Acta Mathematica et Informatica Universitatis Ostraviensis

Stefan Czerwik
Contraction mappings in b-metric spaces

Acta Mathematica et Informatica Universitatis Ostraviensis, Vol. 1 (1993), No. 1, 5--11

Persistent URL: http://dml.cz/dmlcz/120469

Terms of use:

© University of Ostrava, 1993

Institute of Mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic provides access to
digitized documents strictly for personal use. Each copy of any part of this document must
contain these Terms of use.

This paper has been digitized, optimized for electronic delivery and
stamped with digital signature within the project DML-CZ: The Czech Digital
Mathematics Library http://project.dml.cz
Acta Mathematica et Informatica Universitatis Ostraviensis 1(1993)5-11

Contraction Mappings in b-metric Spaces

S. CZERWIK

Abstract. Some generalizations of well known Banach's fixed point theorem in so-called
b-metric spaces are presented.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 47H10

1. Some problems, particurarly the problem of the convergence of measurable

functions with respects to measure lead to a generalization of notion of metric.
Using this idea we shall present generalization of some fixed point theorems of
Banach type.
Lex X be a spece and let R+ denotes the set of all nonnegative numbers. A
function d : X x X —> R+ is said to be an b-metric iff for all x, y, z 6 X and all
r > 0 the following conditions are satisfacted:

d{x, y) = 0iffx = y (1)

d{x, y) = d{y, x) (2)

d{x, y) < r and d{x, z) < r imply d{y, z) < 2r. (3)
A pair {X, d) is called an b-metric space.
L e m m a 1. The condition (3) is equivalent to the following one:
d{x, y) < r and d{x, z) < r imply d{y, z) < 2r. (4)

for all x, y, z £ X and all r > 0.

Let us consider the following condition:
d{y, z) < 2d{x, y) -f 2d{x, z) for all x, y, z 6 X. (5)
Of course, the condition (5) is weaker then (3). In the sequel we will call a function
d : X x X —> R+ an b-metric iff the conditions (1) (2) and (5) are satisfied. For
T : X -> X we denote by Tn then n-th iterate of T.
2. Now we present following
T h e o r e m 1. Let {X, d) be e a complete b-metric space and let T : X —> X satisfy

d[T(x), T(y)} < <p[d(x, y)), x,y€X, (6)

where if : R+ —> R+ is increasing function such that lirnn-+coiPn{t) = 0 for each

fi.xed > 0. Then T has exactly one fixed point u and

limn-+00d[Tn{x), u] = 0
 S. Czerwik

for each x G X.
PROOF: Take x G X and e > 0. Let n be a natural number such that (pn(e) < 4 " 1 .
Put F = Tn and z* = Fk(x) for k G N (the set of natural numbers). Then for
x, y 6 X and a = </?" we have

d[F(i), F(y)] < <pn[d(x, y)] = a[«f(x, y)]. (7)

Therefore, for fc G N
d(;Zjt+i, Xjt) —* 0 as k —> oo.
Let k be such that d(xk-\-], #*) < e * 4 - 1 . Then for every z G K(zjt, £) -= {y G A :
d(**> V) < ^} we get

d[F(*), F(xk)] < a[d(xk, z)] < a(e) = tpn(e) < e - 4 " 1 ,
d[F(xjt), a;*] = c?(xjt+i, Xjt) < e • 4 " 1

whence
d[F(xh), Xk]<2(e.4~' +e.4-l)=e,
which means that F maps K(xk, e) into itself. Consequently

d(xm, xs) < 4e for m, s > k

and the sequence {xk} is a Cauchy sequnce, so there exists u £ A" such that Xk —> u
as k —> oo. Furthermore, by the continuity of F (see (7))

u = Zirajb—oo-cjfc+i = Kmjb—oo^x/t+i) = F(u),

i.e. u is a fixed point of F. Since a(t) = v?n(<) < t for any r > 0, it is clear that F
has exactly one fixed point. Moreover, by (6) T is continuous so we have

T(u) = Umk^ooT[Fk(x)] = liml-.00Fh[T{x)] = u

and u is fixed point of T as well. It is obviuos by (6) that such point is only one.
Since for every x G X and every r = 0, 1, . . . , n — 1

Tnk+r(x) = F*[Tr(z)] ->uas^oo,

so Tm(x) —> u as m —• oo for every x G Ar. This completes the proof of our
theorem. D
For ordinary metric spaces analogous result is contained in [3], p. 12,
T h e o r e m 2. Let Z be a topological space and let (X, d) be a complete b-metric
space. Let X x X be continuous and satisfy for each z G Z

d[T(x, z), T(y, z)] < ad(x, y) for all x, y G X, (8)

where 0 < a < 1. Then for each z G Z there exists an unique fixed point x(z) of
T, i.e. T[x(z), z] = x(z) and the function z —> x(z) is continuous on Z.
 Contraction Mappings in b-metric Spaces 7

PROOF: Put

T 1 (x, z) = T(x, z), T n + 1 = T[T\x, z), z], n = 1 , 2 , . . .

Let us take n such that an < 2 " 1 . By Theorem 1 for every z G Z,Tn has exactly
one fixed point x(z). Since we have

T[x(z), z] = T[Tn(x(z), z), z] = Tn[T(x(z), z), z]

so T[x(z), z] is also fixed point of T n but in view of the uniqueness we get

T[x(z), z] = x(z),

i.e. x(z) is a fixed point of T. By (8) one can proof that T has only one fixed
point for every x G Z.
Now let e > 0 be given. The continuity of T implies that Tn is also continuous.
Let z2 G Z be arbitrarily fixed. Therefore exists a neighbourhood U of 22 such
that
d[Tn(z2), zx), Tn(x(z2), z2]<e- 2 ^ ( 1 - 2a")
for z\ € U. Consequently we have for z\ G U

d[x(z\), x(z2)] = d[Tn(x(z\), z\),Tn(x(z2), z2)] <

n n
< 2 • d[T (x(zx), z\), T (x(z2), z\)] + 2>d[Tn(x(z2), zx), Tn(x(z2), z2)] <
n n
< 2a d[x(z\), x(z2)] + e(l - 2 a ) .

Finally we get
d[x(z\), x(z2)] < e for z\ in U
which proves the continuity of x and completes the proof of the theorem. Q
Now we shall prove the following
T h e o r e m 3 . Let a : (0, oo) —> [0,2 _ 1 ) he decreasing function. Let (X, d) be a
complete b-metric space and let T : X —> X be a transformation such that

d[T(x), T(z)] < a[d(x, z)](d[x, T(x)] + d[z, T(z)]) (9)

for all x, z G X, x ^ z. If moreover, T is continuous or a is a constant function,

then T has a unique fixed point u G X and limn^OQd[Tn(x), u] = 0 for each
xex.
PROOF: Let
yn:=d[Tn(x),Tn+l(x)],n = l,2, ...,xeX.
We may assume that yn ^ 0- Then by (9) we get

un+i < a(yn)(yn + 2ln+i) < 2~ 1 (u n + yn+\)

whence
yn+i <yn, n = 1, 2, . . .
 S. Czerwik

So {y n } is a decreasing sequence. Let y = /zm n _ 0 0 t/ n . We shall prove that y = 0.

Suppose that y > 0. Then

2/n+i < a(y)(y n + y n +i)

and consequently y < 2a(y)y, which is impossible since a(y) < 2 " 1 . This proves
that y = 0. Now we will show that {y n } is a Cauchy sequence for every x £ X.
From (9) we get for m, n G N

d[Tn(x), Tm(x)} < \(d[Tn-l(x), Tn(x)} + d[Tm-\x), Tm(x))).

There exists an no such that for m, n > n0

d[Tn~\x), Tn(x)] < e and d[Tm-\x), Tm(x)).

and hence
d[Tn(x),Tm(x)}<±(e + e) = e

for all m, n > no. Thus {yn} is a Cauchy sequence and in view of completeness
of X there exists an u € X such that Tn(x) —• u. We can check that T(tt) = w.
Really, we have

d[u, T(u)) < 2d[u, Tn+\x)) + 2d[Tn+\x), T(u)}.

If T is continuous, then the right hand side of the inequality tends to zero as
n —* oo, which proves that T(tt) = u. On the other hand, if a = const., then

d[u, T(u)} < 2d[u, T n + 1 (x)] + 2a[d[Tn(x), T n + 1 (x)] + d[u, T(u)}) <
n l
< 2d[u, T + (x)} + 2ay n + 2ad[u, T(u))).

Letting u —* oo we get
d[u, T(u)) < ad[u, T(u)),

i.e. d[u, T(u)) = 0.

Finally, to prove the last part of the Theorem, let us assume that

T(tti) = Mi, T(w 2 ) = w2, tti 7- tt2, m , tt2 e X.

Therefore we may write

cf(tt 1 ,tt 2 ) = d[T(tt 1 ), T(tt 2 )]<
< a[d(uu u2))(d[uu T(ux)) + e*[tt2, T(tt 2 )]) = 0

which means that u\ = u2 and finishes the proof of the Theorem. •

For related problems in metric spaces see [5].

 Contraction Mappings in b-rnetric Spaces

Example
Let

Г x = l M) '
Then
\T(x) - T(z)\ < i ( | x - T(x)\ + \z - T(z)\)

for x, z G [0, 1], i.e. T satisfies the condition (9) but T is not continuous.
3. Let us consider complete b-metric space (Xi, di), i = 1, . . . , n. Let X :~
X\ x ... x Xn and let d : X x K —• 1?+ be the function defined as follows

cř(ж, 2) = ^ГidĄxi, ZІ), (10)

І~I

where x = (#;, . . . , xn), z = (z\, ..., z n ) G K and r,-, i = 1, . . . , n are given

nonnegative real numbers.
One can easily see that

d(x, z) = 0 iff x = z and d(;r, z) = d(z, x) for every a:, z 6 K.

Moreover, we have for x, y, z, G X

n
d(x, z) < ^2ri[di(xi, yi) + di(yi, Zi)] = 2d(x, y) + 2d(y, z),

which gives then inequality

d(x, z) < 2d(x, y) + 2d(y, z),

for all x, y, z, G X. This means that the the function d is an b-metric in X. If all
spaces (Xi, di), i = 1, . . . , n are complete then the space (X, d) is also complete
with respect to the b-metric d.
Using this idea we get the following theorem for system of transformations.

T h e o r e m 4. Let (Xi, di), i = 1, . . . , n be complete b-metric spaces. Let ai%k,

i, k = 1, . . . , n be nonnegative real numbers such that transformations Ti : X —•
Xi, i = 1, ..., n fulfill the inequalities
n
di[Ti(x), Ti(z)} <J^aijkdk(xk, zk) (11)
.=1

for all x = (x\, . . . , xn), z = (z\, ..., zn) EX. If, moreover, the absolute values
of the characteristic roots fo the matrix [aiik]™ k=z are less then one, then the system
of equations
Ti(x\, . . . , xn) = Xi, i = 1, . . . , n
10 S. Czerwik

has exactly one solution u = (u\, . . . , un) G X given by the formulas

Ui = Ums-*ooX9i, i = 1, . . . , n , (12)

x j + 1 = Ti(xf, . . . , x n ), t = 1, . . . , n, s = 0, 1, . . . , (13)
where x® 6 K», i = 1, . . . , n are arbitrarily fixed.
PROOF: From Perron's Theorem ([2], p. 354) we conclude that there exists positive
numbers r,, i = 1, . . . , n satisfying the system of inequalities
n
^ n a j , * < rfc, fc = l, . . . , n (14)
»=i

(see also [1] and [4]). Take

v := maxke{lf ...,„} I r^1 ^ na,, * < r* J ,

then (14) implies

0<v<l (15)
n
5^nai f Jb <rk < vrk, fc = 1, . . . , n. (16)
»=i
Let d be defined by formula (10). It has been mentioned that (X, d) is a complete
b-metric space. Now let us consider the mapping T : X —• X defined by T(x) =
(T\(x), , . . . , T n (x)) for x E X . We are able to check that T si a contraction map.
Indeed, in view of (10), (11) and (16) for x, z £ X we get
d[T(x), TOO] = E?=i n*[T<(*)f r,(*)] < E?=i n E L i *.*«**(**, **) =
= E , n = i ( E L i r .a., *)<**(**> **) = £ t n =i vrfca,-, *(**(:**, **) = vd(x, z)
Taking into account (15) and applying Theorem (1) for (p(t) = t; • t we obtain our
assertion. O

References
[1] Czerwik, S., Fixed point theorems and special solutions of functional equations, Prace
Nauk Univ. Slask. 428 (1980), 1-83.
[2] Gantmacher, F. R., Theory of matrix Russian, Moscow, 1966.
[3] Granas, A. and Dugundi, J., Fixed point theory, Moscow, 1982.
[4] Matkowski, J., Integrable solutions of functional equations, Disserationes Math. 127
(1975), 5-63.
[5] Zamfirescu, T., Fixpoint theorems in metric spaces, Arch, Math (Basel) 23 (1972),
292-298.
 Contraction Mappings in b-metric Spaces 11

Address: Stefan Czerwik, Institute of Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, ul.

Zwyciestwa 42, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland

(Received October 19, 1992)