater
Answer: a
Explanation: Area treatment in soil reduces the impact of raindrops on the soil. The treatment measures are
to develop vegetation cover on non-arable land. It effects in minimum disturbance and displacement of soil
particles.

22. What is oxygen depleting waste?

a) Organic waste that can be decomposed by aerobic bacteria
b) Organic waste that can be decomposed by anaerobic bacteria
c) Organic waste that can be decomposed by aerobic viruses
d) Organic waste that can be decomposed by anaerobic viruses
Answer: a
Explanation: Oxygen depleting waste is organic that can be decomposed by aerobic bacteria. Large
populations of bacteria use up the oxygen present in the water in order to degrade these wastes. This
degrades the water quality as it uses up the oxygen.

23. What is the indicator of pollution in water?

a) Amount of oxygen
b) Amount of hydrogen
c) Amount of BOD
d) Amount of nitrogen
Answer: c
Explanation: The amount of oxygen required to break down a certain amount of organic matter is called the
biological oxygen demand (BOD). The amount of BOD in water is an indicator of the level of pollution.

24. What are water soluble inorganic chemicals?

a) Compounds of pure metals
b) Compounds of non-metals
c) Compounds of synthetic metals
d) Compounds of toxic metals
Answer: d
Explanation: Water soluble inorganic chemicals are acids, salts and compounds of toxic metals such as
mercury and lead. High levels of these chemicals can make the water unfit to drink and harm fish and other
aquatic life.

25. What is noise?

a) Desirable sound
b) Desirable and unwanted sound
c) Undesirable and unwanted sound
d) Undesirable and wanted sound
Answer: c
Explanation: Noise is defined as an undesirable and unwanted sound. Noise pollution affects human health
and can contribute o a general deterioration of environmental quality. Several sources of noise pollution
contribute to both indoor and outdoor noise pollution.

26. In which unit sound is measured?

a) Kilometer
b) Pascal
c) Kilogram
d) Decibel
Answer: d
Explanation: Noise pollution is measured in terms of decibel (dB). This parameter depends on the various
environmental conditions. If the decibel level increased than the threshold it causes problems to humans
and other organisms.

27. Which pollution cause hearing loss in organisms?

a) Air pollution
b) Noise pollution
c) Water pollution
d) Soil pollution
Answer: b
Explanation: Noise pollution can cause various health impacts on humans and other organisms. This health
impacts leads to various issues like reduced in the mental health, hearing loss either temporary or
permanent, loss in efficiency and many more.

28. How many fundamental ways in which noise can b controlled?

a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: d
Explanation: There are four fundamental ways in which noise can be controlled. a) Reduce noise at the
source. b) Block the path of noise. c) Increase the path length. d) Protect the recipient. These four noise
controlling ways reduce the noise pollution.

29. Which is the best way to control noise pollution among the four fundamental ways?
a) Reduce noise at the source
b) Block the path of noise
c) Increase the path length
d) Protect the recipient
Answer: a
Explanation: The best control method for noise pollution is to reduce the noise levels at the source. We a
noise is reduced at the source tan pollution won‟t occurrence in the proceeding steps and thus it won‟t
affect any organisms.

30. How can we reduce the noise in industries?

a) By not using the heavy machinery
b) By using rigid sealed enclosures
c) By using more robotics
d) By reduce the production of the industries
Answer: b
Explanation: In industries, noise reduction can be done by using rigid sealed enclosures around machinery,
lined with acoustic absorbing material. Isolated machines and their enclosures from the floor can reduce
the noise pollution at the source.

31. What is the main source of vehicular noise?

a) High speed
b) Movement of the vehicle‟s tyres on the pavement
c) Low pressure
d) Fuel engine
Answer: b
Explanation: Most of the vehicular noise comes from the movement of the vehicle‟s tyres on the pavement
and wind resistance. Poorly maintained vehicles can also increase the noise pollution in the vehicles.

32. Which of the following is a way to reduce the traffic noise in the highway?
a) Constructing the vertical barriers
b) Increase the speed of the vehicles
c) Using old engine vehicles
d) Horning in unnecessary time
Answer: a
Explanation: The path of traffic noise can be locked by constructing vertical barriers along the highways.
Proper highway planning and design are essential for controlling traffic noise. Establishing lower speed
limits for highways also reduced the noise.

33.What is called when an industry removes water from a source and then returns the heated water to its
source?
a) Water pollution
b) Soil pollution
c) Air pollution
d) Thermal pollution
Answer: d
Explanation: Thermal pollution occurs when an industry removes water from a source, uses the water for
cooling purposes, and then returns the heated water to its source such as lakes, rivers and even oceans.

34.Which one of the following can cause thermal pollution?

a) Residential houses
b) Power plants
c) Death of marine organisms
d) Oil spill
Answer: b
Explanation: Power plants can cause thermal pollution. Thermal pollution refers to the degradation of water
quality as a result of any process that changes the ambient water temperature. Power plants discharge
heated water, which is at least 15 Celsius higher than the normal and it is back into a water body.

35.What is the effect of warmer temperature to the fishes?

a) Increase the metabolism
b) Decrease the metabolism
c) Stabilize the metabolism
d) Increase the solubility of oxygen
Answer: a
Explanation: The warmer temperature decreases the solubility of oxygen and increase the metabolism of
fish. This changes the ecological balance of the river. Within certain limits, thermal additions can promote
the certain fish and fish catch may be high in the vicinity of a power plant.

36. Why burning waste is not an acceptable practice of solid waste management?
a) Because it is very costly
b) Because it requires modern technologies
c) Because it cause several environmental issues
d) Because it requires lot of space
Answer: c
Explanation: Burning waste is not an acceptable practice, because if we look into environmental or health
prospective burning waste creates lots of pollution and it is harmful to both environment and as well as
organisms.

37. What plan should we make to the disposal of solid waste?

a) Integrated waste management plan
b) Recycling of waste management plan
c) Reducing of waste management plan
d) Use of waste management plan
Answer: a
Explanation: The disposal of solid waste should be part of an integrated waste management plan. This
integrated solid waste management is the method of collection, processing, resource recovery and final
disposal of solid waste.

38. How many main components are there in integrated waste management?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: c
Explanation: An integrated waste management strategy includes three main components they are source
reduction, recycling and disposal. All these three types plays an important role in the solid waste
management.

39. Which of the integrated waste management is reduced on an individual level?

a) Source reduction
b) Recycling
c) Disposal
d) Burning
Answer: a
Explanation: Source reduction is one of the fundamental ways to reduce waste. On an individual level, we
can reduce the use of unnecessary items while shopping, avoid buying disposable items and avoid using
plastic carry bags.

40. Who prepared the Ganga Action Plan?

a) Department of Pollution
b) Department of Environment
c) Department of Rivers
d) Department of Industries
Answer: b
Explanation: Department of Environment prepared an action plan for an immediate reduction of pollution
load on the river Ganga. The Cabinet approved the Ganga Action Plan as a 100 percent centrally
sponsored scheme.

41. In which temperature soil develops slowly?

a) Summer
b) Wind
c) Rainy
d) Cold
Answer: d
Explanation: Climate and time play an important role in the development of soils. In extremely dry or cold
climates, soils develop very slowly, while in humid and warm climates soil develop more rapidly due to
favourable climatic conditions.

42. Under ideal climatic conditions how many cms of soil is developed?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: a
Explanation: Under ideal climatic conditions, soft parent material may develop into 1 cm of soil within 15
years. Under poor climatic conditions, hard parent material may require hundreds of years to develop into
the soil.

43. What is called for the matured soils which are arranged in a series of zones?
a) Soil zones
b) Soil layers
c) Soil horizons
d) Soil benches
Answer: c
Explanation: Mature soils are arranged in a series of zones called soil horizons. Each horizon has a distinct
texture and composition that varies with the different types of soil. This soil horizon helps to discriminate
different types of soils.

44. What is soil profile?

a) A cross sectional view of the horizons in a soil
b) A front view of the horizons in a soil
c) A cross sectional view of the horizons in rocks
d) A front view of the horizons in rocks
Answer: a
Explanation: A cross-sectional view of the horizon in a soil is called a soil profile. This soil profile can able
to identify the special characteristics present in the soils and this can be used as a referral while studying a
soil pollution causing by different soils.

45. How many horizons are there in soils?

a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: d
Explanation: There are four horizons in soils. The top layer is known as O-horizon. The uppermost layer of
soil called as the A-horizon. The B-horizon called the subsoil, it contains less organic material. The area
below the subsoil is called as the C-horizon.

46. Which horizon helps to determine the pH of the soil?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) O
Answer: c
Explanation: The chemical composition of the C-horizon helps to determine the pH of the soil and also
influences the soil‟s rate of water absorption and it also C-horizon helps in the process of retention of water.

47. What is called for the mixture of all the contents of soil?
a) Erosion
b) Sublimation
c) Degradation
d) Loams
Answer: d
Explanation: Soil varies in their content of clay, silt, sand and gravel. The relative amounts of the different
sizes and types of mineral particles determine the soil texture. Soils with an approximately equal mixture of
clay, sand, slit and humus are called loams.

48. Why area treatment is important for soil?

a) To reduces the impact of raindrops on the soil
b) To maximize surface run-off
c) Not treating the upper catchment and proceeds towards an outlet
d) Not storing surplus rainwater
Answer: a
Explanation: Area treatment in soil reduces the impact of raindrops on the soil. The treatment measures are
to develop vegetation cover on non-arable land. It effects in minimum disturbance and displacement of soil
particles.

49. What is called for the movement of surface litter and topsoil from one place to another?
a) Soil submerge
b) Soil degradation
c) Soil erosion
d) Soil pollution
Answer: c
Explanation: Soil erosion is a natural process, it is often caused by wind and flowing water. It is greatly
accelerated by human activities such as farming, construction, over grazing by livestock and burning of
grass cover and deforestation.

50. Why continuous contour trenches are used?

a) To decrease the infiltration of air
b) To enhance the infiltration of air
c) To decrease the infiltration of water
d) To enhance the infiltration of water
Answer: d
Explanation: Continuous contour trenches can be used to enhance the infiltration of water. It also used to
reduce the run-off and check soil erosion. In areas with steep slopes where bunds are not possible,
continuous contour benches are used for the same purpose.

51. What is used to convert wastelands into agricultural lands?

a) Check dams
b) Water purifier
c) Rain harvesters
d) Gradonies
Answer: d
Explanation: Gradonies can be used to convert wastelands into agricultural lands. In this, narrow trenches
with buds on the downstream side are built along contours in the upper reaches of the catchment to collect
run-off and to conserve moisture from the trees.

52. Organic agriculture advocates avoiding the use of

a) Organic manure
b) Stored water
c) Modern technologies in harvesting
d) Chemical fertilizers
Answer: d
Explanation: Organic agriculture advocates avoiding the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This
chemical fertilizers cause soil pollution and it also harms the health of organisms including humans which
depend on plants for food.

53. What is the disadvantage of control measures of thermal pollution by passing the heated water?
a) Water is lost due to leakage
b) Water is lost due to absorption
c) Water is lost due to dilution
d) Water is lost due to evaporation
Answer: d
Explanation: Thermal pollution can be controlled by passing the heated water through a large shallow
cooling pond into which hot water is pumped and a cooling tower after it leaves the condenser. In both the
cases large amounts of water are lost to evaporation.

54. Which one of the following cause thermal pollution?

a) Release of cold water
b) Organic manures
c) Purified water
d) More number of trees
Answer: a
Explanation: Release of cold water caused thermal pollution apart for that none of the above given options
contribute for thermal pollution. Many industries liberate very cool water from their reservoirs. This water
when mixed up with warm water rivers it creates a misbalance in the water bodies.

55. How does soil erosion cause thermal pollution?

a) By making natural water bodies to hold in its normal level
b) By polluting the water bodies
c) By avoiding sunlight to fall on the water bodies
d) By making natural water bodies to rise beyond their normal level
Answer: d
Explanation: Soil erosion is one of the main causes of thermal pollution. Soil erosion makes natural water
bodies to rise beyond their normal level. Thus, they get more exposed to sunlight and cause thermal
pollution.

56. What is a thermal shock?

a) Sudden raises of temperature to abnormal level
b) Sudden cooling of temperature to abnormal level
c) Temperature don‟t change
d) Temperature change only due to environmental factors
Answer: a
Explanation: Thermal shock resulting in a rise in temperature of water bodies. When industries and
factories dispose the water into water bodies the temperature suddenly raises to an abnormal level. This
acts as a thermal shock for aquatic life.

57. What is the main effect of thermal pollution to the oxygen solubility in water bodies?
a) They increase the solubility of oxygen in water bodies
b) They maintain the solubility of oxygen in water bodies
c) They reduce the solubility of oxygen in water bodies
d) They don‟t cause any affect in solubility of oxygen to the water bodies
Answer: c
Explanation: One of the main effects of thermal pollution is they reduced the solubility of oxygen in water
bodies. This less solubility of oxygen in water mainly affects the metabolism of water animals and thus it
leads to death of aquatic animals.

58. Which of the following is the main reason for thermal pollution?
a) Bio fuels
b) Organic farming
c) Eco friendly vehicles
d) Power plants
Answer: d
Explanation: Power plants are the main reasons behind growing thermal pollution. Because power plants
use water as a cooling agent for cooling down their machines. This used water is in high temperature and it
is released back to the water bodies and cause thermal pollution.

59. How does an artificial lake help in solving thermal pollution?

a) It stores heated water
b) It gives a good aesthetic view
c) It helps to breed fishes
d) It is used during the summer season where water scarcity cause
Answer: a
Explanation: Artificial lakes help in preventing thermal pollution. In artificial lakes, heated water can be
stored easily. These lakes are very helpful for normalizing the temperature of the hot water. Hot water will
not disposed back to the natural water bodies.

60. What is called for the useless heat from hot water recycled by industries?
a) Cooling towers
b) Recycling
c) Heat pump
d) Co-generation
Answer: d
Explanation: Co-generation can be helpful to combat thermal pollution. In the process of co-generation, the
useless heat from hot water can be recycled and used smartly in many tasks by industries. Thus this
process prevents thermal pollution.

61. Generally how many types of cooling towers are there?

a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: b
Explanation: Generally the cooling towers are of two types they are, wet cooling tower and the dry cooling
tower. In wet cooling tower, the heated water gets spread upon the flow directing panels. In the dry cooling
tower, the heated water is made to flow in circular elongated pipes.

62. When did the air pollution on earth happened first time?
a) When humans started using tools
b) When humans started using firewood
c) When humans started using clothes
d) When humans started using wheels
Answer: b
Explanation: The origin of air pollution on earth can be traced when humans started using firewood as a
means of cooking and heating food items. Back in 400 BC itself, Hippocrates mentioned air pollution. As
the years passed air pollution keeps on increasing.

63. Who made the first anti-pollution law?

a) Martin Luther King
b) Nelson Mandela
c) Queen Elizabeth
d) King Edward 1
Answer: d
Explanation: King Edward 1 makes the first anti-pollution law to restrict people from using coal for domestic
heating in the year 1273. In 1300 another act for banning the use of coal passed. Defying the law led to
severe punishment.

64. Which was the first major disaster of air pollution?

a) New York smog
b) London smog
c) Paris smog
d) Delhi smog
Answer: b
Explanation: Air pollution became a serious problem in London during the Industrial Revolution. The
earliest recorded major disaster was the London smog that occurred in 1952, which resulted in more than
4000 deaths.

65. What is the significance of black color moth in Europe during 19th century?
a) Indication of evolution
b) Indication of soil pollution
c) Indication of mutation
d) Indication of air pollution
Answer: d
Explanation: In Europe during 19th century, a black form of the peppered moth began appearing in
industrial areas. The normal pepper patterned moths were successful in surviving in clean non-industrial
areas, only black colored moths were successfully adopted themselves in industrial areas.

66. What is the main cause of increase in air pollution in the 20th century?
a) Development of the transport system
b) Development of infrastructures
c) Development of electricity
d) Development of water resources
Answer: a
Explanation: In 20th-century air pollution began to increase with the development of transportation systems
and the large scale use of petrol and diesel usage. Pollution due to auto exhaust is a serious environmental
issue.

67. How many primary pollutants are there?

a) Three
b) Five
c) Seven
d) Nine
Answer: b
Explanation: Pollutants that are emitted from identified sources which are produced by both by natural
events and by manmade activities are known as primary pollutants. The five primary pollutants are carbon
oxides, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, volatile organic compounds and suspended particulate matter.

68. What are secondary pollutants?

a) Pollutants due to fire
b) Pollutants due to emission
c) Pollutants due to a chemical reaction
d) Pollutants due to oxidation
Answer: c
Explanation: The pollutants produced in the atmosphere when certain chemicals reactions take place
among the primary pollutants are called secondary pollutants. Some of the examples of secondary
pollutants are sulphuric acid, nitric acid and carbonic acid.

69. Which is the colorless, odorless and toxic gas which produced when organic materials incompletely
burn?
a) Sulphur oxide
b) Carbon monoxide
c) Oxygen
d) Particulates
Answer: b
Explanation: Vehicular exhausts are the largest single source of carbon monoxide. It is a colorless,
odorless and toxic gas produced when organic materials like natural gas or wood are incompletely burnt.

70. Which of the following cause soot in the environment?

a) Hydrocarbons
b) Nitrogen oxide
c) Sulphur oxide
d) Particulates
Answer: d
Explanation: Particulates are small pieces of solid material like dust particles and ash from industries which
dispersed into the atmosphere. Repeated exposure to particulates causes them to accumulate in the lungs
and cause severe problems.

71. What is aerosol?

a) General term for particles in air
b) General term for particles in soil
c) General term for particles in water
d) General term for particles inside humans
Answer: a
Explanation: Aerosol is a general term which is used to express the meaning for the particles which are
suspended in air. This aerosol contributes to air pollutants as they join other materials in the atmosphere.
Sprays from pressurized cans are an example of aerosol.

72. Aerosol + solid particles + liquid particles results in

a) Dust
b) Mist
c) Smog
d) Smoke
Answer: d
Explanation: Aerosol consisting of solid particles or a mixture of solid and liquid particles produced by
chemical reactions such as fire is known as smoke. Smoke from the burning forest, cigarette smoke, smoke
by chimneys is some of the examples of smoke.

73. What is called for the pollution that can be traced directly to industrial activity?
a) Soil pollution
b) Water pollution
c) Air pollution
d) Industrial pollution
Answer: d
Explanation: Industrial pollution is pollution which can be directly related to industry, in comparison to other
pollution sources. Due to it‟s and scope, industrial pollution is a serious problem for the entire planet.

74. Which of the following are the largest contributors to global pollution?
a) Soil pollution
b) Industrial pollution
c) Radioactive pollution
d) Water pollution
Answer: b
Explanation: Industrial waste which creates industrial pollution is the largest contributors to global pollution
which endangers the people and environment. Industrial pollution contaminates the environment.

75. Which of the following is the consequence of industrial pollution?

a) Increase in the water level in seas
b) Releases of the hazardous radiations
c) Increase in the animals in forests
d) Global warming
Answer: d
Explanation: Global warming is one of the most common and serious consequences of industrial pollution.
The emission of various greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane from various industries
increases the overall temperature of the earth, resulting in global temperature.

76. How do industrial pollution results in water pollution?

a) Dumping of various waste products from industries
b) Taking water bodies places to built industries
c) Industries which uses all the water from the water bodies and cause scarcity of water
d) Building of purification unit in the industries
Answer: a
Explanation: Dumping of various industrial waste products into water sources and improper contamination
of industrial wastes often result in polluting the water. This water pollution disturbs the balance of
ecosystem.

77. Which one of the following is the prime factor towards soil pollution?
a) Soil erosion
b) Floods
c) Dumping of industrial wastes
d) Using land for irrigation
Answer: c
Explanation: Dumping of industrial wastes contain large amounts of various chemicals which get
accumulated on the top layer of soil, resulting in loss of fertility of the soil. Such loss of fertility ultimately
results in changes in the ecological balances.

78. Which one of the following industries produced Sulfur dioxide and flu ash as pollutants?
a) Textile industries
b) Cottage industries
c) Thermal industries
d) Coal industries
Answer: c
Explanation: Thermal industries produced sulfur dioxide and flu as ash as pollutants. Sulfur dioxide is a
colorless gas. In thermal industries a reduction in the atmosphere emissions of Sulfur dioxide produced by
fossil fuel combustion.

79. Which one of the following is a mechanical means of treating industrial effluents?
a) Oxidation
b) Chlorination
c) Recycling of waste
d) Sedimentation
Answer: d
Explanation: Sedimentation refers to the process during which particles suspended in water tend to settle
out. In another words sedimentation is the process of depositing sediment. Sedimentation is the building up
of layers of small particles like sand or mud.

80. Which one of the following is not normally a pollutant?

a) Carbon dioxide
b) Carbon monoxide
c) Sulphur dioxide
d) Hydrocarbons
Answer: a
Explanation: Pollutants are the contaminations that make the environment impure and which don‟t play a
role in the maintenance of the environment in balance. Carbon dioxide plays an enormous role in the
development and sustainability of all life.

81. Why industries pollute water?

a) Because they use water in large quantities
b) Because they release all the pollutants to water
c) Because industries don‟t use water
d) Because water is an universal solvent
Answer: b
Explanation: Industries cause water pollution. Some industries need water in large amounts, they pollute
water during use of it in their process. They release heavy metals, sediment pollution and other pollutants.

82. Which one of the following is the cause of industrial pollution?

a) Modern technologies
b) Efficient waste disposal
c) Efficient government policies
d) Unplanned industrial growth
Answer: d
Explanation: After the industrial revolution there has been a raising rate of waste from cities to small towns
that has affected the life of organisms including humans. The main reason for this is unplanned in industrial
growth.

83. Which one of the following is the main cause of air pollution?
a) Decrease in the factories
b) Increase in the factories
c) Increase in the seawater level
d) Increase in the modern technologies
Answer: b
Explanation: Industrial pollution is one of the main causes of air pollution. Increase in factories and
manufacturing processes both large and small scale, gaseous emissions have continued to compound.
This makes industrial pollution one of the main causes of air pollution.

84. When did the Central Pollution Control Board established?

a) 1970
b) 1972
c) 1974
d) 1976
Answer: c
Explanation: The Central Pollution Control Board of India was established in 1974 under the Water Act. It is
a statutory organization which comes under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

85. Who appoints the chairman of the Central Pollution Control Board?
a) Central Government
b) State Government
c) Governor of the State
d) President of India
Answer: a
Explanation: The Central Pollution Control Board is lead by its chairman, this chairman is appointed by the
Central Government. The current acting chairman is Shri S. P. Singh Parihar. This entire board comes
under Central Government.

86. Which one of the following is the apex organization in the country in the field of pollution control?
a) Water Pollution Control Board
b) State Pollution Control Board
c) Central Pollution Control Board
d) Air pollution Control Board
Answer: c
Explanation: The Central Pollution Control Board is the apex organization in the country in the field of
pollution control. It is a technical wing of Ministry of Environment and Forest. It comes under Government of
India.

87. Where is the head office of the Central Pollution Control Board?
a) Mumbai
b) Raipur
c) Mysore
d) New Delhi
Answer: d
Explanation: The head office of the Central Pollution Control Board located in New Delhi. It consists of
seven zonal offices and five laboratories. Here the board conducts environmental assessments and
research.

88. What is the full form of NAMP?

a) National Air Quality Monitoring Program
b) National Air Quality Measuring Program
c) National Air Quantity Monitoring Program
d) National Air Quality Monitoring Protocol
Answer: a
Explanation: NAMP stand for National Air Quality Monitoring Program. The Central Pollution Control Board
runs nationwide programs of ambient air quality monitoring which is known as National Air Quality
Monitoring Program.

89. In how many tier programs the inland water quality monitoring network is operating?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
Answer: c
Explanation: The inland water quality monitoring network is operating under a three tier program. The three
tier programs are Global Environment Monitoring System, Monitoring of India National Aquatic Resources
System and Yamuna Action Plan.

90. Which is the most input of waste causing marine pollution?

a) Pesticides
b) Pipes directly discharge waste into the sea
c) Death of aquatic organisms
d) Climatic conditions
Answer: b
Explanation: The most obvious input of waste for marine pollution is through pipes directly discharging
waste into the sea. Very often, municipal waste and sewage waste from residences and industries in
coastal towns are directly discharged into the sea.

91. Why ship accidents cause marine pollution?

a) Because if the ship carrying passengers to collapse it results in the death of many people
b) Because ship is very huge in its size
c) Dredged material which carries heavy metals cause marine pollution
d) Ship materials stuck inside the marine organisms
Answer: c
Explanation: Ship accidents and accidental spillages at sea damaging the marine environment. Shipping
channels in estuaries and at the entrances to ports often require dredging to keep them open. This dredged
material contains heavy metals which contaminates the water.

92. Which of the following is the greatest volume of waste discharge to water?
a) Spillage from oil pipelines
b) Sewage
c) Nuclear waste
d) Spillage from tankers
Answer: b
Explanation: The greatest volume of waste discharged to water is sewage, which is primarily organic in
nature and is degraded by bacterial activity. Using the oxygen present in the water, these wastes are
broken down into stable inorganic compounds.

93. When does the rate of aerobic oxidation reduced in the sewage that is reduced to the water?
a) When oxygen concentration falls below 1.5 mg/l
b) When oxygen concentration falls below 2.5 mg/l
c) When oxygen concentration falls below 3.5 mg/l
d) When oxygen concentration falls below 4.5 mg/l
Answer: a
Explanation: When the oxygen concentration falls below 1.5 mg/l, the rate of aerobic oxidation is reduced
and replaced by anaerobic bacteria that can oxidizes the organic molecules without the use of oxygen.

94. Which of the following way is used to reduce the pollution load on marine water?
a) Manual cleaning of pollutants
b) Damping the pollutants during winter
c) Introducing sewage treatment plants
d) Ban the license of industries which are near to the sea
Answer: c
Explanation: One of the best ways of reducing the pollution load on marine waters is by introducing sewage
treatment plants. This will reduce the biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the final product before it is
discharged to water.

95. What is the reason that oil pollution attracts the greatest attention?
a) Because of the volume
b) Because of the density
c) Because of the mass
d) Because of the visibility
Answer: d
Explanation: Oil pollution of the sea normally attracts the greatest attention because of its visibility. They
visible to the greater range because the pollution spread to the longer distance within a few hours. This
pollution cause damaging to the marine ecosystems.

96. What is night soil?

a) Soil containing urea
b) Human excreta
c) Animal excreta
d) Human excreta, animal excreta and urea
Answer: d
Explanation: Human excrement collected at night from buckets, cesspools, privies and sometimes used as
manure is called night soil. The night soil consists of human excreta, animal excreta and urea originating at
privies, water closets, urinals and stables.

97. Wastewater from different sources like bathrooms, kitchens and wash basins is called
a) Sewage
b) Garbage
c) Sullage
d) Discharge
Answer: c
Explanation: Dry wastes such as dry leaves, paper and grass are called garbage. Discharge is the outflow
of water or wastewater. Sewage is the wastewater from various houses. Sullage is the wastewater from
bathroom, kitchen, wash basins, etc.

98. Which of the following conditions is not suitable for the disposal of excreta or sewage?
a) The waste does not pollute the ground surface
b) It is not exposed to the atmosphere
c) It should be accessible for children
d) It does not give odour nuisance
Answer: c
Explanation: The place and criteria for the disposal of waste play a major role. It should be off the sight of
the people so it doesn‟t cause displease for the vision and it must not be accessible for children and
household pets with respect to health aspects.

99. The system to collect night soil, garbage etc. in separate vessels or deposited in pools and pits is
called
a) Conservancy system
b) Waste allocation system
c) Waste deposition system
d) Waste pit
Answer: a
Explanation: Conservancy system is an old system in which various types of wastes such as night soil,
garbage, etc. are collected separately in vessels and deposited in pools or pits and then removed
periodically once in 24 hours.

100.In urban cities like Bangalore, which of the water carriage system is used?
a) Separate system
b) Combined system
c) Partially combined system
d) Partially separate system
Answer: a
Explanation: Urban cities have a large area and high population, therefore water usage is more and
sewage generated will also be more. Hence, a separate system to carry sewage and stormwater is
necessary. Whereas in rural areas, precipitation will be absorbed by the ground and infiltered. Therefore
only a little amount of precipitation forms storm. Hence the combined system is preferred.