GS Series - History

ANCIENT HISTORY
PALEOLITHIC OR OLD STONE AGE (5,00,000 B.C. – 10,000 • Occasionally, burials of the dead along with some
B.C.) microliths and shells seem to have been practiced.

• Food gathering and hunting were the main occupations

of the people of this phase. They had no knowledge of
NEOLITHIC AGE (6000 BC – 1000 B.C.)
agriculture, fire or pottery of any material.
• The chief characteristic features of the Neolithic culture
• Man during this period used tools of unpolished,
are the practice of agriculture, domestication of animals,
undressed rough stones and lived in cave and rock
polishing of stone tools and the manufacturing of pottery.
shelters.
• Mud brick houses were built instead of grass huts.
• They mainly used hand axes, cleavers, choppers, blades,
scrapers and burin. • Cattle were used for cultivation and for transport.
• Their tools were made of hard rock called ‘quartzite’. • The people of Neolithic Age used clothes made of
cotton and wool.
• Homo sapiens first appeared in the last phase of
Paleolithic age. • Neolithic people knew about making fire and making
pottery, first by hand and then by potters wheel. Pottery
• The Paleolithic Age in India has been divided into three
was used for cooking as well as storage of food grains.
phases according to the nature of stone tools used by the
people and also according to the nature of change in the • Large urns were used as coffins for the burial of the
climate – Early or lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic and dead.
Upper Paleolithic.
• There was also improvement in agriculture. Wheat,
barley, rice, millet were cultivated in different areas at
different points of time.
MESOLITHIC OR MIDDLE STONE AGE (10,000 B.C. – 6000
B.C.)

• In the sites of Mesolithic Age, a different type of stone CHALCOLITHIC OR METAL AGE
tools is found. These are tiny stone artifacts, often not
more than five centimeters in size. These characteristic • Chalcolithic which means the stone-copper phase.
tools of the Mesolithic Age are known as Microliths- • The Chalcolithic age is followed by Iron Age. Iron is
pointed, cresconic blades, scrapers, etc, all made of frequently referred to in the Vedas.
stone.

• However, there seems to have been a shift from big

animal hunting to small animal hunting and fishing. The INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION IN INDIA
use of bow and arrow also began during this period. • Copper, bronze, silver, gold were known but not iron.
• Also, there began a tendency to settle for longer periods • Stock breeding was important in Indus culture. Besides
in an area. Therefore, domestication of animals, sheep & goats, dogs, humped cattle, buffalo & elephant
horticulture and primitive cultivation started. was certainly domesticated. The camel was rare & horse
• The last phase of this age saw the beginning of plain was not known.
cultivation.

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 GS Series - History
• Elaborate town-planning. It followed the Grid System. Trade & Commerce in Indus Valley Civilization:
Roads were well cut, dividing the town into large
• There was no metallic money in circulation & trade was
rectangular or square blocks.
carried through Barter System.
• Used burnt bricks of good quality as the building
• Weights & measures of accuracy existed in Harappan
material.
culture (found at Lothal). The weights were made of
• Underground Drainage System. limestone, steatite, etc. & were generally cubical in
shape.
• The script is not alphabetical but pictographic
• 16 was the unit of measurement (16, 64,160, 320).
• The script has not been deciphered so far, but overlaps
of letters show that it was written from right to left in the
first line & left to right in the second line. This style is
called ‘Boustrophedon’.

Major Cities & Their Features:

Site Discovery / Features

Harappa River – Ravi; Excavated by – Daya Ram Sahni
Mohenjodaro River – Indus; Excavated by – RD Bannerji; Great Granary, Great Bath, Assembly halls, Shell
(Mound of Dead) strips, Pashupati Mahadev/Proto Shiva(Seal), Bronze image of Dancing girl, Steatite image of
Bearded man, Clay figure of Mother goddess
Chanhudaro River – Indus; Discovered by – NG Majumdar; City without a citadel, Inkpot, Imprints of dog’s
(Sindh, Pakistan) paw on Brick, Terracotta model of a bullock cart, Bronze toy cart
Kalibangan River – Ghaggar; Discovered by – BB Lal; Ploughed field surface, 7 Fire alters, decorated bricks,
(Rajasthan) wheels of a toy cart, Mesopotamian cylindrical seal
Lothal (Gujarat) is at the head of the Gulf of Cambay; Discovered by – SR Rao; Dockyard, Fire alters, Terracotta
figurine of Horses, Double Burial, Terracotta Model of a ship, Persian/Iranian seal, Painted
Jar(Bird And Fox).
Banawali River – Saraswati; Discovered by – RS Bisht; lack of grid pattern town planning, lack of
(Haryana) systematic drainage pattern, Toy Plough, Clay figures of Mother Goddess.
Surkotoda is at the head of the Rann of Kutch; Discovered by – JP Joshi; Bones of Horse, Oval Graves and
(Gujarat) Pot Burials.
Dholavira is in the Kutch district; Discovered by – JP Joshi; Bronze Images (Charioteer with Chariot, ox,
(Gujarat) elephant and rhinoceros)

VEDIC CULTURE (1500 BC-600 BC) • Sam Veda – Has a collection of songs. The origins of
Indian music are traced to it.
Vedic Literature:
• Atharva Veda – has a collection of spells and charms.
The term Veda means “superior knowledge” in Sanskrit.
Four major Vedas constitute the vedic literature. Besides these Vedas, there were Brahmanas, Upni-
shads,Aryankas, and epics- Ramayana and Maha-bharata.
• Rig Veda – Earliest veda. Has 1028 hymns in praise Gods.
• Brahmanas – Prose about vedic hymns, rituals and
• Yajur Veda – Has details of rules to be followed during
philosophies.
sacrifices.
• Aryankas – Deal with mysticism, rites and rituals.

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 GS Series - History
• Upnishads – Philosophical texts dealing with soul, transactions. Rivers acted as means of transport. Coins:
mysteries of nature. Besides ‘nishka’, ‘satamana’– gold coins and ‘krishnala‘ –
silver coins were also used as a media of exchange.
• Ramayana was authored by Valmiki.
Religion in Vedic Period:
• Mahabharata was written by Ved Vyasa.
Rig Vedic Aryans worshiped natural forces like earth, fire,
Classification of Vedic Period:
wind, rain and thunder by personifying them into many
The period of Vedic Civilization (1500-500 BCE) is divided gods. Some important Rig Vedic gods – Prithvi (Earth),
into two broad parts – Agni (Fire), Vayu (Wind), Varuna (Rain) and Indra
(Thunder). And ‘Indra’ was most popular. ‘Agni’ – an
• Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC), also known as Rig intermediary between the gods and the people. ‘Varuna’
Vedic Period. – the upholder of natural order.
• Later Vedic Period (1000- 600 BC). Female Gods – ‘Aditi’ and ‘Ushas’. No temples and no idol
worship. Prayers were offered to gods for rewards.

Political Organisation in Vedic Age:

In Early Vedic Age: ‘Kula‘ was the basic unit of political BUDDHISM IN INDIA
organization. Multiple families together of kinship formed • Buddha left his palace at 29 (with Channa, the
a ‘grama‘. Group of villages were called ‘visu’, headed by charioteer & his favourite horse, Kanthaka) in search of
‘vishayapati‘. The highest political and administrative unit truth (also called ‘Mahabhinishkramana’ or The Great
was ‘jana‘ or tribe. There were several such tribal Renunciation) & wandered for 6 years.
kingdoms – Bharatas, Matsyas, Yadus and Purus. There
were two bodies- Sabha (council of elders) and • Attained ‘Nirvana’ or ‘Enlightenment’ at 35 at Gaya in
Samiti(general assembly of people). Magadha (Bihar) under the Pipal tree.

Society in Vedic Civilization: • Buddha delivered the first sermon at Sarnath where his
five disciples had settled. His first sermon is called
The Rig Vedic society was basically patriarchal. The basic ‘Dharmachakrapravartan’ or ‘Turning of the Wheel of
unit of society was ‘graham’ or family, its head was called Law’.
as ‘grahapathi’. Apala, Viswavara, Ghosa and Lopamudra
were women poets. • Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (identical with
village Kasia in Deoria district of UP) in 483 BC at the age
Women could attend the popular assemblies. No child of 80 in the Malla republic.
marriage, sati practice.
Buddhist Councils:
Economic Conditions in Vedic Civilization:
• The monks gathered 4 times after the death of Buddha
The Rig Vedic Aryans were pastoral, cattle rearing people. & the effect of these events had their effect on Buddhism.
Carpenters produced chariots and ploughs. A variety of
articles with copper, bronze and iron were made by • First Council: At Rajgriha, in 483 BC under the
workers. Spinning was an important occupation – cotton chairmanship of Mehakassaapa (King was Ajatshatru).
and woolen fabrics. Goldsmiths made ornaments. The Divided the teachings of Buddha into two Pitakas – Vihaya
potters made different kinds of vessels for domestic use. Pitaka & Sutta Pitaka. Upali recited the Vinaya Pitaka &
Ananda recited the Sutta Pitaka.
Trade was conducted by barter system in begining but
later shifted to use of gold coins called ‘nishka‘ for large

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 GS Series - History
• Second Council: At Vaishali, in 383 BC under Sabakami • From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya &
(King was Kalasoka). Followers divided into Sthavir- Mahavira, & his followers were named Jains. He also got
madins & Mahasanghikas. the title of Arihant, i.e., worthy.

• Third Council: At Pataliputra, in 250 BC under Note: In Jainism, three Ratnas (Triratnas) are given & they
Mogaliputta Tissa (King was Ashoka). In this, the third part are called the way to Nirvana. They are Right Faith, Right
of the Tripitaka was coded in the Pali language. Knowledge & Right Conduct.

• Fourth Council: At Kashmir (Kundalvan), in 72 AD under History of Jain Councils:

Vasumitra (King was Kanishka). Vice-Chairman was
• First Council: Held at Pataliputra by Sthulabhadra in the
Ashwaghosha. Divided Buddhism into Mahayana &
beginning of third century BC. It resulted in the
Hinayana sects.
compilation of 12 Angas to replace 14 Purvas.
Buddist Literature:
• Second Council: It was held at Vallabhi (Gujarat) in the
• Buddhist scriptures in Pali are commonly referred to as fifth century AD under the leadership of Devridhigani.
Tripitakas, i.e. ‘Threefold Basket’.

• Vinaya Pitaka: Rules of discipline in Buddhist

DYNASTIES OF ANCIENT INDIA :-
monasteries.
Haryanka Dynasty:
• Sutta Pitaka: Largest, contains collection of Buddha’s
sermons. Originally founded in 566 BC by the grandfather of
Bimbisara, but actual foundation by Bimbisara.
• Abhidhamma Pitaka: Explanation of the philosophical
principles of the Buddhist religion. King Bimbisara of Magadha (544 BC – 492 BC):

• His capital was Rajgiri (Girivraja)

JAINISM IN INDIA Ajatshatru (492 BC – 460 BC):
• There were 24 tirthankaras (Prophetsor Gurus), all • Son of Bimbisara killed his father & seized the throne.
Kshatriyas.
• Buddha died during his reign; arranged the first
• First was Rishabhanath (Emblem: Bull). Buddhist Council.
• The 23rd Tirthankar Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) was Udayin (460 – 444 BC):
the son of King Ashvasena of Banaras. His main teachings
were: Non-injury, Non-lying, Non-stealing, Non- He founded the new capital at Pataliputra, situated at the
possession. confluence of the Ganga & Son.

• The 24th & the last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavira

(Emblem: Lion). Shishunaga Dynasty:
Vardhman Mahavira: • Founded by a minister Shishunaga. He was succeeded
• In the 13th year of his asceticism (on the 10th of by Kalasoka (IInd Buddhist council).
Vaishakha), outside the town of Jrimbhikgrama, he Nanda Dynasty:
attained supreme knowledge (Kaivalya).
• Founder was Mahapadma Nanda.

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 GS Series - History
• Alexander attacked India in their reign. Dhana Nanda Palkigunda, Meadagiri, Rupanath, Sasaram, Siddhapur,
was there at that time. Suvarnagiri and Verragudi.

Alexander’s Invasion of India The Kalinga War: (261 BC, mentioned in XIII rock edict): It
changed his attitude towards life. Ashoka became a
• Alexander (356 BC – 323 BC) was the son of Philip of
Buddhist after that.
Macedonia (Greece) who invaded India in 326 BC.
Note: The last Mauryan king Brihadratha was killed by
• At that time NW India was split up into a number of
Pushyamitra Shunga (Commander in Chief) in 185 BC,
small independent states like Taxila, Punjab (kingdom of
who started the Shunga dynasty in Magadha.
Porus), Gandhara etc.

• Except Porus who fought the famous battle of Hydaspes

(on banks of Jhelum) with Alexander, all other kings SANGAM AGE IN INDIA
submitted meekly.
Cholas :
THE MAURYAN DYNASTY
• The kingdom was called Cholamandalam or
Chandragupta Maurya (322 – 297 BC): Coromondal. The chief centre was Uraiyur, a place
famous for cotton trade. Capital was Kaveri-
• With the help of Chanakya, known as Kautilya or
pattanam/Puhar.
Vishnugupta, he overthrew the Nandas & established the
rule of the Maurya dynasty. • Karikala was their famous king.

• Chandragupta adopted Jainism & went to • Main source of wealth was trade in cotton cloth.
Sravanabelagola (near Mysore) with Bhadrabahu, where
• The literature collectively produced by the ancient Tamil
he died by slow starvation.
poets is commonly known as the Sangam literature.
Bindusara (297 – 273 BC):
• Sangam literature makes a mention of three
• Chandragupta Maurya was succeeded by his son kingdoms— Chola, Chera (Capital - Vanji) and Pandiyan
Bindusara in 297 BC. (Capital - Madhurai).

• He is said to have conquered ‘the land between the 2

seas’, i.e., the Arabian Sea & Bay of Bengal.
THE GUPTA DYNASTY
Ashoka (269 – 232 BC):
Gupta Empire Golden Age of India
• Ashoka was the most famous Mauryan king and one of
• On the ruins of the Kushan empire arose a new empire,
the greatest rulers. Ashoka assumed the title of
which established its way over a good part of the former
Priyadarshi (pleasing to look at) and Devanampriya
dominions of both Kushans & Satavahanas. The first two
(beloved of Gods). In the Sarnath inscription, he adopted
kings of the dynasty were Srigupta & Ghatotkacha.
the third title, i.e. Dharmshoka.
Chandragupta I (AD 319 – 335):
• Ashoka’s Rock Edicts - Major rock edicts (a set of 14
inscription) found at following 8 places: Dhauli, Girnar, • First important king of Gupta Dynasty.
Jaduguda, Kalsi, Mansehra, Shahbazgarhi, Sopara and
Yenagardi. • Started the Gupta era in 319-320 AD.

• Minor rock edicts found at 13 places: Bairat, Brahmagiri, • He enhanced his power & prestige by marrying Kumara
Gavimath Gajarra, Jatinga-Rameshwar, Maski, Devi, princess of the Lichchavi clan of Nepal.

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 GS Series - History
• He acquired the title of Maharajadhiraj. • Kumaragupta-I was followed by Skandagupta.

Samudragupta (AD 335 – 375): • Restored Sudarshana Lake.

• Chandragupta’s son & successor Samudragupta Gupta Literature in India:

believed in the policy of war & conquest & because of his
• Kalidas, books are: Abhigyanashakuntalam, Bhaga-
bravery & generalship he is called the ‘Napoleon’ of India
vadgita, Ritusamhara, Meghadutam, Kumarasambha-
(by the historian V.A. Smith).
vam, Malavikagnimitram, Raghuvansha, Vikramurvashi
Chandragupta – II (AD 380 – 413): etc.

• Samudragupta was succeeded by Ramgupta but • Vishakhadatta wrote Mudrarakshasa & Devichand-
Chandragupta II killed him & married his queen raguptam.
Dhruvadevi.
• Vishnu Sharma wrote Panchtantra & Hitopdesh.
• He was the first ruler to issue silver coins. Also issued
copper coins.
Other Dynasties & Rulers (7th Century–12th Century AD)
• His court was adorned by celebrated nine gems
(navratnas) including Kalidasa, Amarsimha, Varahmihir, & Harshavardhana (AD 606 – 647)
Dhanvantri.
• Belonged to Pushyabhuti family & son of Prabhakar
• Chinese pilgrim Fahien visited India at this time. Vardhan.
Kumaragupta – I (AD 413 – 455): • Originally belonged to Thaneshwar, but shifted to
Kannauj (after Harsha’s death Kannauj was won from
• He adopted the title of Mahendraditya.
Harsha’s successors by the Pratiharas).
• Founded Nalanda University (a renowned university of
• Chinese pilgrim, Hieun Tsang (Prince of Travelers)
ancient India).
visited during his reign.
• He was the worshipper of Lord Kartikeya (son of Lord
• Harsha himself wrote 3 plays – Priyadarshika, Ratnavali
Shiva).
& Nagananda.
Skandagupta (AD 455 – 467):
• I–tsing, another Chinese pilgrim, visited in 670 AD.

MEDEIVAL HISTORY
THE CHALUKYAS • Vikramaditya I (655-681) - Chalukyas rose to power
once again
Sequence of ruler –
• Vikramaditya II (733-745)
• Pulakesin I (543-566) [Capital - Vatapi] first ruler
• Kirtivarma II (745)
• Kirthivarma I (566-596)

• Mangalesha (597-610)
THE CHOLAS (9TH TO 13TH CENTURY)
• Pulakesin II (610-642) - defeated Harshava-rdhana on
the banks of the Narmada. • Vijayalaya - Founder

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 GS Series - History
• It was Rajaraja I (985-1014) during which the CHOLAS • He made Delhi the capital in place of Lahore.
reached at its zenith. Rajaraja is also famous for the
• Introduced silver coin (tanka) & copper coin (jital).
beautiful shiva temple which he constructed at
Thanjavur(Tamil Nadu). It is called Rajarajeswara after his • He organized the Iqta System & introduced reforms in
name. civil administration & army, which was now centrally paid
& recruited.
• Kulottunga I (1070-1122) united the two kingdom of the
eastern Chalukyas of Vengi & the Cholas of Thanjavur. • He set up an official nobility of slaves known as
Was succeeded by his son, Vikrama Chola, surnamed Chahalgani/ Chalisa (group of forty).
Tyagasamudra.
• He completed the construction of Qutub Minar which
• Rajendra III (1246-79) - last ruler. was started by Aibak.
THE GHAZNAVIS Razia Sultana: (1236 – 40)
Mahmud of Ghazni (997-1030) • She was the ‘first & only Muslim lady who ever ruled
India’. Razia was married to Altunia.
• Known as “But-Shikan” (destroyer of the image).
Ghiyasuddin Balban : 1266-87
• In 1025, he attacked & raided the most celebrated
Hindu temple of Somnath, Gujarat. • After the death of Nasiruddin; Balban ascended the
throne in 1266.
• Beruni who wrote Kitab-ul Hind, & Firdausi, who wrote
Shah Namah, were the court Historians of Mahmud • He broke the power of Chalisa & restored the prestige
Ghazni. of the crown. He made kingship a serious profession.
DELHI SULTANATE • Title of Zil-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God).

• He introduced Sijda (prostration before the monarch) &

Paibos (kissing the feet of monarch) as the normal forms
THE SLAVE DYNASTY
of salutation.
Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-10)
• He established the military department Diwan-i-Arz.
• A Turkish slave by origin, he was purchased by
Mohammad Ghori who later made him his Governor.
THE KHILJI DYNASTY (1290-1320 A.D.)
• After the death of Ghori, Aibak became the master of
Hindustan & founded the Slave Dynasty in 1206. Jallauddin Khilji
• Capital - was not Delhi but Lahore. • Jalaluddin Khilji founded the Khilji dynasty
• Title - Lakh Bakhsh (giver of lakhs). Allauddin Khalji (1296-1316)
• Constructed two mosques i.e. Quwat-ul-Islam at Delhi • He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who separated
& Adhai din ka Jhohpra at Ajmer. religion from politics. He proclaimed ‘Kingship knows no
Kinship’.
• Began the construction of Qutub Minar, in the honour
of famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki. • Title - Sikander-e-Saini or the second Alexander
Shams-ud-din Illtutmish (1210-36) • Aluddin’s army led by Malik Kafur was awarded the title
Malik Naib.

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 GS Series - History
• Prohibited the use of wine. • Proposed Khurasan Expedition

• He introduced the system of Dagh (the branding of • Quarachil Expedition

horse) & Chehra (descriptive roll of soldiers).
Feroz Shah Tughlaq (1351-88)
• The post of special officer called Mustakharaj was
• The new system of taxation was according to Quran.
created for the purpose of collection of revenue.
Four kinds of taxes sanctioned by the Quran were
• All goods for sale were brought to an open market called imposed & those were Kharaj, Zakat, Jizya & Khams.
Sara-i-Adal. Kharaj was the land tax, which was equal to 1/10 of the
produce of the land, Zakat was 2% tax on property, Jizya
• Constructed the Alai fort, Alai Darwaja, the entrance
was levied on non-Muslims & Khams was 1/5 of the booty
gate of Qutub Minar, Palace of thousand Pillars called
captured during war.
Hazar Sutun.
• He prohibited the practice of Muslim women going out
• Amir Khusrau, the poet-musician was his favorite court
to worship at graves of saints & erased paintings from the
poet.
palace.

• It was during the time of Firoz that Jizya became a

THE TUGHLAQ DYNASTY separate tax.

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1321-25) • Feroz repaired a number of canals & imposed Haque-i-
Sharb or water tax.
• Ghazi Malik or Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq of Qaurana tribe
was the founder of Tughlaq dynasty. • His credit are cities of Fatehabad, Hisar, Jaunpur &
Firozabad.
Mohammad Bin Tughlaq (1325-51)
• The two pillars of Ashoka, one from Topra (Haryana) &
• Prince Jauna, son of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ascended the other from Meerut (U.P.) were brought to Delhi.
throne in 1325.
• The Sultan established at Delhi, a hospital described as
• He gained the title Ulugh Khan, he was most educated Dar-ul-Shifa.
of all the Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate.
• A new department of Diwan-i-Khairat was set up to
• He created a department Diwan-e-Amir-e-Kohi for the make provisions for marriage of poor girls.
improvement of the agriculture.

• He distributed Sondhar i.e. agriculture loans advanced

for extension of agriculture of barren land. The Sayyid dynasty

The five experiments :- • Khizr Khan (1414-21)

• Taxation in the Doab • Mubarak Shah (1421-34)

• Transfer of Capital: transfer of capital from Delhi to • Muhammad Shah (1434-45)

Devagiri. Devagiri was thus named Daulatabad.
• Alam Shah (1445-51)- He was the last Sayyid king
• Introduction of Token Currency: decided to introduce descended in favour of Bahlol Lodhi & he retired.
bronze coins, which were to have same value as the silver
coins.
THE LODI DYNASTY

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 GS Series - History
Bahlol Lodi : 1451-89 • He was the last king of the Lodi dynasty & the last Sultan
of Delhi.
• He founded the Lodi dynasty.
• Babur inflicted a crushing defeat on Ibrahim Lodi in the
Sikandar Lodi : 1489-1517
first battle of Panipat in 1526.

• He was the only Sultan who died in battle field.

• Agra city was founded by him.
Administration under Sultanate
• He broke the sacred images of the Jwalamukhi Temple
Four pillars of the state :
at Nagar Kot & ordered the temples of Mathura to be
destroyed. • Diwan-i-Wizarat or finance department

• He use to write poems with the pen name “Gulrukhi”. • Diwan-i-Risalat or department of religious matters &
appeals
• He introduced the Gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar’s yard) of
32 digits for measuring cultivated fields. • Diwan-i-Arz or department of military affairs

Ibrahim Lodi : 1517-26 • Diwan-i-Insha or department of royal correspondence

• He fought two battles against Sher Shah at Chausa

(1539) & at Kannauj/Bilgram (1540) & was completely
MUGHAL PERIOD
defeated by him.
Babur
• He escaped to Iran where he passed 12 years of his life
• Foundation of the Mughal rule - Babur in 1526. in exile.

• 1527- defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar at Khanwa; 1528 • Abul Fazal calls him Insan-e-Kamil.
- defeated Medini Rai of Chanderi at Chanderi; 1529-
• His sister, Gulbadan Begum wrote his biography
defeated Muhammad Lodi (uncle of Ibrahim Lodi) at
Humayunama.
Ghaghra.
• He built Din Panah at Delhi as his second capital.
• In 1530, he died at Agra. His tomb is at Kabul.
Sher Shah: 1540-45
• He was the first to use gunpowder & artillery in India.
Two gun masters Mustafa & Ustad Ali were in his army. • He built the Grand Trunk Road (G.T. Road), which runs
from Calcutta to Peshawar. The other roads built during
• He wrote his autobiography Tuzuk-i-Baburi in Turkish.
his reign were: Agra to Mandu, Agra to Jodhpur & Chittor,
Tuzuk-i-Baburi was translated in Persian (named
Lahore to Multan.
Baburnama) by Abdul Rahim Khan-e-khana & in English
by Leyden and Erskine. • He was buried in Sasaram.

• He compiled two anthologies of poems, Diwan (in Akbar (1526-1605)

Turkish) & Mubaiyan (in Persian). He also wrote Risal-i-
• Title- Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar Badshah Ghazi at
Usaz or letters of Babur.
the young age of 14.
Humayun (1530-40 & 1555-56)
• Second Battle of Panipat (5 Nov., 1556) was fought
• He was the son of Babur. between Hemu (the Hindu General of Muhammad Adil

• In 1532 he established Tabl-e-adl at Agra.

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 GS Series - History
Shah) & Bairam Khan (the regent of Akbar). Hemu was • His beloved wife Mumtaj Mahal (original name-
defeated, captured & slain by Bairam Khan. Arzumand Bano) died in 1631. To perpetuate her memory
he built the Taj Mahal at Agra in 1632-53.
• The period of influence of Maham Anga on Akbar i.e.
from 1560-62 is known as the period of Petticoat • He introduced the Char-Taslim in the court.
government.
Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
• Age of marriage for boys & girls was increased to 16
• Aurangzeb was coronated twice, he was the only
years & 14 years respectively. Sati was prohibited.
Mughal king to be coronated twice
• In his 24th year Akbar introduced Dashala system for
• Aurangzeb captured Guru Teg Bahadur, the 9th Guru of
the collection of land revenue by the state.
Sikhs in 1675 & executed him when he refused to
• The Mansabdari system under Akbar, divided the embrace Islam.
Mansabdars into 66 categories. This system fixed the
• The 10th & last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, son of
following service conditions: Rank & status, Salary,
Guru Teg Bahadur, organized his followers into militant
Number of Sawars (horsemen).
force called Khalsa to avenge the murder of his father.
• As a revolt against the orthodoxy & bigotry of religious
• He played Veena. He built the Badshahi Masjid in
priests, Akbar proclaimed a new religion, Din-i-Ilahi, in
Lahore.
1581. Birbal was the only Hindu who followed this new
religion. • He ended Jharokha darshan started by Akbar.
• Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Fort, Lahore Fort & • Only monument associated with Aurangzeb is Bibi ka
Allahabad Fort & Humayun’s Tomb at Delhi. In honour of Makbara which is the tomb of his wife Rabbia-ud-daura in
Salim Chisti, Akbar Shifted his court from Agra to Aurangabad.
Fatehpur Sikri.
Mughal Literature and writers
• Birbal was killed in the battle with Yusufzai Tribe (1586).
• Akbar Nama; Ain-i-Akbari -- Abul Fazl
Jahangir (1605-27)
• Tabaqat-i-Akbari -- Khwajah Nizamuddin Ahmad Baksh
• In 1611, Jahangir married Mihar-un-nisa. Later on she
was given the title Nurjahan. • Iqbalnama-i-Jahangiri — Muhammad Khan

• In 1608, Captain William Hawkins, a representative of • Padshah Namah -- Abdul Hamid Lahori
East India Company came to Jahangir’s court. In 1615 Sir • Shahjahan Namah -- Inayat Khan
Thomas Roe, an ambassador of King James I of England
also came to his court. He granted permission to the • Safinat-ul-Auliya; Majma-ul-Bahrain; Sirr-i-Akbar -- Dara
English to establish a trading port at Surat. Shikoh

• His son Khusrau, who received patronage of 5th Sikh • Raqqat-e-Alamgiri – Aurangzeb
Guru Arjun Dev, revolted against Jahangir (1605). Arjun THE MARATHAS
Dev was later sentenced to death for his blessing to the
rebel prince (1606). Shivaji (1627-80)

Shah Jahan (1628-1658) • Title of Haindava Dharmodharak (Protector of

Hinduism).

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 GS Series - History
• Shivaji divided his territory under his rule (Swarajya) • Rajaram created the new post of Pratinidhi, thus taking
into three provinces, each under a viceroy. Provinces the total number of minister to nine (Pratinidhi +
were divided into Prants which were subdivided into Ashtapradhan).
parganas or tarafs.
Balaji Viswanath (1714-20): The First Peshwa
• Shivaji’s Ashtapradhan
• Title - Sena Karte (marker of the army)
• Peshwa (Mukhya Pradhan): Finance & general
Balaji Baji Rao: 1740-61
administration, later he became Prime Minister &
assumed great importance. • Popularly known as Nana Saheb
• Sar-i-Naubat (Senapati): Military commander.

Rajaram: 1689-1700

MODERN HISTORY
THE ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS “Merchant Adventures’ in 1599 & in 1600 the company
was given rights to trade in the entire east by QUEEN
Portuguese
ELIZABETH I.
1. Discovery of the New Sea Route “the Cape route” was
French
discovered from Europe to India by Vasco da Gama. He
reached the port of Calicut on the May 17, 1498 & was 1. The French East India Company was formed by Colbert
received by the Hindu ruler of Calicut (known by the title in 1664.
of Zamorin). This led to the establishment of trading
2. The first French factory was established at Surat by
stations at Calicut, Cochin & Cannanore. Cochin was the
Francois Caron in 1667. A factory at Masulipatam was set
early capital of the Portuguese in India. Later Goa
up in 1669.
replaced it.

2. Afonso de Albuquerque arrived in India in 1503 AD, and

became the governor of the Portuguese in India in 1509 IMPORTANT GOVERNOR GENERALS OF BENGAL
(The first governor being Francisco de Almeida between
1503-09). He captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur in Warren Hastings (1773-85)
1510. 1. He Abolished Dual Government started by Robert Clive
3. Martin Alfonso de Souza (1542-45) — The famous in 1772.
Jesuit saint Francisco Xavier arrive in India with him. 2. The first Governor-General of Bengal was Warren
English Hastings.

Before the East India Company established trade in the 3. Rohilla War in 1774, First Anglo-Maratha War (1776-
India - 82) & Second Anglo-Mysore War from 1780-84.

1. John Mildenhall a merchant adventurer was the first Lord Cornwallis (1786-93)
Englishman who arrived in India in 1599 by the land route, 1. First Person to codify Laws in 1793. The code separated
for the purpose of trade with Indian merchants. the revenue administration from the administration of
2. Popularly known as the ‘English East India Company’. It Justice. Created the post of District Judge.
was formed by a group of merchants known as the 2. Introduced the Permanent settlement in 1793.

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 GS Series - History
3. Cornwallis called “Father of Civil Service in India”. suggested a scheme of education from Primary to
University level.
4. He also led the British forces in the third Anglo-Mysore
war & defeated the Great Tipu Sultan, ruler of Mysore. 3. He laid the first Railway Line in 1853 from Bombay to
Thane & second from Calcutta to Raniganj.
Lord Wellesley (1798-1805)
4. Telegraph lines were first laid from Calcutta to Agra.
1. Described himself as “Bengal Tiger”
5. Hindu Marriage Act passed in 1856.
2. Introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance.
6. A Post office Act was passed in 1854. Postage stamp
3. Madras Presidency was formed during his period.
were issued for the first time.
4. Signed the Treaty of Bassien & fought Second Anglo-
7. He was the youngest Governor General of India. He
Maratha war.
assumed charge at age of 36.
Lord Hastings (1813-1823)
8. An Engineering Collage at Roorkee was established.
1. Introduction of Ryotwari settlement in Madras
9. A separate Public Works Department was setup for the
Presidency by Governor Thomas Munro in 1820.
first time, Started work on Grand Trunk Road &
2. Third Anglo-Maratha War; Creation of Bombay developed the Harbours at Karachi, Bombay, & Calcutta.
Presidency in 1818; Treaty of Sugauli (1816)

IMPORTANT GOVERNOR GENERALS OF INDIA

IMPORTANT BRITISH VICEROYS IN INDIA
Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835)
Lord Canning (1856 – 1862):
1. First Governor General of India by Government of India
(a) The last Governor General & the first Viceroy.
Act 1833.
(b) Mutiny (Revolt of 1857) took place in his time.
2. Regarded as the “Father of Modern Western Education
in India”. (c) Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse (introduced by Lord
Dalhousie).
3. Banned practiced of Sati in 1829 & banned female
infanticide. (d) The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay & Madras were
established in 1857.
4. He made the English the court Language in higher court
but Persian continued in Lower court. (e) Indian Councils Act was passed in 1861.

5. Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835-36) called Liberator of Press. Lord Lawrence (1864 – 1869) :

Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) a. Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe.

1. Lord Dalhousie introduced the Policy of Doctrine of b. High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay &
Lapse; captured Satara in 1848, Jaitpur & Sambhalpur in Madras in 1865.
1849, Baghat in 1850, Udaipur in 1852, Jhansi in 1853, &
c. Created the Indian Forest department.
Nagpur in 1854.
Lord Mayo (1869 – 1872) :
2. Introduced Wood’s Dispatch known as Magna Carta of
English Education in India prepared by Charles Wood. It (a) Established the Rajkot college at Kathiawar & Mayo
College at Ajmer for the Indian princes.

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 GS Series - History
(b) For the first time in Indian history, a census was held (d) Passed the Ancient Monuments Protection act (1904),
in 1871. to restore India’s cultural heritage. Thus the
Archaeological Survey of India was established.
(c) Organised the Statistical Survey of India.
(e) Passed the Indian Coinage & Paper Currency act (1899)
(d) Was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a
& put India on a gold standard.
Pathan convict in the Andamans in 1872.
Lord Minto (1905 – 1910) :
Lord Ripon (1880 – 1884) :
Extremists like Lala Lajpat Rai & Ajit Singh (in May, 1907)
a. Repeated the Vernacular Press act (1882)
& Bal Gangadhar Tilak (in July, 1908) were sent to
b. Passed the local self government act (1882) Mandalay jail in Burma. The Indian Council act of 1909 or
the Morley Minto Reforms was passed.
c. Took steps to improve primary & secondary education
(on William Hunter Commission’s recommendations). Lord Hardinge (1910 – 1916) :

d. Ist Factory act, 1881, aimed at prohibiting child labour. (a) Partition of Bengal was cancelled (1911).

e. Passed the Ilbert Bill (1883) which enabled Indian (b) Capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi (1912).
district magistrates to try charges against European
(c) A bomb was thrown at him; but he escaped unhurt
criminals.
(December 23, 1912).
Lord Dufferin (1884 – 1888) : Indian National Congress
(d) Gandhiji came back to India from South Africa (1915).
was formed during his tenure.
(e) Annie Besant announced the Home Rule Movement.
Lord Lansdowne (1888 – 1894) :
Lord Chelmsford (1916 – 1921) :
(a) II Factory act (1891) passed during his time.
(a) August Declaration of 1917, whereby control over the
(b) Categorization of Civil Services into Imperial,
Indian government would be gradually transferred to the
Provincial & Subordinate.
Indian people.
(c) Indian Council act of 1892 was passed.
(b) The government of India act in 1919 (Montague
(d) Appointment of Durand Commission to define the line Chelmsford reforms) was passed.
between British India & Afghanistan.
(c) Rowlatt act of 1919; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April
Lord Elgin II (1894 – 1899) : Great famine of 1896 – 1897. 13, 1919).
Lyall Commission was appointed.
(d) Non Cooperation Movement.
Lord Curzon (1899 – 1905) :
(e) A Women’s university was founded at Poona in 1916.
(a) Passed the Indian Universities act (1904) in which
(f) Saddler Commission was appointed in 1917 to
official control over the Universities was increased.
envisage new educational policy.
(b) Partitioned Bengal (October 16, 1905) into two
Lord Reading (1921 – 1926) :
provinces Bengal (proper) & East Bengal & Assam.
(a) Rowlatt act of 1919 was repeated along with the Press
(c) Appointed a Police Commission under Sir Andrew
act of 1910.
Frazer to enquire into the police administration of every
province. (b) Prince of Wales visited India in November, 1921.

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 GS Series - History
(c) Formation of Swaraj Party. (c) Elections to the constituent assembly were held & an
Interim Government was appointed under Nehru.
(d) Vishwabharati University started functioning in 1922.
(d) First meeting of the constituent assembly was held on
(e) Communist part was founded in 1921 by M.N. Roy.
December 9, 1946.
(f) Kakori Train Robbery on August 9, 1925.
Lord Mountbatten (March 1947 – August 1947) :
(g) Swami Shraddhanand, a great nationalist & a leader of
(a) Last Viceroy of British India & the first Governor
the Arya Samajists, was murdered.
General of free India.
Lord Irwin (1926 – 1931) :
(b) Partition of India decided by the June 3 Plan.
(a) Simon Commission visited India in 1928.
(c) Indian Independence Act, 1947 passed by the British
(b) Congress passed the Indian Resolution in 1929. parliament on July 4, 1947, by which India became
independent on August 15, 1947.
(c) Dandi March (March 12, 1930).
(d) Retired in June 1948 & was succeeded by C.
(d) Civil Disobedience Movement (1930). Rajagopalachari (the first & the last Indian Governor
(e) First Round Table Conference held in England in 1930. General of free India).

(f) Gandhi Irwin Pact (March 5, 1931) was signed & Civil MODERN HISTORY AFTER 1885
Disobediance Movement was withdrawn.

Lord Willingdon (1931 – 1936) : The Indian National Congress

(a) Second Round Table conference in London in 1931. • Formed in 1885 by A.O. Hume.
(b) On his return Gandhiji was again arrested & Civil • First session in Bombay under W.C. Banerjee in 1885 (72
Disobedience Movement was resumed in January, 1932. delegates attended it).
(c) Communal Awards (August 16, 1932) assigned seats to Partition of Bengal:
different religious communities. Gandhiji went on a epic
fast in protest against this division. • By Lord Curzon on October 16, 1905, through a royal
Proclamation, reducing the old province of Bengal in size
(d) Third Round Table conference in 1932. by creating East Bengal & Assam out of rest of Bengal.
(e) Poona Pact was signed. • The objective was to set up a communal gulf between
(f) Government of India act (1935) was passed. Hindus & Muslims.

Lord Linlithgow (1936 – 1944) : Swadeshi Movement (1905):

(a) Government of India act enforced in the provinces. • INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session,
1905 presided over by G.K. Gokhale.
(b) Outbreak of World War II in 1939.
Formation of Muslim League (1906)
Lord Wavell (1944 – 1947) :
In December, 1906, All India Muslim League was set up
(a) Arranged the Shimla Conference on June 25, 1945 with under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of
Indian National Congress & Muslim League; failed. Dacca & Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk at Dacca.
(b) Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16, 1946).

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 GS Series - History
Calcutta Session of INC (1906) League held session at Lucknow in 1916 & concluded the
famous Lucknow pact. The congress accepted the
In December 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under the
separate electorate & both organizations jointly
leadership of Dada Bhai Naoroji adopted ‘Swaraj’ as the
demanded ‘dominion status’ for the country.
goal of Indian people.
Montague Declaration (August Declaration of 1917)
Surat Split (1907)
Montague made the landmark statement in the context
The INC split into the two groups i.e. the extremists & the
of self rule in India in 1917. He said that the control over
moderates at the Surat session in 1907. The extremists
the Indian government would be transferred gradually to
were led by Tilak, Lajpat Rai & Bipin Chandra Pal while the
the Indian people. This was the result of Hindu-Muslim
moderates were led by G.K. Gokhale.
unity exhibited in Lucknow pact.
Morley-Minto Reforms (1909)
Champaran Satyagraha 1917
Morley-Minto Reforms were introduced in 1909 during
Was Mahatma Gandhi's first Satyagraha.
the period when Lord Minto was the Viceroy of India
while Morley was the secretary of the state. As per the Kheda Satyagraha 1918
policy of divide & rule by introducing the separate
In 1918, Gujarat as a whole suffered a severe epidemic of
electorates for Muslims.
Plague & in Kheda alone around 17000 people lost their
Delhi Durbar of 1911 lives. Further, cholera also broke out locally. This was the
immediate reason of the revolt. The revolt was against
Darbar was held to commemorate the coronation of King
the taxes. The government said that if the taxes are not
George V & Queen Mary as Emperor & Empress of India.
paid, the property would be seized. This revolt gave India
In this Darbar, the King declared that Capital of India will
a robust leader in Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi. In the same Darbar
it was also declared the Partition of Bengal is cancelled. Rowlatt Act (March 18, 1919)

Ghadar Party (1913) • This gave unbridled powers to the government to arrest
& imprison suspects without trial for two years maximum.
• Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das & Sohan Singh
Bhakna. It headquarters was at San Francisco. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919):

Home Rule Movement (1915-16) • People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlew &
Dr. Satyapal on April 9, 1919. General O’ Dyer fires at
B.G Tilak was released from the Mandalay jail in the year
people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar
1914. In 1915 he reentered INC. B.G. Tilak founded Indian
on 13th April 1919 for celebration of Baisakhi. As a result
Home Rule League at Pune on 28 April, 1916. Annie
hundreds of men, women & children were killed &
Besant, inspired by the Irish rebellion, started Home Rule
thousands injured.
Movement in India in September 1916. She started two
newspapers i.e. Young India & Commonwealth. • Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood (title) in
protest.
Lucknow Pact-Congress-League Pact (1916)
• Sir Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy’s Executive
An important step forward in achieving Hindu- Muslim
Council after this.
unity was the Lucknow Pact (1916). Anti- British feelings
were generated among the Muslims following a war • Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it.
between Britain & Turkey which opened way for Congress
& Muslim League unity. Both the Congress & the Muslim

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 GS Series - History
• On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed O’Dyer • Constituted under John Simon, to review the political
when the later was addressing a meeting in Caxton Hall, situation in India & to introduce further reforms &
London. extension of parliamentary democracy.

Khilafat Movement (1919-20): • Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were
no Indians in it. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely
• Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with
beaten in a lathi‐charge during a protest against. He died
Turkey by the British in the treaty of Severus that
in 1928.
followed the First World War.
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
• Two brothers, Mohd. Ali & Shaukat Ali started this
movement. Phase “I” of Civil Disobedience Movement

Non cooperation movement (1920-22) In 1929 at Lahore Session, Congress made the “Purna
Swaraj” or the complete independence as the aim of the
The Non cooperation was the first mass movement
Congress. On 31st January 1930, Gandhi gave his
launched under the leadership of Gandhi. The program of
ultimatum to Lord Irwin with his 11 point demand. The
non-cooperation included:
Gandhi asked Irwin either to accept the 11 point demands
1. Surrender of titles else the Congress will launch Civil Disobedience. The
demands were ignored by the British government. Thus
2. Boycott of government affiliated educational Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement with
institutions the Dandi march. It was started from Sabarmati to Dandi.
3. Boycott of courts of law Gandhiji along with his 78 followers broke the Salt Act.

4. Boycott of foreign cloth

5. Nonpayment of taxes First Round Table conference (1930)

Chaura Chauri Incidence (1922) It was held on November 12, 1930 in London to discuss
Simon commission.
On 5th February 1922, the Non Cooperation Movement
was called off by Gandhiji because of an unfortunate Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931)
incidence at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur district of Uttar • The two (Gandhi & Irwin) signed a pact on March 5,
Pradesh. In this incidence the crowd participating in the 1931.
Non Cooperation & Khilafat procession indulged into the
violence with the police. As a result the crowd burnt a • In this the INC called off the civil disobedience
Police station & in the incidence 22 policemen were killed. movement & agreed to join the second round table
conference.
The Swaraj party (1923)
• The government on its part released the political
C.R. Das & Motilal Nehru put forward the changed prisoners & conceded the right to make salt for
strategy in Gaya session (1922) of the Congress. There consumption for villages along the coast.
were leaders in Congress like Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra
Prasad & C. Rajgopalachari who opposed these changes Second Round Table Conference (1931)
of council entry. C.R. Das & Motilal Nehru resigned from
• Gandhiji represented the INC & went to London to meet
the Congress & formed the Swaraj Party.
British P.M. Ramsay MacDonald.
Simon Commission (1927)
Phase “II” of Civil Disobedience Movement

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 GS Series - History
The Communal Award (August 16, 1932) The Cripps Mission – 1942

• Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide & • The British government with a view to getting
rule policy of the British. cooperation from Indians sent Sir Stafford Cripps, leader
of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian
• Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started
leaders.
a fast unto death against it. Poona Pact (September 25,
1932). • He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to
be granted after the war.
• In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed
classes was abandoned, but seats reserved to them in the • Rejected by the Congress as it didn’t want to rely upon
provincial legislature were increased. future promises.

Third Round Table Conference (1932) • Gandhiji termed it as a “post dated cheque in a crashing
bank”.
The discussions led to the passing of the Government of
India Act, 1935. Quit India Movement

Pakistan Resolution/Lahore Resolution (March 24, 1940) The causes for the launch of Quit India Movement were:
:
• The failure of the Cripp’s Mission was an eye opener for
It was 1930 that Iqbal suggested the union of the Frontier the nationalist.
Province, Baluchistan, Sindh & Kashmir as Muslim state
• The news of Allied reverses in World War & British
within the federations. The idealist Chaudhary Rehmat Ali
withdrawal from South-East Asia & Burma leaving local
developed this conception at Cambridge, where he
people at the mercy of Japanese.
inspired a group of young Muslims & invented the term
‘Pakstan’ (later ‘Pakistan’) in 1935. The ideology of Iqbal, The Indian National Army
the vision of Rehamat Ali, & the fears of Muslims were
thus united by the practical genius of Jinnah to bind • Founded by Ras Behari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh.
Muslim together. The Lahore session of the Muslim • Subhash Chandra Bose escaped from India in 1941 &
League, held on March 24, 1940, passed Pakistan reached Berlin. In July 1943, he joined the INA at
Resolution & rejected the Federal scheme an envisaged in Singapore. There, Ras Behari Bose handed over the
the government of India Act, 1935. leadership to him.
The August Offer (1940) • Two INA head quarters were Rangoon & Singapore
In order to win the public opinion in India, Linlithgow put (formed in Singapore).
up an offer to get the support of the nationalist in the • INA had three fighting brigades named after Gandhiji,
World War II. Azad & Nehru. Rani Jhansi Brigade was an exclusive
Individual Satyagraha women force.

The August offer shocked nationalists, & the Congress • The first trial of INA prisoners took place at Red Fort.
launched the individual Satyagraha. Vinobha Bhave was
the first Satyagrahi while Nehru was second.

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