ARAFD

RERTWRWR
GOOTXGA
}
}

int main() {
stack<int> S;
int n, element;

cout << "Enter the number of elements: ";

cin >> n;

cout << "Enter the elements: ";

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
cin >> element;
S.push(element);
}

// Sort the stack in ascending order

sortStack(S);

cout << "Sorted Stack S in ascending order: ";

while (!S.empty()) {
cout << S.top() << " ";
S.pop();
}

cout << endl;

return 0;
}
```

This program uses the Insertion Sort algorithm to sort the elements on stack S in ascending
order. The `sortStack` function iterates through the elements in the original stack, placing
each element in its correct position in the `sortedStack`. Finally, it copies the elements back
from `sortedStack` to `S` to achieve the ascending order.

Q:3: Transfer elements from stack S1 to stack S2 so that the

elements from S2 are in the same order as on S1:
a. using one additional stack
b. using no additional stack but only some additional nonarray
variables.
Ans: a. Using One Additional Stack:
To transfer elements from stack S1 to stack S2 so that the elements in S2 are in the same
order as S1, we can use one additional stack as follows:

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <stack>

using namespace std;

// Function to transfer elements from S1 to S2 with the same order using one additional
stack
void transferStackSameOrder(stack<int>& S1, stack<int>& S2) {
stack<int> tempStack;

while (!S1.empty()) {
int element = S1.top();
S1.pop();

// Transfer elements from S2 to the temp stack

while (!S2.empty()) {
tempStack.push(S2.top());
S2.pop();
}

// Push the current element from S1 to S2

S2.push(element);

// Transfer elements back from the temp stack to S2

while (!tempStack.empty()) {
S2.push(tempStack.top());
tempStack.pop();
}
}
}

int main() {
stack<int> S1, S2;
int n, element;

cout << "Enter the number of elements in S1: ";

cin >> n;
 cout << "Enter the elements for S1: ";
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
cin >> element;
S1.push(element);
}

// Transfer elements from S1 to S2 with the same order

transferStackSameOrder(S1, S2);

cout << "Elements in S2 with the same order as S1: ";

while (!S2.empty()) {
cout << S2.top() << " ";
S2.pop();
}

cout << endl;

return 0;
}
```

b. Using No Additional Stack, Only Additional Non-array Variables:

To transfer elements from stack S1 to stack S2 without using any additional stack but only
additional non-array variables, we can use the following approach:
#include <iostream>
#include <stack>

using namespace std;

// Function to transfer elements from S1 to S2 with the same order

void transferWithSameOrder(stack<int>& S1, stack<int>& S2) {
// Use a temporary variable to hold elements while transferring
int temp;

while (!S1.empty()) {
temp = S1.top();
S1.pop();

// Transfer elements to S2 while preserving the order

while (!S2.empty() && S2.top() < temp) {
S1.push(S2.top());
S2.pop();
}
 S2.push(temp);
}
}

int main() {
stack<int> S1, S2;
int n, element;

cout << "Enter the number of elements: ";

cin >> n;

cout << "Enter the elements for stack S1: ";

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
cin >> element;
S1.push(element);
}

// Transfer elements from S1 to S2 with the same order

transferWithSameOrder(S1, S2);

cout << "Stack S1: ";

while (!S1.empty()) {
cout << S1.top() << " ";
S1.pop();
}

cout << "\nStack S2 with the same order: ";

while (!S2.empty()) {
cout << S2.top() << " ";
S2.pop();
}

cout << endl;

return 0;
}

Both of these approaches will transfer elements from stack S1 to stack S2 in the same order
as they were in S1. The first method uses one additional stack, while the second method
doesn't use any additional stack but only additional non-array variables.
Q:4: Suggest an implementation of a stack to hold elements of two
different types, such
as structures and float numbers.
Ans: To implement a stack that can hold elements of two different types, such as structures
and float numbers, we can use C++ and templates. Templates allow we to create a generic
stack class that can hold elements of different types. Here's an example of how we can
implement such a stack:

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

template <typename T>

class Stack {
public:
Stack() {}

// Push an element onto the stack

void push(T item) {
stackData.push_back(item);
}

// Pop and remove the top element from the stack

void pop() {
if (!isEmpty()) {
stackData.pop_back();
}
}

// Get the top element from the stack

T top() {
if (!isEmpty()) {
return stackData.back();
}
// We may want to handle an error here.
}

// Check if the stack is empty

bool isEmpty() {
return stackData.empty();
}

// Get the size of the stack

size_t size() {
return stackData.size();
}
private:
std::vector<T> stackData;
};

struct MyStruct {
int id;
std::string name;
};

int main() {
Stack<float> floatStack;
Stack<MyStruct> structStack;

// Push elements onto the stack

floatStack.push(3.14);
MyStruct myStruct = {1, "John"};
structStack.push(myStruct);

// Pop elements from the stack

floatStack.pop();
structStack.pop();

return 0;
}
```

In this example, we define a `Stack` class using templates that can hold elements of any type.
We can create instances of the `Stack` class for different types, like `float` and custom
structures (in this case, `MyStruct`). We can then push, pop, and access elements based on
the type-specific stack we've created. This allows we to have a single stack implementation
that can handle different types of elements.

Q:5: Using additional nonarray variables, order all elements on a

queue using also
a. two additional queues
b. one additional queue
Ans: We can order all elements in a queue using two additional queues or one additional
queue and some non-array variables. Below are implementations for both scenarios:

a. Using Two Additional Queues:

In this approach, we'll use two additional queues to reorder the elements in the original
queue.

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <queue>

using namespace std;

// Function to reorder elements in a queue using two additional queues

void reorderQueueUsingTwoQueues(queue<int>& q) {
queue<int> evenQueue;
queue<int> oddQueue;

while (!q.empty()) {
int frontElement = q.front();
q.pop();

if (frontElement % 2 == 0) {
evenQueue.push(frontElement);
} else {
oddQueue.push(frontElement);
}
}

while (!evenQueue.empty()) {
q.push(evenQueue.front());
evenQueue.pop();
}

while (!oddQueue.empty()) {
q.push(oddQueue.front());
oddQueue.pop();
}
}

int main() {
queue<int> q;

cout << "Enter the number of elements in the queue: ";

int n;
cin >> n;

cout << "Enter the elements: ";

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
int element;
cin >> element;
q.push(element);
}

// Reorder the queue using two additional queues

 reorderQueueUsingTwoQueues(q);

cout << "Reordered Queue: ";

while (!q.empty()) {
cout << q.front() << " ";
q.pop();
}

cout << endl;

return 0;
}
```

b. Using One Additional Queue and Non-array Variables:

In this approach, we'll reorder the elements in the original queue using one additional queue
and non-array variables.
#include <iostream>
#include <queue>

using namespace std;

// Function to sort a queue in ascending order using one additional queue

void sortQueue(queue<int>& Q) {
int n = Q.size();

for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {

bool swapped = false;
int currentSize = n - i;

// Move the largest element to the end of the queue

for (int j = 0; j < currentSize - 1; j++) {
int frontElement = Q.front();
Q.pop();

if (frontElement > Q.front()) {

swap(frontElement, Q.front());
swapped = true;
}

Q.push(frontElement);
}

// Move the remaining elements to the front of the queue

 for (int j = 0; j < currentSize - 1; j++) {
int frontElement = Q.front();
Q.pop();
Q.push(frontElement);
}

if (!swapped) {
// If no elements were swapped in this pass, the queue is sorted.
break;
}
}
}

int main() {
queue<int> Q;
int n, element;

cout << "Enter the number of elements in the queue: ";

cin >> n;

cout << "Enter the elements for the queue: ";

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
cin >> element;
Q.push(element);
}

// Sort the queue in ascending order

sortQueue(Q);

cout << "Sorted Queue in ascending order: ";

while (!Q.empty()) {
cout << Q.front() << " ";
Q.pop();
}

cout << endl;

return 0;
}

Both of these approaches reorder the elements in the queue based on their values, using
either two additional queues or one additional queue with non-array variables.

Q:6: Define a stack in terms of a queue; that is, create a class

template <class T>
class StackQ {
Queue<T> pool;
...........
void push(const T& el) {
pool.enqueue(el);
.........
Ans: We can define a stack in terms of a queue by using two queues. One queue will act as
the primary stack, and the other will be used for temporary operations during push and pop
operations. Here's a C++ class template for `StackQ` that implements a stack using two
queues:

```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <queue>

template <class T>

class StackQ {
private:
std::queue<T> primaryQueue;
std::queue<T> tempQueue;

public:
// Push an element onto the stack
void push(const T& el) {
// Move elements from primaryQueue to tempQueue
while (!primaryQueue.empty()) {
tempQueue.push(primaryQueue.front());
primaryQueue.pop();
}

// Add the new element to the primaryQueue

primaryQueue.push(el);

// Move elements back from tempQueue to primaryQueue

while (!tempQueue.empty()) {
primaryQueue.push(tempQueue.front());
tempQueue.pop();
}
}

// Pop and remove the top element from the stack

void pop() {
if (!isEmpty()) {
 primaryQueue.pop();
}
}

// Get the top element from the stack

T top() {
if (!isEmpty()) {
return primaryQueue.front();
}
// We may want to handle an error here.
}

// Check if the stack is empty

bool isEmpty() {
return primaryQueue.empty();
}
};

int main() {
StackQ<int> stack;

stack.push(1);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(3);

std::cout << "Top: " << stack.top() << std::endl;

stack.pop();
std::cout << "Top after pop: " << stack.top() << std::endl;

return 0;
}
```

This class template `StackQ` uses two queues: `primaryQueue` to store the stack elements,
and `tempQueue` for temporary operations during push. The `push` operation involves
moving elements from the primary queue to the temporary queue, adding the new element
to the primary queue, and then moving the elements back to the primary queue. The `pop`,
`top`, and `isEmpty` operations work as expected for a stack.

This implementation provides the functionality of a stack using a queue.

Q:7: Define a queue in terms of a stack.

Ans: We can define a stack in terms of a queue by using two queues. One queue will act as
the primary stack, and the other will be used for temporary operations during push and pop
operations. Here's a C++ class template for `StackQ` that implements a stack using two
queues:
```cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <queue>

template <class T>

class StackQ {
private:
std::queue<T> primaryQueue;
std::queue<T> tempQueue;

public:
// Push an element onto the stack
void push(const T& el) {
// Move elements from primaryQueue to tempQueue
while (!primaryQueue.empty()) {
tempQueue.push(primaryQueue.front());
primaryQueue.pop();
}

// Add the new element to the primaryQueue

primaryQueue.push(el);

// Move elements back from tempQueue to primaryQueue

while (!tempQueue.empty()) {
primaryQueue.push(tempQueue.front());
tempQueue.pop();
}
}

// Pop and remove the top element from the stack

void pop() {
if (!isEmpty()) {
primaryQueue.pop();
}
}

// Get the top element from the stack

T top() {
if (!isEmpty()) {
return primaryQueue.front();
}
// We may want to handle an error here.
}

// Check if the stack is empty

bool isEmpty() {
 return primaryQueue.empty();
}
};

int main() {
StackQ<int> stack;

stack.push(1);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(3);

std::cout << "Top: " << stack.top() << std::endl;

stack.pop();
std::cout << "Top after pop: " << stack.top() << std::endl;

return 0;
}
```

This class template `StackQ` uses two queues: `primaryQueue` to store the stack elements,
and `tempQueue` for temporary operations during push. The `push` operation involves
moving elements from the primary queue to the temporary queue, adding the new element
to the primary queue, and then moving the elements back to the primary queue. The `pop`,
`top`, and `isEmpty` operations work as expected for a stack.

This implementation provides the functionality of a stack using a queue.

Q:9: A generic queue class could be defined in terms of a vector:

template<class T, int capacity = 30>
class QueueV {
..........
private:
vector<T> pool;
}
Is this a viable solution?
Ans: Defining a generic queue class using a vector, as shown in this code, is a viable
solution in many situations. However, it comes with certain considerations and limitations.
Using a vector as the underlying data structure for a generic queue class can be suitable for
small to moderately-sized queues. However, for performance-critical or dynamic scenarios
where the queue size may vary significantly, we might encounter efficiency and memory
usage issues. In such cases, a more efficient data structure like a linked list or a dynamic
array (vector) with custom resizing may be a better choice to implement a generic queue.